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Article ; Online: A Stakeholder Perspective on Ethical Leadership in Sport: Bridging the Gap Between the Normative and Descriptive Lines of Inquiry.

Constandt, Bram / Heres, Leonie / Marlier, Mathieu / Willem, Annick

2020 Volume 60, Issue 1, Page(s) 381–395

Abstract: This critical PhD review paper examines existing scholarship on ethical leadership in sport. Following a general trend in business ethics and related fields, ethical leadership has gained considerable research attention in sport over the last decades. ... ...

Abstract	This critical PhD review paper examines existing scholarship on ethical leadership in sport. Following a general trend in business ethics and related fields, ethical leadership has gained considerable research attention in sport over the last decades. Within this growing body of literature, ethical leadership is often presented as part of the desired strategic response of sport organizations to tackle the so-called dark side of sport (i.e., formed by such ethical issues as abuse, violence, management fraud, match-fixing, and doping). However, this critical PhD review paper argues that the current body of literature on ethical leadership in sport has matured along two strongly related yet quite isolated lines of inquiry: a normative (i.e., philosophical) and a descriptive (i.e., empirical) line. While the normative line of inquiry focuses on what ethical leadership in sport should look like based on moral reasoning, the descriptive line examines how ethical leadership in sport is perceived in practice and how it relates to certain antecedents and outcomes. As both lines offer complementary insights, we advocate future research to bridge this gap to come to an improved understanding of ethical leadership in sport. To this aim, we propose a broad stakeholder perspective on ethical leadership in sport, in which necessary attention is given to how all involved stakeholders make sense of ethical leadership as a socially constructed and context-dependent phenomenon.
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-12-14
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2634810-X
ISSN	2054-670X ; 2054-670X
ISSN (online)	2054-670X
ISSN	2054-670X
DOI	10.5334/pb.543
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article: Hosting the Olympics in Times of a Pandemic: Historical Insights from Antwerp 1920

Constandt, Bram / Willem, Annick

Leis. Sci.

Abstract: Postponing the Tokyo 2020 Olympics due to the global outbreak of COVID-19 marks a unique moment in the history of the Olympic Movement. For the first time since the cancelation of the Olympic Games during both World Wars, the Olympics will not take place ...

Abstract	Postponing the Tokyo 2020 Olympics due to the global outbreak of COVID-19 marks a unique moment in the history of the Olympic Movement. For the first time since the cancelation of the Olympic Games during both World Wars, the Olympics will not take place as scheduled. This unprecedented postponement strongly impacts the Olympic Movement. Although only the future can tell exactly, the Antwerp 1920 Olympics can offer certain historical insights. Exactly 100 years ago, the Antwerp Olympic Games were the first Olympics organized after World War I and the Spanish flu pandemic. Their value in terms of rising the Olympic Movement from its ashes is vital. Profoundly promoting its identity, newly introduced Olympic symbols then helped avoiding the collapse of the Olympic Movement. Acknowledged as the “Games Reborn”, the Antwerp 1920 Olympics were strongly about recovery, helping to heal a wounded society. How could Tokyo 2020 fulfill the same role?.
Keywords	covid19
Publisher	WHO
Document type	Article
Note	WHO #Covidence: #646257
Database	COVID19

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Article ; Online: Hosting the Olympics in times of a pandemic

Constandt, Bram / Willem, Annick

LEISURE SCIENCES ; ISSN: 0149-0400 ; ISSN: 1521-0588

historical insights from Antwerp 1920

2020

Abstract	Postponing the Tokyo 2020 Olympics due to the global outbreak of COVID-19 marks a unique moment in the history of the Olympic Movement. For the first time since the cancelation of the Olympic Games during both World Wars, the Olympics will not take place as scheduled. This unprecedented postponement strongly impacts the Olympic Movement. Although only the future can tell exactly, the Antwerp 1920 Olympics can offer certain historical insights. Exactly 100 years ago, the Antwerp Olympic Games were the first Olympics organized after World War I and the Spanish flu pandemic. Their value in terms of rising the Olympic Movement from its ashes is vital. Profoundly promoting its identity, newly introduced Olympic symbols then helped avoiding the collapse of the Olympic Movement. Acknowledged as the “Games Reborn”, the Antwerp 1920 Olympics were strongly about recovery, helping to heal a wounded society. How could Tokyo 2020 fulfill the same role?
Keywords	History and Archaeology ; Medicine and Health Sciences ; Antwerp 1920 ; COVID-19 ; Olympics ; pandemic ; Tokyo 2020 ; GAMES ; covid19
Subject code	700
Language	English
Publisher	Taylor & Francis Group
Publishing country	be
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Part of the Game? Exploring the Prevalence and Normalization of Gambling in Belgian Sports Clubs.

Constandt, Bram / Rosiers, Johan / Moernaut, Jolien / Van Der Hoeven, Stef / Willem, Annick

International journal of environmental research and public health

2022 Volume 19, Issue 11

Abstract: Gambling and sports are entangled in a close relationship. However, little remains known about gambling behaviors and perceptions in sports. Drawing on normalization theory, this study explores the prevalence and predictors of problem gambling as well as ...

Abstract	Gambling and sports are entangled in a close relationship. However, little remains known about gambling behaviors and perceptions in sports. Drawing on normalization theory, this study explores the prevalence and predictors of problem gambling as well as the normalization of gambling (including its availability and accessibility, prevalence, and socio-cultural accommodation) in sports clubs. A cross-sectional study design was implemented, based on an online survey completed by 817 Belgian sports club actors. This survey consisted of the Problem Gambling Severity Index (PGSI) and questions about personal and socio-cultural factors regarding gambling. Data were analyzed with SPSS 26 software, using descriptive statistics and an ordinal logistic regression analysis. These analyses exposed being male, being aged 26-35 years old, and being involved in football (soccer) as factors that might be linked with higher levels of problem gambling in sports. Furthermore, sports betting is especially shown to be normalized in sports clubs given its prevalence, and its frequently organized and discussed character. Moreover, respondents disclosed a lack of formal rules (96%) and education initiatives (98.7%) on gambling in their sports club. Given the indicated support for gambling regulations and educational measures, this study may inform sports organizations about how to help denormalize gambling.
MeSH term(s)	Adult ; Belgium/epidemiology ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Female ; Gambling/epidemiology ; Humans ; Male ; Prevalence ; Sports
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-05-27
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2175195-X
ISSN	1660-4601 ; 1661-7827
ISSN (online)	1660-4601
ISSN	1661-7827
DOI	10.3390/ijerph19116527
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Part of the Game? Exploring the Prevalence and Normalization of Gambling in Belgian Sports Clubs

Bram Constandt / Johan Rosiers / Jolien Moernaut / Stef Van Der Hoeven / Annick Willem

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, Vol 19, Iss 6527, p

2022 Volume 6527

Abstract	Gambling and sports are entangled in a close relationship. However, little remains known about gambling behaviors and perceptions in sports. Drawing on normalization theory, this study explores the prevalence and predictors of problem gambling as well as the normalization of gambling (including its availability and accessibility, prevalence, and socio-cultural accommodation) in sports clubs. A cross-sectional study design was implemented, based on an online survey completed by 817 Belgian sports club actors. This survey consisted of the Problem Gambling Severity Index (PGSI) and questions about personal and socio-cultural factors regarding gambling. Data were analyzed with SPSS 26 software, using descriptive statistics and an ordinal logistic regression analysis. These analyses exposed being male, being aged 26–35 years old, and being involved in football (soccer) as factors that might be linked with higher levels of problem gambling in sports. Furthermore, sports betting is especially shown to be normalized in sports clubs given its prevalence, and its frequently organized and discussed character. Moreover, respondents disclosed a lack of formal rules (96%) and education initiatives (98.7%) on gambling in their sports club. Given the indicated support for gambling regulations and educational measures, this study may inform sports organizations about how to help denormalize gambling.
Keywords	gamblification of sports ; gambling ; gambling education ; gambling harm ; normalization ; problem gambling ; Medicine ; R
Subject code	796
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-05-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	MDPI AG
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Stuck between medals and participation: an institutional theory perspective on why sport federations struggle to reach Sport-for-All goals.

De Bock, Thomas / Scheerder, Jeroen / Theeboom, Marc / Constandt, Bram / Marlier, Mathieu / De Clerck, Tom / Willem, Annick

BMC public health

2022 Volume 22, Issue 1, Page(s) 1891

Abstract: Background: Sport-for-All emphasizes that every individual has the right to participate in sport. Despite all efforts to deliver Sport-for-All during the past decades, studies indicate that sport participation rates have been stagnating, whereas social ... ...

Abstract	Background: Sport-for-All emphasizes that every individual has the right to participate in sport. Despite all efforts to deliver Sport-for-All during the past decades, studies indicate that sport participation rates have been stagnating, whereas social inequalities in sport continue to exist. By applying an institutional theory lens, this study sheds light on how the dual mission of sport federations, i.e., providing Sport-for-All and high performance sport, affects the Sport-for-All projects of Flemish sport federations (e.g., amount of projects and target groups). In particular, Sport-for-All projects have to reduce barriers to engage in the sport system and be supported by a sport federation. Furthermore, this study seeks to better understand the impact of the underlying institutional logic on the institutional pressure and legitimacy of the sport federations. Method: This study implemented a cross-sectional field study in sport federations. In particular, the sport federations selected for our study are the 47 Flemish sport federations. Both qualitative (i.e., document analysis) and quantitative research methods (i.e., a new questionnaire was developed based on institutional theory) were applied in the study. Results: Results indicated that sport federations are important partners in support of Sport-for-All projects, but also suggested that there is a discrepancy between the projects of the high performance-oriented and the Sport-for-All-oriented federations. Specifically, the high performance-oriented federations were targeting youth participants, whereas Sport-for-all-oriented federations aimed to reach disadvantaged groups. Furthermore, the results indicated that high performance-oriented federations endured more institutional pressure than Sport-for-All-oriented federations. Conclusion: The results of our study indicated that the Sport-for-All projects of performance-oriented federations are often more superficial compared to Sport-for-All oriented federations, and that the latter federations play an important role in attaining public health targets. Moreover, policymakers should consider how they can optimize the role of the performance-oriented federations in the Sport-for-All delivery (e.g., they could function as a bridge to guide participants who prefer a less competitive setting towards Sport-for-All oriented federations).
MeSH term(s)	Adolescent ; Awards and Prizes ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Goals ; Humans ; Sports ; Vulnerable Populations
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-10-11
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2041338-5
ISSN	1471-2458 ; 1471-2458
ISSN (online)	1471-2458
ISSN	1471-2458
DOI	10.1186/s12889-022-14230-5
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Exercising in Times of Lockdown: An Analysis of the Impact of COVID-19 on Levels and Patterns of Exercise among Adults in Belgium.

Constandt, Bram / Thibaut, Erik / De Bosscher, Veerle / Scheerder, Jeroen / Ricour, Margot / Willem, Annick

International journal of environmental research and public health

2020 Volume 17, Issue 11

Abstract: Countries all over the world implemented lockdowns to counteract COVID-19. These lockdowns heavily limited people's exercise possibilities. At the same time, experts advocated to remain physically active to prevent future health problems. Based on an ... ...

Abstract	Countries all over the world implemented lockdowns to counteract COVID-19. These lockdowns heavily limited people's exercise possibilities. At the same time, experts advocated to remain physically active to prevent future health problems. Based on an online survey, this study examines adults' exercise levels and patterns during the COVID-19 lockdown in Belgium. Ordinal logistic regression analyses of 13,515 valid and population-weighted responses indicate a general increase in exercise frequencies, as well as in sedentary behavior. Except for people aged 55+, previously low active adults self-reported to exercise more during the lockdown. Among the people who were already high active before COVID-19, those above 55 years old, those with low education, those used to exercise with friends or in a sport club, and those who were not using online tools to exercise, self-reported to exercise less during the lockdown. Having less time, sitting more, and missing the familiar way and competitive element of exercising were the main reasons for a self-reported exercise reduction. Given the health risks associated with physical inactivity, results imply that governments should consider how those who were not reached can be encouraged to exercise during a lockdown. After all, additional COVID-19 lockdowns might be implemented in the future.
MeSH term(s)	Adult ; Aged ; Belgium/epidemiology ; COVID-19 ; Coronavirus Infections/epidemiology ; Coronavirus Infections/psychology ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Exercise ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Pandemics ; Pneumonia, Viral/epidemiology ; Pneumonia, Viral/psychology ; Quarantine/psychology ; Sedentary Behavior ; Self Report
Keywords	covid19
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-06-10
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	1660-4601
ISSN (online)	1660-4601
DOI	10.3390/ijerph17114144
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article: Badminton Players' Moral Intentions: A Factorial Survey Study Into Personal and Contextual Determinants.

De Waegeneer, Els / Constandt, Bram / Van Der Hoeven, Stef / Willem, Annick

Frontiers in psychology

2019 Volume 10, Page(s) 2272

Abstract: Improving and maintaining high ethical standards among athletes is a major challenge in sports, which requires sufficient knowledge on athletes' moral intentions. This study advances our knowledge on athletes' moral intentions by examining the personal ... ...

Abstract	Improving and maintaining high ethical standards among athletes is a major challenge in sports, which requires sufficient knowledge on athletes' moral intentions. This study advances our knowledge on athletes' moral intentions by examining the personal and contextual determinants (factors) that influence moral intentions of badminton players. In a factorial survey study, a total of 171 participants were asked to respond to scenarios describing moral dilemmas in the context of badminton. This approach allows combining advantages from both classical experiments and survey methods, enabling the determination of the underlying principles of the judgments and intentions of respondents. Multilevel analysis indicated that intention to engage in the described behavior was impacted by both the act and the gender of the subject. This study complements previous research on athletes' moral intentions by the advanced method of factorial survey, while supporting the development of more specific approaches in the promotion of ethical behavior in sports.
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-10-09
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2563826-9
ISSN	1664-1078
ISSN	1664-1078
DOI	10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02272
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Book ; Online: Exercising in Times of Lockdown

Bram Constandt / Erik Thibaut / Veerle De Bosscher / Jeroen Scheerder / Margot Ricour / Annick Willem

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ; Volume 17 ; Issue 11

An Analysis of the Impact of COVID-19 on Levels and Patterns of Exercise among Adults in Belgium

2020

Abstract: Countries all over the world implemented lockdowns to counteract COVID-19. These lockdowns heavily limited people’ ... s exercise possibilities. At the same time, experts advocated to remain physically active to prevent future health problems. Based on an ... ...

Abstract	Countries all over the world implemented lockdowns to counteract COVID-19. These lockdowns heavily limited people’ s exercise possibilities. At the same time, experts advocated to remain physically active to prevent future health problems. Based on an online survey, this study examines adults’ exercise levels and patterns during the COVID-19 lockdown in Belgium. Ordinal logistic regression analyses of 13,515 valid and population-weighted responses indicate a general increase in exercise frequencies, as well as in sedentary behavior. Except for people aged 55+, previously low active adults self-reported to exercise more during the lockdown. Among the people who were already high active before COVID-19, those above 55 years old, those with low education, those used to exercise with friends or in a sport club, and those who were not using online tools to exercise, self-reported to exercise less during the lockdown. Having less time, sitting more, and missing the familiar way and competitive element of exercising were the main reasons for a self-reported exercise reduction. Given the health risks associated with physical inactivity, results imply that governments should consider how those who were not reached can be encouraged to exercise during a lockdown. After all, additional COVID-19 lockdowns might be implemented in the future.
Keywords	COVID-19 ; health promotion ; pandemic ; physical exercise ; sport participation ; covid19
Subject code	796
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-06-10
Publisher	Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
Publishing country	ch
Document type	Book ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Exercising in Times of Lockdown

Bram Constandt / Erik Thibaut / Veerle De Bosscher / Jeroen Scheerder / Margot Ricour / Annick Willem

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, Vol 17, Iss 4144, p

An Analysis of the Impact of COVID-19 on Levels and Patterns of Exercise among Adults in Belgium

2020 Volume 4144

Abstract: Countries all over the world implemented lockdowns to counteract COVID-19. These lockdowns heavily limited people’s exercise possibilities. At the same time, experts advocated to remain physically active to prevent future health problems. Based on an ... ...

Abstract	Countries all over the world implemented lockdowns to counteract COVID-19. These lockdowns heavily limited people’s exercise possibilities. At the same time, experts advocated to remain physically active to prevent future health problems. Based on an online survey, this study examines adults’ exercise levels and patterns during the COVID-19 lockdown in Belgium. Ordinal logistic regression analyses of 13,515 valid and population-weighted responses indicate a general increase in exercise frequencies, as well as in sedentary behavior. Except for people aged 55+, previously low active adults self-reported to exercise more during the lockdown. Among the people who were already high active before COVID-19, those above 55 years old, those with low education, those used to exercise with friends or in a sport club, and those who were not using online tools to exercise, self-reported to exercise less during the lockdown. Having less time, sitting more, and missing the familiar way and competitive element of exercising were the main reasons for a self-reported exercise reduction. Given the health risks associated with physical inactivity, results imply that governments should consider how those who were not reached can be encouraged to exercise during a lockdown. After all, additional COVID-19 lockdowns might be implemented in the future.
Keywords	COVID-19 ; health promotion ; pandemic ; physical exercise ; sport participation ; Medicine ; R ; covid19
Subject code	796
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-06-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	MDPI AG
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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