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Article ; Online: Destination-Specific and Home Environment Condom Norms Influence Sexual Behavior During Travel.

Truong, Hong-Ha M / Fatch, Robin / McFarland, Willi / Grasso, Michael / Raymond, Henry F / Holt, Martin / Steward, Wayne T

AIDS education and prevention : official publication of the International Society for AIDS Education

2022 Volume 34, Issue 3, Page(s) 245–255

Abstract: Travelers may adapt HIV risk-reduction practices based on perceived destination-specific norms. We examined the association between perceived condom norms and condomless anal sex (CAS) during international and domestic travel and in the home environment ... ...

Abstract	Travelers may adapt HIV risk-reduction practices based on perceived destination-specific norms. We examined the association between perceived condom norms and condomless anal sex (CAS) during international and domestic travel and in the home environment among men who have sex with men. Men who traveled internationally in the past 12 months were recruited by respondent-driven sampling (
MeSH term(s)	Condoms ; HIV Infections/prevention & control ; Home Environment ; Homosexuality, Male ; Humans ; Male ; Sexual Behavior ; Sexual and Gender Minorities
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-06-01
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1075448-9
ISSN	1943-2755 ; 0899-9546
ISSN (online)	1943-2755
ISSN	0899-9546
DOI	10.1521/aeap.2022.34.3.245
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Article ; Online: Estimated Population Size of Men Who Have Sex with Men, San Francisco, 2017.

Raymond, Henry F / McFarland, Willi / Wesson, Paul

AIDS and behavior

2018 Volume 23, Issue 6, Page(s) 1576–1579

Abstract: Current population size estimates of communities at risk for HIV are needed to adequately plan interventions and care. We update the estimated number of men who have sex with men (MSM) living in San Francisco. Multiple data sources and approaches, ... ...

Abstract	Current population size estimates of communities at risk for HIV are needed to adequately plan interventions and care. We update the estimated number of men who have sex with men (MSM) living in San Francisco. Multiple data sources and approaches, including population growth, registered HIV cases, wisdom of the crowd, and a published estimate on the proportion of adults who are MSM were used for estimation. The several estimates were synthesized into a final figure with acceptable bounds using a Bayesian method. We project 69,974 (acceptable bounds 65,523-74,323) MSM are living in San Francisco as of the beginning of 2017. The population of MSM in San Francisco has increased by 19.4% since 2014.
MeSH term(s)	Adult ; Bayes Theorem ; Health Surveys ; Homosexuality, Male/statistics & numerical data ; Humans ; Male ; Population Density ; Prevalence ; San Francisco/epidemiology
Language	English
Publishing date	2018-11-01
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	1339885-4
ISSN	1573-3254 ; 1090-7165
ISSN (online)	1573-3254
ISSN	1090-7165
DOI	10.1007/s10461-018-2321-0
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Article ; Online: HIV Prevention Responsibility Beliefs Among Men Who Have Sex With Men in the PrEP Era.

Truong, Hong-Ha M / Fatch, Robin / McFarland, Willi / Raymond, Henry F

Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999)

2020 Volume 87, Issue 3, Page(s) e222–e228

Abstract: Background: Beliefs regarding responsibility for preventing HIV transmission may differ between individuals and their sexual partners. We assessed HIV prevention responsibility beliefs among men who have sex with men (MSM) participating in the 2017 ... ...

Abstract	Background: Beliefs regarding responsibility for preventing HIV transmission may differ between individuals and their sexual partners. We assessed HIV prevention responsibility beliefs among men who have sex with men (MSM) participating in the 2017 National HIV Behavioral Surveillance survey. Methods: MSM were recruited using time-location sampling at clubs, bars, and street locations in San Francisco. HIV prevention responsibility beliefs were assessed on a four-point scale (1 = strongly disagree to 4 = strongly agree). Associations were assessed using generalizing estimating equations to adjust for behaviors within multiple partnerships. Results: A total of 316 HIV-negative men and 76 HIV-positive men reported on 1336 partnerships. HIV-negative compared with HIV-positive men had higher endorsement of mutual responsibility (mean 3.7 vs. 3.5; P < 0.01). Both groups had similar levels of endorsing responsibility on the HIV-negative or HIV-positive partner. HIV-positive men endorsing equal responsibility were more likely to know their partner's HIV status (P < 0.01) and less likely to have serodiscordant condomless anal intercourse (CAI) (P < 0.01) than men who did not endorse equal responsibility. HIV-negative men in partnerships with pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) use were more likely to know their partner's HIV status (P = 0.02) and have serodiscordant CAI (P = 0.04) than men not in partnerships with PrEP use. Conclusions: HIV-negative and HIV-positive men accept responsibility for preventing HIV. The finding that HIV-negative men in partnerships with PrEP use who engage in serodiscordant CAI is concerning because they are still at risk for other sexually transmitted infections, which are presently at elevated levels in San Francisco and other US cities.
MeSH term(s)	Adult ; Aged ; Anti-HIV Agents/administration & dosage ; Anti-HIV Agents/therapeutic use ; HIV Infections/epidemiology ; HIV Infections/prevention & control ; HIV Infections/psychology ; HIV-1 ; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice ; Homosexuality, Male ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis ; Safe Sex ; San Francisco/epidemiology ; Sexual Behavior ; Viral Load ; Young Adult
Chemical Substances	Anti-HIV Agents
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-12-25
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.
ZDB-ID	645053-2
ISSN	1944-7884 ; 1077-9450 ; 0897-5965 ; 0894-9255 ; 1525-4135
ISSN (online)	1944-7884 ; 1077-9450
ISSN	0897-5965 ; 0894-9255 ; 1525-4135
DOI	10.1097/QAI.0000000000002659
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Article ; Online: HIV Prevalence, Sexual Partners, Sexual Behavior and HIV Acquisition Risk Among Trans Men, San Francisco, 2014.

McFarland, Willi / Wilson, Erin C / Raymond, Henry F

AIDS and behavior

2017 Volume 21, Issue 12, Page(s) 3346–3352

Abstract: We surveyed 122 trans men using a hybrid sampling method that included randomly selected physical and online venues and peer referral to measure HIV prevalence and risk behaviors. HIV prevalence was 0% (one-sided 97.5% confidence interval 0-3.3%). Of 366 ...

Abstract	We surveyed 122 trans men using a hybrid sampling method that included randomly selected physical and online venues and peer referral to measure HIV prevalence and risk behaviors. HIV prevalence was 0% (one-sided 97.5% confidence interval 0-3.3%). Of 366 partnerships described, 44.8% were with cisgender women, 23.8% with cisgender men, 20.8% with trans men, and 10.7% with trans women. Condomless receptive anal and front hole/vaginal sex averaged one to three episodes per six months. HIV prevalence in trans men is likely closer to heterosexual cisgender men and women in San Francisco than trans women or MSM. Prevention prioritizing trans women and MSM, coupled with individualized and relevant sexual health education for trans men with partners from these populations, may best address the HIV prevention needs of trans men. Systematic collection of transgender status in Census and health data is needed to understand other health disparities among trans men.
MeSH term(s)	Adult ; Female ; HIV Infections/epidemiology ; HIV Infections/prevention & control ; Homosexuality, Male/psychology ; Homosexuality, Male/statistics & numerical data ; Humans ; Male ; Prevalence ; Risk-Taking ; San Francisco/epidemiology ; Sexual Behavior ; Sexual Partners ; Transgender Persons/psychology ; Transgender Persons/statistics & numerical data ; Young Adult
Language	English
Publishing date	2017-02-02
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1339885-4
ISSN	1573-3254 ; 1090-7165
ISSN (online)	1573-3254
ISSN	1090-7165
DOI	10.1007/s10461-017-1735-4
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Article ; Online: High HIV Incidence Among Young and Racial/Ethnic Minority Transgender Women in San Francisco: Results of a Longitudinal Cohort Study.

McFarland, Willi / Wesson, Paul / Turner, Caitlin / Lin, Jess / Veras, Maria Amelia de Sousa Mascena / Yan, Hongjing / Raymond, Henry F / Wilson, Erin C

Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999)

2020 Volume 84, Issue 1, Page(s) e7–e10

MeSH term(s)	Adult ; Female ; HIV Infections/epidemiology ; Humans ; Incidence ; Longitudinal Studies ; San Francisco/epidemiology ; Transgender Persons ; Young Adult
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-02-06
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Letter ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
ZDB-ID	645053-2
ISSN	1944-7884 ; 1077-9450 ; 0897-5965 ; 0894-9255 ; 1525-4135
ISSN (online)	1944-7884 ; 1077-9450
ISSN	0897-5965 ; 0894-9255 ; 1525-4135
DOI	10.1097/QAI.0000000000002315
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Article ; Online: Examination of the role of magnetic resonance imaging in multiple sclerosis: A problem-orientated approach.

McFarland, Henry F

Annals of Indian Academy of Neurology

2010 Volume 12, Issue 4, Page(s) 254–263

Abstract: Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) has brought in several benefits to the study of Multiple Sclerosis (MS). It provides accurate measurement of disease activity, facilitates precise diagnosis, and aid in the assessment of newer therapies. The imaging ... ...

Abstract	Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) has brought in several benefits to the study of Multiple Sclerosis (MS). It provides accurate measurement of disease activity, facilitates precise diagnosis, and aid in the assessment of newer therapies. The imaging guidelines for MS are broadly divided in to approaches for imaging patients with suspected MS or clinically isolated syndromes (CIS) or for monitoring patients with established MS. In this review, the technical aspects of MR imaging for MS are briefly discussed. The imaging process need to capture the twin aspects of acute MS viz. the autoimmune acute inflammatory process and the neurodegenerative process. Gadolinium enhanced MRI can identify acute inflammatory lesions precisely. The commonly applied MRI marker of disease progression is brain atrophy. Whole brain magnetization Transfer Ratio (MTR) and Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (MRS) are two other techniques use to monitor disease progression. A variety of imaging techniques such as Double Inversion Recovery (DIR), Spoiled Gradient Recalled (SPGR) acquisition, and Fluid Attenuated Inversion Recovery (FLAIR) have been utilized to study the cortical changes in MS. MRI is now extensively used in the Phase I, II and III clinical trials of new therapies. As the technical aspects of MRI advance rapidly, and higher field strengths become available, it is hoped that the impact of MRI on our understanding of MS will be even more profound in the next decade.
Language	English
Publishing date	2010-02-24
Publishing country	India
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2240174-X
ISSN	1998-3549 ; 0972-2327
ISSN (online)	1998-3549
ISSN	0972-2327
DOI	10.4103/0972-2327.58284
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Article: Examination of the role of MRI in multiple sclerosis: a problem orientated approach.

McFarland, Henry F

Results and problems in cell differentiation

2010 Volume 51, Page(s) 287–301

Abstract: Current multiple sclerosis (MS) is generally thought to consist of two general pathological processes; acute inflammation and degeneration. The relationship between these two components is not understood. What is clear, however, is that the measures of ... ...

Abstract	Current multiple sclerosis (MS) is generally thought to consist of two general pathological processes; acute inflammation and degeneration. The relationship between these two components is not understood. What is clear, however, is that the measures of acute inflammation are a poor predictor of long-term disability. Although some have suggested that inflammation may not contribute directly to the essential pathology in MS or that it is secondary to tissue degeneration, most students of the disease believe that the two processes are linked. Therefore, applications of MRI to measure both components of the disease are important. As most readers know, considerable success has been achieved in measuring acute inflammation and very little success has been obtained in identifying measures that correlate with disability and the prediction of future disability has not been achieved. In this review, we will examine the successes and failures of MRI in measuring these two components of the disease process. Consequently, we will not attempt to provide a detailed review of each MRI technique or sequence that has been applied to MS (a number of excellent reviews are available) but rather discuss how these techniques have been applied to answer specific questions. We will provide some comments on the use of MRI in clinical trials as well as in clinical practice. Finally, we will end with a brief discussion of future challenges.
MeSH term(s)	Brain/pathology ; Clinical Trials as Topic ; Contrast Media ; Disability Evaluation ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging/methods ; Multiple Sclerosis/diagnosis ; Multiple Sclerosis/physiopathology ; Multiple Sclerosis/therapy ; Prognosis
Chemical Substances	Contrast Media
Language	English
Publishing date	2010
Publishing country	Germany
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Review
ISSN	0080-1844
ISSN	0080-1844
DOI	10.1007/400_2009_33
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Article ; Online: Estimated Number of People Who Inject Drugs in San Francisco, 2005, 2009, and 2012.

Chen, Yea-Hung / McFarland, Willi / Raymond, Henry F

AIDS and behavior

2016 Volume 20, Issue 12, Page(s) 2914–2921

Abstract: Allocation of resources to public health responses depends on having plausible estimates of the size of the population at risk. Unfortunately, the numbers of people who inject drugs (PWID) are difficult to estimate since injection drug use is highly ... ...

Abstract	Allocation of resources to public health responses depends on having plausible estimates of the size of the population at risk. Unfortunately, the numbers of people who inject drugs (PWID) are difficult to estimate since injection drug use is highly stigmatized. Though estimation methods exist, the robustness of the methods to their assumptions is not well understood. Comparisons between methods are also lacking; information regarding the successive-sampling method is particularly scarce. The present study used several methods-including the successive-sampling method-to produce population size estimates from three rounds of cross-sectional surveys of PWID in San Francisco. It compares these estimates across time and across method. Our summary estimates are 10,158 for 2005, 15,554 for 2009, and 22,500 for 2012. Though the point summaries suggest an increasing population, considerable uncertainty is involved. Comparisons between and within methods reveal high variability, suggesting dependence on assumptions and analytic choices. We conclude that further research is needed to improve upon the estimation methods or develop entirely new ones. Meanwhile, plausible estimates can be achieved via multiple methods while avoiding the pitfall of relying on a single method that may be highly biased and highly imprecise.
MeSH term(s)	Cross-Sectional Studies ; Female ; HIV Infections/epidemiology ; HIV Infections/transmission ; Health Surveys ; Humans ; Male ; Population Density ; Population Surveillance ; Risk Factors ; Sampling Studies ; San Francisco ; Substance Abuse, Intravenous/epidemiology ; Urban Population/statistics & numerical data
Language	English
Publishing date	2016-07-09
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1339885-4
ISSN	1573-3254 ; 1090-7165
ISSN (online)	1573-3254
ISSN	1090-7165
DOI	10.1007/s10461-015-1268-7
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Article: Alemtuzumab versus interferon beta-1a: implications for pathology and trial design.

McFarland, Henry F

The Lancet. Neurology

2009 Volume 8, Issue 1, Page(s) 26–28

MeSH term(s)	Alemtuzumab ; Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use ; Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized ; Antibodies, Neoplasm/therapeutic use ; Humans ; Interferon beta-1a ; Interferon-beta/therapeutic use ; Multiple Sclerosis/drug therapy ; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic ; Research Design
Chemical Substances	Antibodies, Monoclonal ; Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized ; Antibodies, Neoplasm ; Alemtuzumab (3A189DH42V) ; Interferon-beta (77238-31-4) ; Interferon beta-1a (XRO4566Q4R)
Language	English
Publishing date	2009-01
Publishing country	England
Document type	Letter
ZDB-ID	2081241-3
ISSN	1474-4422
ISSN	1474-4422
DOI	10.1016/S1474-4422(08)70280-1
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Article ; Online: Stigma, discrimination, violence, and HIV testing among men who have sex with men in four major cities in Ghana.

Gyamerah, Akua O / Taylor, Kelly D / Atuahene, Kyeremeh / Anarfi, John K / Fletcher, Michelle / Raymond, Henry F / McFarland, Willi / Dodoo, F Nii-Amoo

AIDS care

2020 Volume 32, Issue 8, Page(s) 1036–1044

Abstract: LGBTQ populations experience human rights abuses worldwide; data need to document the health impact of these experiences in Africa. In Ghana, we measured events of sexuality-based stigma, discrimination, and violence among men who have sex with men (MSM) ...

Abstract	LGBTQ populations experience human rights abuses worldwide; data need to document the health impact of these experiences in Africa. In Ghana, we measured events of sexuality-based stigma, discrimination, and violence among men who have sex with men (MSM) and the impact on HIV testing behavior. Data are from respondent-driven sampling surveillance surveys in Accra/Tema, Kumasi, Cape Coast/Takoradi, and Koforidua. Discrimination was common among MSM: 6.2%-30.6% were refused services, 29.0%-48.9% experienced verbal/symbolic violence, 2.8%-12.8% experienced physical violence, 12.3%-30.0% experienced sexual violence due to their sexuality in the preceding year. MSM who experienced sexual violence in their first male sexual encounter were less likely to ever test for HIV in Accra/Tema and Cape Coast/Takoradi. Further studies are needed to examine the impact of stigma and violence on MSM's HIV health-seeking behavior in Ghana. Structural interventions are needed to mitigate the consequences of stigma and discrimination on MSM health and well-being.
MeSH term(s)	Adult ; Cities ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Discrimination, Psychological ; Female ; Ghana/epidemiology ; HIV Infections/diagnosis ; HIV Infections/epidemiology ; HIV Infections/prevention & control ; HIV Infections/psychology ; Health Behavior/ethnology ; Homosexuality, Male/psychology ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Sexual Behavior ; Sexual and Gender Minorities ; Social Stigma ; Violence/psychology ; Violence/statistics & numerical data
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-05-04
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.
ZDB-ID	1012651-x
ISSN	1360-0451 ; 0954-0121
ISSN (online)	1360-0451
ISSN	0954-0121
DOI	10.1080/09540121.2020.1757020
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