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  1. Article: Role of interleukin-6 in the pathogenesis of murine plasmacytoma and human multiple myeloma.

    Pattengale, P K

    The American journal of pathology

    1997  Volume 151, Issue 3, Page(s) 647–649

    MeSH term(s) Animals ; B-Lymphocytes/physiology ; Cell Transformation, Neoplastic ; Disease Models, Animal ; Humans ; Immunoglobulins/metabolism ; Interleukin-6/deficiency ; Interleukin-6/physiology ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred BALB C ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Mice, Knockout ; Multiple Myeloma/etiology ; Plasmacytoma/etiology ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-myc/metabolism ; Terpenes
    Chemical Substances Immunoglobulins ; Interleukin-6 ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-myc ; Terpenes ; pristane (26HZV48DT1)
    Language English
    Publishing date 1997-09
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Comment ; Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2943-9
    ISSN 1525-2191 ; 0002-9440
    ISSN (online) 1525-2191
    ISSN 0002-9440
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  2. Article: Tumours of the lymphohaematopoietic system.

    Pattengale, P K

    IARC scientific publications

    1994  , Issue 111, Page(s) 651–670

    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Leukemia/classification ; Leukemia/pathology ; Leukemia/veterinary ; Leukemia, Experimental/pathology ; Lymphoma/classification ; Lymphoma/pathology ; Lymphoma/veterinary ; Mice ; Rodent Diseases/pathology
    Language English
    Publishing date 1994
    Publishing country France
    Document type Journal Article ; Review
    ISSN 0300-5038
    ISSN 0300-5038
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  3. Article: Simple, Fast, and Simultaneous Detection of Plasma Total Homocysteine, Methylmalonic Acid, Methionine, and 2-Methylcitric Acid Using Liquid Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry (LC/MS/MS).

    Fu, Xiaowei / Xu, Yan-Kang / Chan, Penny / Pattengale, Paul K

    JIMD reports

    2013  Volume 10, Page(s) 69–78

    Abstract: Cobalamin (Vitamin B12) plays an essential role both in the conversion of methylmalonyl-CoA to succinyl-CoA and in the synthesis of methionine (Met) from homocysteine (Hcy). Elevations of total homocysteine (tHcy), Met, methylmalonic acid (MMA), and 2- ... ...

    Abstract Cobalamin (Vitamin B12) plays an essential role both in the conversion of methylmalonyl-CoA to succinyl-CoA and in the synthesis of methionine (Met) from homocysteine (Hcy). Elevations of total homocysteine (tHcy), Met, methylmalonic acid (MMA), and 2-methylcitric acid (2MCA) are indicative of disorders in these related pathways, and can clinically present as methylmalonic acidemia, cobalamin defects or deficiency, propionic acidemia, homocystinuria, and hypermethioninemia. We have developed a fast, sensitive, and simple method for the simultaneous detection of plasma tHcy, MMA, Met, and 2MCA using liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS). All analytes were directly determined without the need of derivatization. Both positive and negative modes were used to achieve the best sensitivity and specificity. The two stereo isomers of 2MCA (2S, 3S) and (2R, 3S) were successfully separated and were designated as 2MCA1 and 2MCA2. The assays were linear up to a concentration of 800 μMol/l for tHcy, 2,000 μMol/l for Met, 80 μMol/l for MMA, 40 μMol/l for 2MCA1, and 40 μMol/l for 2MCA2 (80 μMol/l for total 2MCA), respectively. The recovery was between 84.42 % and 120.05 %. The intra-assay coefficient of variations (CVs) ranged from 2.1 % to 6.9 % (n = 20), and the inter-assay CVs ranged from 2.7 % to 11.6 % (n = 20). Reference intervals were established and verified (n = 125). A total of 15 patients with variable disorders in related pathway were successfully confirmed. The assay can be performed either in diagnostic laboratories or as second-tier, follow-up test in newborn screening laboratories.A fast, sensitive, and simple LC/MS/MS method was developed successfully for the simultaneous detection of plasma total homocysteine, methylmalonic acid, methionine, and 2-methylcitric acid for diagnosis of disorders in related pathways.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2013-02-15
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2672872-2
    ISSN 2192-8312 ; 2192-8304
    ISSN (online) 2192-8312
    ISSN 2192-8304
    DOI 10.1007/8904_2012_205
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  4. Article ; Online: Subcutaneous Panniculitis-like T-cell lymphoma in two pediatric patients: an HIV-positive adolescent and a 4-month-old infant.

    Acree, Sara C / Tovar, Jason P / Pattengale, Paul K / Wang, Larry L / Church, Joseph A / Gaynon, Paul S / Cassarino, David S

    Fetal and pediatric pathology

    2013  Volume 32, Issue 3, Page(s) 175–183

    Abstract: Subcutaneous Panniculitis-like T-cell lymphoma (SPTCL) is a rare subtype of childhood non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Subcutaneous Panniculitis-like T-cell lymphoma has an aggressive variant associated with the hemophagocytic syndrome (HPS). Patients without HPS ... ...

    Abstract Subcutaneous Panniculitis-like T-cell lymphoma (SPTCL) is a rare subtype of childhood non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Subcutaneous Panniculitis-like T-cell lymphoma has an aggressive variant associated with the hemophagocytic syndrome (HPS). Patients without HPS show resolution of the disease with prednisone or immunosuppressive therapy unlike other T-cell lymphomas. One HIV-positive adolescent and one infant with multiple subcutaneous masses are presented and the literature is reviewed. Lesional cells were consistent with SPTCL alpha-beta type. Our cases, without HPS, showed complete resolution of their lesions when treated with non-aggressive therapies. Patients with SPTCL alpha-beta should be treated conservatively.
    MeSH term(s) Adolescent ; Anti-Retroviral Agents/therapeutic use ; HIV Seropositivity/complications ; HIV Seropositivity/congenital ; HIV Seropositivity/drug therapy ; HIV Seropositivity/pathology ; Humans ; Immunocompromised Host ; Immunosuppressive Agents/therapeutic use ; Infant ; Lymphoma, T-Cell/complications ; Lymphoma, T-Cell/drug therapy ; Lymphoma, T-Cell/pathology ; Male ; Medication Adherence ; Panniculitis/complications ; Panniculitis/drug therapy ; Panniculitis/pathology ; Prednisone/therapeutic use ; Remission Induction ; Treatment Outcome
    Chemical Substances Anti-Retroviral Agents ; Immunosuppressive Agents ; Prednisone (VB0R961HZT)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2013-06
    Publishing country England
    Document type Case Reports ; Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2165508-X
    ISSN 1551-3823 ; 1551-3815 ; 1522-7952
    ISSN (online) 1551-3823
    ISSN 1551-3815 ; 1522-7952
    DOI 10.3109/15513815.2012.701264
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  5. Article: Biological characterization of uncleavable plasma membrane-anchored human macrophage colony-stimulating factor.

    Deng, P / Wang, Y L / Shahbazian, V L / Pattengale, P K

    Biochemical and biophysical research communications

    2000  Volume 276, Issue 1, Page(s) 304–311

    Abstract: The cell-surface form of human macrophage colony-stimulating factor (CSF-1(256), M-CSFalpha) is a plasma membrane-anchored transmembrane protein from which the soluble CSF-1 is released by ectodomain proteolytic cleavage. We have previously generated two ...

    Abstract The cell-surface form of human macrophage colony-stimulating factor (CSF-1(256), M-CSFalpha) is a plasma membrane-anchored transmembrane protein from which the soluble CSF-1 is released by ectodomain proteolytic cleavage. We have previously generated two forms of cell surface CSF-1 which failed to undergo the cleavage by deleting residues 161-165 or residues 159-165 in the extracellular juxtamembrane region (1). To determine the biologic significance of the ectodomain cleavage, we compared the biosynthesis and biologic activities of uncleavable mutant CSF-1 forms with those of the cleavable wild-type (WT) CSF-1. We found that the uncleavable CSF-1 forms were able to accumulate on cell surface at about threefold higher level than the cleavable WT CSF-1 did. We further demonstrated that the uncleavable plasma membrane-anchored forms of CSF-1 were biologically active in mediating the proliferation of CSF-1-dependent cells as well as the intercellular adhesion between CSF-1 receptor-bearing cells and CSF-1 expressing cells. Furthermore, the adhesive activity of uncleavable CSF-1 forms was about twofold stronger than that of WT CSF-1, which indicated that the ectodomain cleavage system plays an important role in regulating the biologic activities of membrane-anchored CSF-1.
    MeSH term(s) 3T3 Cells ; Animals ; Cell Membrane/metabolism ; Humans ; Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor/analysis ; Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor/metabolism ; Mice
    Chemical Substances Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor (81627-83-0)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2000-09-16
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 205723-2
    ISSN 0006-291X ; 0006-291X
    ISSN (online) 0006-291X
    ISSN 0006-291X
    DOI 10.1006/bbrc.2000.3423
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  6. Article: Structural requirements for the ectodomain cleavage of human cell surface macrophage colony-stimulating factor.

    Deng, P / Rettenmier, C W / Pattengale, P K

    The Journal of biological chemistry

    1996  Volume 271, Issue 27, Page(s) 16338–16343

    Abstract: One form of human macrophage colony-stimulating factor (CSF-1(256), M-CSFalpha) is a member of a restricted set of cell surface transmembrane proteins, which is selected to undergo proteolytic ectodomain cleavage. To determine the substrate requirements ... ...

    Abstract One form of human macrophage colony-stimulating factor (CSF-1(256), M-CSFalpha) is a member of a restricted set of cell surface transmembrane proteins, which is selected to undergo proteolytic ectodomain cleavage. To determine the substrate requirements for this cleavage, we have constructed a series of mutations in the cytoplasmic tail, transmembrane domain, and juxtamembrane region of CSF-1(256) and stably expressed the mutated genes in NIH 3T3 cells. Our results demonstrate that membrane association of the CSF-1 precursor is required for cleavage of its growth factor ectodomain and furthermore that the juxtamembrane region Pro161-Gln162-Leu163-Gln164-Glu165 (PQLQE) (residues 161-165 of the ectodomain) is an essential determinant of cell surface CSF-1(256) cleavage and that the cleavage site is partially sequence-specific. Furthermore, a mechanism of steric hindrance, which likely involves interference with protease accessibility, is postulated to explain the observed decreases in the cleavage efficiency in certain CSF-1 mutants. Finally, our results strongly suggest that the CSF-1 ectodomain is cleaved at or very near the cell surface by a membrane-associated proteolytic system.
    MeSH term(s) 3T3 Cells ; Allosteric Regulation ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Brefeldin A ; Calcimycin/pharmacology ; Cell Membrane/metabolism ; Chloroquine/pharmacology ; Cyclopentanes/pharmacology ; DNA, Complementary ; Humans ; Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor/biosynthesis ; Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor/chemistry ; Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor/metabolism ; Methionine/metabolism ; Mice ; Models, Structural ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutagenesis, Site-Directed ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Protein Conformation ; Protein Synthesis Inhibitors/pharmacology ; Recombinant Proteins/biosynthesis ; Recombinant Proteins/chemistry ; Recombinant Proteins/metabolism ; Sequence Deletion ; Sulfur Radioisotopes ; Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate/pharmacology ; Transfection
    Chemical Substances Cyclopentanes ; DNA, Complementary ; Protein Synthesis Inhibitors ; Recombinant Proteins ; Sulfur Radioisotopes ; Brefeldin A (20350-15-6) ; Calcimycin (37H9VM9WZL) ; Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor (81627-83-0) ; Chloroquine (886U3H6UFF) ; Methionine (AE28F7PNPL) ; Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate (NI40JAQ945)
    Language English
    Publishing date 1996-07-05
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.
    ZDB-ID 2997-x
    ISSN 1083-351X ; 0021-9258
    ISSN (online) 1083-351X
    ISSN 0021-9258
    DOI 10.1074/jbc.271.27.16338
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  7. Article: Multiple factors determine the selection of the ectodomain cleavage site of human cell surface macrophage colony-stimulating factor.

    Deng, P / Wang, Y L / Haga, Y / Pattengale, P K

    Biochemistry

    1998  Volume 37, Issue 51, Page(s) 17898–17904

    Abstract: ... efficiency [Deng, P., Rettenmier, C. W., and Pattengale, P. K. (1996) J. Biol. Chem. 271, 16338-16343 ...

    Abstract Human cell surface macrophage colony-stimulating factor (CSF-1256, M-CSF alpha) is converted to a soluble growth factor by a regulated proteolytic cleavage process at amino acid residues 157-159. We have previously shown that multiple factors specified by the juxtamembrane region determine the cleavage efficiency [Deng, P., Rettenmier, C. W., and Pattengale, P. K. (1996) J. Biol. Chem. 271, 16338-16343]. In the present paper, we studied the effect of various deletion, insertion, and substitution mutations at or near the cleavage site on both the number and size of cleaved CSF-1(256) products to identify the mechanisms by which the cleavage sites are selected. Deletion of regions 161-162 or 163-165, C-terminal to the cleavage site, as well as deletion of region 150-156, N-terminal to the cleavage site, each yielded a single cleavage product that was smaller than that derived from the wild type (WT). In these experiments cleavage apparently occurred at a specific distance from the transmembrane domain. Insertion of three additional residues between the normal cleavage site and the transmembrane domain yielded one major product that was the same size as the processed form of WT CSF-1(256). In this case the selection of the cleavage site was apparently determined by the amino acid sequence of the juxtamembrane region rather than by the distance from the transmembrane domain. Other amino acid substitutions at the cleavage site caused changes in cleavage site selection, providing additional evidence for the role of amino acid sequence in cleavage site selection. Finally, a comparison of cleavage site selection in the presence and absence of tunicamycin treatment showed that N-glycosylation of certain mutant forms of CSF-1(256) sterically interfered with protease accessibility, which in turn had an effect on the selection of the site used for cleavage. Taken together, these results indicate that cleavage site selection is determined by the amino acid sequence of the juxtamembrane region, the distance of the site from the transmembrane domain, and steric accessibility of the protease.
    MeSH term(s) 3T3 Cells ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Amino Acid Substitution/genetics ; Animals ; Binding Sites/genetics ; Cell Membrane/metabolism ; Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel ; Endopeptidases/metabolism ; Glycoside Hydrolases/metabolism ; Glycosylation ; Humans ; Hydrolysis ; Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor/chemistry ; Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor/genetics ; Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor/metabolism ; Mice ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutagenesis, Site-Directed ; Protein Isoforms/chemistry ; Protein Isoforms/genetics ; Protein Isoforms/metabolism ; Protein Structure, Tertiary
    Chemical Substances Protein Isoforms ; Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor (81627-83-0) ; Glycoside Hydrolases (EC 3.2.1.-) ; glycanase (EC 3.2.1.-) ; Endopeptidases (EC 3.4.-)
    Language English
    Publishing date 1998-12-22
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 1108-3
    ISSN 1520-4995 ; 0006-2960
    ISSN (online) 1520-4995
    ISSN 0006-2960
    DOI 10.1021/bi9817313
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  8. Article: Leukaemogenesis by the delta Mo + SV Moloney murine leukaemia virus (M-MuLV) variant in E mu pim-1 transgenic mice: high frequency of recombination with a solo endogenous M-MuLV LTR in vivo.

    Suchman, E L / Pattengale, P K / Fan, H

    The Journal of general virology

    1995  Volume 76 Pt 2, Page(s) 347–356

    Abstract: We previously described an enhancer variant of Moloney murine leukaemia virus (M-MuLV), delta Mo + SV M-MuLV, in which the enhancers of MuLV have been deleted and replaced with the enhancers of the simian virus 40 (SV40). When this virus is injected into ...

    Abstract We previously described an enhancer variant of Moloney murine leukaemia virus (M-MuLV), delta Mo + SV M-MuLV, in which the enhancers of MuLV have been deleted and replaced with the enhancers of the simian virus 40 (SV40). When this virus is injected into neonatal NIH Swiss mice, pre-B and B-lymphoblastic lymphomas develop with a latency of 17 months. Van Lohuizen et al. (1989) described a line of transgenic mice that carry an activated pim-1 proto-oncogene transgene (E mu pim-1). They also reported that E mu pim-1 transgenic mice show greatly accelerated lymphoma development when infected with wild-type M-MuLV at birth. In these experiments, neonatal E mu pim-1 transgenic mice were infected intraperitoneally with delta Mo + SV M-MuLV. Marked acceleration of T-lymphoid leukaemia was seen. However, 10 of the 11 tumours analysed were found to be negative for the SV40 enhancers, but they still contained M-MuLV DNA as measured by Southern blot analysis. The LTRs on viruses cloned from two such tumours (as well as on virus recovered by infection onto NIH 3T3 cells) were characterized by PCR amplification, molecular cloning and sequence analysis. The LTR's from the two tumours were identical to each other and were distinct from both the delta Mo + SV M-MuLV and wild-type M-MuLV LTRs. However, they were identical to a rearranged solo M-MuLV LTR present in the E mu pim-1 transgene. These results indicate that the recombination in vivo between delta Mo + SV M-MuLV and the E mu pim-1 transgene yielded a replication-competent and pathogenic virus at high efficiency. This is the first report of in vivo recombination between an exogenous MuLV and a solo endogenous LTR.
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Base Sequence ; Cloning, Molecular ; Female ; Leukemia, Experimental/etiology ; Leukemia, Experimental/virology ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Mice, Transgenic ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Moloney murine leukemia virus/genetics ; Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins/genetics ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-pim-1 ; Recombination, Genetic ; Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid ; Retroviridae Infections/etiology ; Tumor Virus Infections/etiology
    Chemical Substances Proto-Oncogene Proteins ; Pim1 protein, mouse (EC 2.7.11.1) ; Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases (EC 2.7.11.1) ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-pim-1 (EC 2.7.11.1)
    Language English
    Publishing date 1995-02
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.
    ZDB-ID 219316-4
    ISSN 1465-2099 ; 0022-1317
    ISSN (online) 1465-2099
    ISSN 0022-1317
    DOI 10.1099/0022-1317-76-2-347
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  9. Article: Recombination activating gene-1 (RAG-1) expression in all differentiation stages of B-lineage precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia.

    Umiel, T / Pattengale, P / Weinberg, K

    Leukemia

    1993  Volume 7, Issue 3, Page(s) 435–440

    Abstract: The recombination activating gene-1 (RAG-1), which is required for immunoglobulin (Ig) gene rearrangement, is expressed in murine B-lymphoid precursors but not in mature B lymphocytes. In order to characterize the temporal relationship of RAG-1 ... ...

    Abstract The recombination activating gene-1 (RAG-1), which is required for immunoglobulin (Ig) gene rearrangement, is expressed in murine B-lymphoid precursors but not in mature B lymphocytes. In order to characterize the temporal relationship of RAG-1 expression to other markers of human B-lymphoid differentiation [cell surface antigens, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT), Ig gene rearrangements], RAG-1 expression was studied in a group of B lineage childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). ALL cells from 21 patients were grouped into three developmentally related phenotypes based on the expression of the differentiation antigens CD19, CD10, and CD20. All 21 leukemias were surface Ig (slg) negative. There were leukemias representing each developmental stage of Ig gene rearrangement. RAG-1 was expressed in 20 of 21 B-lineage ALL, including leukemic cells from each stage of differentiation, as defined by immunophenotype and IgH and IgL gene rearrangement status. RAG-1 was expressed in slg- ALL, regardless of the Ig heavy chain (IgH) or Ig light chain (IgL) gene configuration. RAG-1 was not expressed in two Burkitt lymphomas and Burkitt lymphoma cell lines with slg+ mature B-lymphocyte phenotype. In two cases, RAG-1 was expressed in TdT-negative ALL; conversely TdT was expressed in the one RAG-1 negative ALL. These results suggest that RAG-1 in B-lineage ALL is expressed at all phenotypic and genotypic developmental stages preceding surface immunoglobulin expression, and that TdT and RAG-1 may be regulated by different mechanisms.
    MeSH term(s) Antigens, Neoplasm/physiology ; Antigens, Surface/physiology ; Base Sequence ; Cell Differentiation/physiology ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; DNA Nucleotidylexotransferase/physiology ; Gene Expression/genetics ; Gene Rearrangement/genetics ; Genes, Immunoglobulin/genetics ; Genes, RAG-1/genetics ; Humans ; Immunoglobulin Heavy Chains/genetics ; Immunoglobulin Light Chains/genetics ; Immunophenotyping ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Precursor B-Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma/genetics ; Precursor B-Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma/immunology ; Precursor B-Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma/pathology ; Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma/genetics ; Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma/immunology ; Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma/pathology ; Transcription, Genetic/genetics
    Chemical Substances Antigens, Neoplasm ; Antigens, Surface ; Immunoglobulin Heavy Chains ; Immunoglobulin Light Chains ; DNA Nucleotidylexotransferase (EC 2.7.7.31)
    Language English
    Publishing date 1993-03
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 807030-1
    ISSN 1476-5551 ; 0887-6924
    ISSN (online) 1476-5551
    ISSN 0887-6924
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  10. Article: Contributions of recent research to the classification of spontaneous lymphoid cell neoplasms in mice.

    Pattengale, P K / Frith, C H

    Critical reviews in toxicology

    1986  Volume 16, Issue 3, Page(s) 185–212

    Abstract: The present review focuses on the mouse as an experimental immunopathologic model for non-Hodgkins' lymphomas and related leukemias. Immunomorphologic evidence will be presented which demonstrates that B and T cell subtypes of mouse lymphoid cell ... ...

    Abstract The present review focuses on the mouse as an experimental immunopathologic model for non-Hodgkins' lymphomas and related leukemias. Immunomorphologic evidence will be presented which demonstrates that B and T cell subtypes of mouse lymphoid cell neoplasms resemble and are analogous to B and T cell subtypes of human lymphoid cell neoplasms. The many experimental advantages of the mouse system will be stressed with a particular emphasis on the concept that this newly defined immunomorphologic approach should be effectively combined with biologic, molecular, and cytogenetic parameters.
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Chromosome Aberrations ; DNA, Neoplasm/analysis ; Flow Cytometry ; Frozen Sections ; Histological Techniques ; Humans ; Leukemia/classification ; Leukemia/genetics ; Leukemia/pathology ; Lymphoma/classification ; Lymphoma/genetics ; Lymphoma/pathology ; Mice ; Oncogenes ; Staining and Labeling ; Translocation, Genetic
    Chemical Substances DNA, Neoplasm
    Language English
    Publishing date 1986
    Publishing country England
    Document type Comparative Study ; Journal Article ; Review
    ZDB-ID 1097071-x
    ISSN 1547-6898 ; 1040-8444
    ISSN (online) 1547-6898
    ISSN 1040-8444
    DOI 10.3109/10408448609037464
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