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Article ; Online: Role of face masks and ventilation rates in mitigating respiratory disease transmission in ICU.

Arumuru, Venugopal / Kusuluri, Rajendra / Mirikar, Dnyanesh

2023 Volume 13, Issue 1, Page(s) 11124

Abstract: Indoor environments are major contributing locations where the respiratory virus transmission occurs. Higher air change rate (ACH) values (up to 12) have been recommended in hospital environments to reduce virus transmission. In the present study, the ... ...

Abstract	Indoor environments are major contributing locations where the respiratory virus transmission occurs. Higher air change rate (ACH) values (up to 12) have been recommended in hospital environments to reduce virus transmission. In the present study, the Large Eddy Simulation (LES) data of particle transport in a typical intensive care unit (ICU) is used to calculate the infection risk in close proximity interaction. Three different ACH (6, 9, 12) rates with face masks and one case with a healthy person wearing a face shield are considered. The average resident time of the droplets in the ICU is calculated to find the optimal ACH rate. Of the different types of masks analyzed in the present study, the triple-layer mask has shown the most resistance ([Formula: see text] probability of infection) to the penetration of virus-laden droplets, while the single-layer mask has shown the highest risk of infection (up to [Formula: see text]. The results show that the ACH rate has little effect on close proximity transmission. The ACH 9 case provided optimal value for the particle removal, while the ACH 12 has inferior performance to that of ACH 9. From an energy consumption view, our results recommend not using higher ACH in similar indoor environments. Inside indoor environments, it is advised to wear a three-layer face mask and face shield to reduce the risk of infection.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Masks ; Computer Simulation ; Health Status ; Hospitals ; Intensive Care Units
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-07-10
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2615211-3
ISSN	2045-2322 ; 2045-2322
ISSN (online)	2045-2322
ISSN	2045-2322
DOI	10.1038/s41598-023-38031-x
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Risk assessment of airborne virus transmission in an intensive care unit due to single and sequential coughing.

Kusuluri, Rajendra / Mirikar, Dnyanesh / Palanivel, Silambarasan / Arumuru, Venugopal

Risk analysis : an official publication of the Society for Risk Analysis

2023 Volume 44, Issue 1, Page(s) 54–69

Abstract: The virus causing COVID-19 has constantly been mutating into new variants. Some of them are more transmissive and resistant to antibiotics. The current research article aims to examine the airborne transmission of the virus expelled by coughing action in ...

Abstract	The virus causing COVID-19 has constantly been mutating into new variants. Some of them are more transmissive and resistant to antibiotics. The current research article aims to examine the airborne transmission of the virus expelled by coughing action in a typical intensive care unit. Both single and sequential coughing actions have been considered to get closer to practical scenarios. The objective is to assess the effectiveness of air change per hour (ACH) on the risk of infection to a healthcare person and how the air change rate influences the dispersion of droplets. Such a study is seldom reported and has significant relevance. A total of four cases were analyzed, of which two were of sequential cough. When the ACH is changed from 6 to 12, the average particle residence time is reduced by ∼7 s. It is found that the risk of infection in the case of sequential cough will be relatively low compared to a single cough if the outlet of the indoor environment is placed above the patient's head. This arrangement also eliminates the requirement of higher ACH, which has significance from an energy conservation perspective.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Respiratory Aerosols and Droplets ; COVID-19 ; Risk Assessment ; Cough ; Intensive Care Units
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-04-10
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	778660-8
ISSN	1539-6924 ; 0272-4332
ISSN (online)	1539-6924
ISSN	0272-4332
DOI	10.1111/risa.14133
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Role of face masks and ventilation rates in mitigating respiratory disease transmission in ICU

Venugopal Arumuru / Rajendra Kusuluri / Dnyanesh Mirikar

Scientific Reports, Vol 13, Iss 1, Pp 1-

2023 Volume 16

Abstract: Abstract Indoor environments are major contributing locations where the respiratory virus transmission occurs. Higher air change rate (ACH) values (up to 12) have been recommended in hospital environments to reduce virus transmission. In the present ... ...

Abstract	Abstract Indoor environments are major contributing locations where the respiratory virus transmission occurs. Higher air change rate (ACH) values (up to 12) have been recommended in hospital environments to reduce virus transmission. In the present study, the Large Eddy Simulation (LES) data of particle transport in a typical intensive care unit (ICU) is used to calculate the infection risk in close proximity interaction. Three different ACH (6, 9, 12) rates with face masks and one case with a healthy person wearing a face shield are considered. The average resident time of the droplets in the ICU is calculated to find the optimal ACH rate. Of the different types of masks analyzed in the present study, the triple-layer mask has shown the most resistance ( $$0 \%$$ 0 % probability of infection) to the penetration of virus-laden droplets, while the single-layer mask has shown the highest risk of infection (up to $$97 \%)$$ 97 % ) . The results show that the ACH rate has little effect on close proximity transmission. The ACH 9 case provided optimal value for the particle removal, while the ACH 12 has inferior performance to that of ACH 9. From an energy consumption view, our results recommend not using higher ACH in similar indoor environments. Inside indoor environments, it is advised to wear a three-layer face mask and face shield to reduce the risk of infection.
Keywords	Medicine ; R ; Science ; Q
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-07-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Nature Portfolio
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Multipoint monitoring of amplitude, frequency, and phase of vibrations using concatenated modal interferometers.

Chatterjee, Kalipada / Arumuru, Venugopal / Patil, Dhananjay / Jha, Rajan

Scientific reports

2022 Volume 12, Issue 1, Page(s) 3798

Abstract: Concatenated modal interferometers-based multipoint monitoring system for detection of amplitude, frequency, and phase of mechanical vibrations is proposed and demonstrated. The sensor probes are fabricated using identical photonic crystal fiber (PCF) ... ...

Abstract	Concatenated modal interferometers-based multipoint monitoring system for detection of amplitude, frequency, and phase of mechanical vibrations is proposed and demonstrated. The sensor probes are fabricated using identical photonic crystal fiber (PCF) sections and integrated along a single fiber channel to act as a compact and efficient sensing system. Each identical probe acts as a modal interferometer to generate a stable interference spectrum over the source spectrum. In the presence of an external dynamic field about each probe, the probes respond independently, producing a resultant signal superposition of each interferometer response signal. By analyzing the resultant signals using computational techniques, the vibration parameters applied to each interferometer are realized. The sensing system has an operation range of 1 Hz-1 kHz with a sensitivity of 51.5 pm/V. Such a sensing system would find wide applications at industrial, infrastructural, and medical fronts for monitoring various dynamic physical phenomena.
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-03-08
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2615211-3
ISSN	2045-2322 ; 2045-2322
ISSN (online)	2045-2322
ISSN	2045-2322
DOI	10.1038/s41598-022-07354-6
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Multipoint monitoring of amplitude, frequency, and phase of vibrations using concatenated modal interferometers

Kalipada Chatterjee / Venugopal Arumuru / Dhananjay Patil / Rajan Jha

Scientific Reports, Vol 12, Iss 1, Pp 1-

2022 Volume 10

Abstract: Abstract Concatenated modal interferometers-based multipoint monitoring system for detection of amplitude, frequency, and phase of mechanical vibrations is proposed and demonstrated. The sensor probes are fabricated using identical photonic crystal fiber ...

Abstract	Abstract Concatenated modal interferometers-based multipoint monitoring system for detection of amplitude, frequency, and phase of mechanical vibrations is proposed and demonstrated. The sensor probes are fabricated using identical photonic crystal fiber (PCF) sections and integrated along a single fiber channel to act as a compact and efficient sensing system. Each identical probe acts as a modal interferometer to generate a stable interference spectrum over the source spectrum. In the presence of an external dynamic field about each probe, the probes respond independently, producing a resultant signal superposition of each interferometer response signal. By analyzing the resultant signals using computational techniques, the vibration parameters applied to each interferometer are realized. The sensing system has an operation range of 1 Hz-1 kHz with a sensitivity of 51.5 pm/V. Such a sensing system would find wide applications at industrial, infrastructural, and medical fronts for monitoring various dynamic physical phenomena.
Keywords	Medicine ; R ; Science ; Q
Subject code	621
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-03-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Nature Portfolio
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article: Droplet fate, efficacy of face mask, and transmission of virus-laden droplets inside a conference room.

Mirikar, Dnyanesh / Palanivel, Silambarasan / Arumuru, Venugopal

Physics of fluids (Woodbury, N.Y. : 1994)

2021 Volume 33, Issue 6, Page(s) 65108

Abstract: The second and third waves of coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic have hit the world. Even after more than a year, the economy is yet to return to a semblance of normality. The conference/meeting room is one of the critical sections of offices ... ...

Abstract	The second and third waves of coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic have hit the world. Even after more than a year, the economy is yet to return to a semblance of normality. The conference/meeting room is one of the critical sections of offices that might be difficult not to use. This study analyzes the distribution of the virus-laden droplets expelled by coughing inside a conference room, the effect of ventilation rates, and their positioning. The efficacy of masks is studied to get quantitative information regarding the residence time of the droplets. The effects of evaporation, turbulent dispersion, and external forces have been considered for calculating the droplets' trajectories. We have analyzed six cases, of which two are with masks. Change in the ventilation rate from four air changes per hour (ACH) to eight resulted in a
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-06-03
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1472743-2
ISSN	1089-7666 ; 1070-6631
ISSN (online)	1089-7666
ISSN	1070-6631
DOI	10.1063/5.0054110
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article: Double masking protection vs. comfort-A quantitative assessment.

Arumuru, Venugopal / Samantaray, Sidhartha Sankar / Pasa, Jangyadatta

Physics of fluids (Woodbury, N.Y. : 1994)

2021 Volume 33, Issue 7, Page(s) 77120

Abstract: COVID-19 has forced humankind to adopt face masks as an integral part of everyday life. This preventive measure is an effective source control technique to curb the spread of COVID-19 and other similar diseases. The virus responsible for causing COVID-19 ...

Abstract	COVID-19 has forced humankind to adopt face masks as an integral part of everyday life. This preventive measure is an effective source control technique to curb the spread of COVID-19 and other similar diseases. The virus responsible for causing COVID-19 has undergone several mutations in the recent past, including B.1.1.7, B.1.351, P.1, and N501Y, B.1.617, with a higher infectious rate. These viruses' variants are mainly responsible for the recent spike in COVID-19 cases and associated steep rise in mortality rate worldwide. Under these circumstances, the Center for Disease Control (CDC) and health experts recommend double masking, which mainly includes a surgical mask and a cotton mask for the general public. This combination provides an additional layer of protection and masks fitment to minimize the leakage of droplets expelled during coughing, sneezing, talking, and breathing. This leakage may cause airborne transmission of the virus. In the present study, we report a systematic quantitative unsteady pressure measurement supplement with flow visualization to quantify the effectiveness of a single and double mask. We have also evaluated double masking consisting of a surgical mask and an N-95 mask used by medical professionals. A simple knot improves the surgical mask fitment significantly, and hence, the leakage of droplets is minimized. The leakage of the droplets was reduced to a large extent by using a double mask combination of a two-layer cotton mask over the surgical mask with a knot. The double mask combination of surgical + N-95 and two-layer cotton + N-95 masks showed the most promising results, and no leakage of the droplets is observed in the forward direction. A double mask combination of surgical and N-95 mask offers 8.6% and 5.6% lower mean and peak pressures compared to surgical, and cotton mask. The best results are observed with cotton and N-95 masks with 54.6% and 23% lower mean and peak pressures than surgical and cotton masks; hence, this combination will offer more comfort to the wearer.
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-07-21
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1472743-2
ISSN	1089-7666 ; 1070-6631
ISSN (online)	1089-7666
ISSN	1070-6631
DOI	10.1063/5.0058571
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article: Experimental visualization of sneezing and efficacy of face masks and shields.

Arumuru, Venugopal / Pasa, Jangyadatta / Samantaray, Sidhartha Sankar

Physics of fluids (Woodbury, N.Y. : 1994)

2020 Volume 32, Issue 11, Page(s) 115129

Abstract: In the present work, we propose and demonstrate a simple experimental visualization to simulate sneezing by maintaining dynamic similarity to actual sneezing. A pulsed jet with Reynolds number Re = 30 000 is created using compressed air and a solenoid ... ...

Abstract	In the present work, we propose and demonstrate a simple experimental visualization to simulate sneezing by maintaining dynamic similarity to actual sneezing. A pulsed jet with Reynolds number Re = 30 000 is created using compressed air and a solenoid valve. Tracer particles are introduced in the flow to capture the emulated turbulent jet formed due to a sneeze. The visualization is accomplished using a camera and laser illumination. It is observed that a typical sneeze can travel up to 25 ft in ∼22 s in a quiescent environment. This highlights that the present widely accepted safe distance of 6 ft is highly underestimated, especially under the act of a sneeze. Our study demonstrates that a three-layer homemade mask is just adequate to impede the penetration of fine-sized particles, which may cause the spreading of the infectious pathogen responsible for COVID-19. However, a surgical mask cannot block the sneeze, and the sneeze particle can travel up to 2.5 ft. We strongly recommend using at least a three-layer homemade mask with a social distancing of 6 ft to combat the transmission of COVID-19 virus. In offices, we recommend the use of face masks and shields to prevent the spreading of droplets carrying the infectious pathogen. Interestingly, an N-95 mask blocks the sneeze in the forward direction; however, the leakage from the sides and top spreads the sneeze in the backward direction up to 2 ft. We strongly recommend using the elbow or hands to prevent droplet leakage even after wearing a mask during sneezing and coughing.
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-11-26
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1472743-2
ISSN	1089-7666 ; 1070-6631
ISSN (online)	1089-7666
ISSN	1070-6631
DOI	10.1063/5.0030101
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Vortex Shedding Optical Flowmeter based on Photonic Crystal Fiber.

Arumuru, Venugopal / Dash, Jitendra Narayan / Dora, Dhrubaraj / Jha, Rajan

Scientific reports

2019 Volume 9, Issue 1, Page(s) 8313

Abstract: In the present work we propose a PCF (photonic crystal fiber) based Modal interferometer detector for sensing low flow velocity by detecting the frequency of vortices shed from a bluff body. The proposed novel design encapsulates the interferometric arm ... ...

Abstract	In the present work we propose a PCF (photonic crystal fiber) based Modal interferometer detector for sensing low flow velocity by detecting the frequency of vortices shed from a bluff body. The proposed novel design encapsulates the interferometric arm inside a metal casing to protect the sensor from harsh process fluids. The characterization of the developed probe is conducted under no flow conditions using a piezo actuator to evaluate the sensor response over wide frequency range (0-500 Hz). The developed sensors shows a reasonably flat response in the tested frequency range. Experiments are conducted by employing the developed sensor behind a bluff body of a vortex flowmeter to measure the frequency of the shed vortices and hence, the fluid flow rate. The low flow rate sensitivity of the vortex flowmeter is improved many folds by using the present sensor and the minimum Reynolds number detected is Re = 5000. A linear trend is observed between the frequency of the vortices and the flow velocity which is desirable for fluid flow measurement. The PCF based interferometric sensor with metal encapsulation makes the vortex flowmeter, sensitive at low flow rates, robust and economical to be used in industrial application.
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-06-05
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2615211-3
ISSN	2045-2322 ; 2045-2322
ISSN (online)	2045-2322
ISSN	2045-2322
DOI	10.1038/s41598-019-40464-2
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Vortex Shedding Optical Flowmeter based on Photonic Crystal Fiber

Venugopal Arumuru / Jitendra Narayan Dash / Dhrubaraj Dora / Rajan Jha

Scientific Reports, Vol 9, Iss 1, Pp 1-

2019 Volume 9

Abstract: Abstract In the present work we propose a PCF (photonic crystal fiber) based Modal interferometer detector for sensing low flow velocity by detecting the frequency of vortices shed from a bluff body. The proposed novel design encapsulates the ... ...

Abstract	Abstract In the present work we propose a PCF (photonic crystal fiber) based Modal interferometer detector for sensing low flow velocity by detecting the frequency of vortices shed from a bluff body. The proposed novel design encapsulates the interferometric arm inside a metal casing to protect the sensor from harsh process fluids. The characterization of the developed probe is conducted under no flow conditions using a piezo actuator to evaluate the sensor response over wide frequency range (0–500 Hz). The developed sensors shows a reasonably flat response in the tested frequency range. Experiments are conducted by employing the developed sensor behind a bluff body of a vortex flowmeter to measure the frequency of the shed vortices and hence, the fluid flow rate. The low flow rate sensitivity of the vortex flowmeter is improved many folds by using the present sensor and the minimum Reynolds number detected is Re = 5000. A linear trend is observed between the frequency of the vortices and the flow velocity which is desirable for fluid flow measurement. The PCF based interferometric sensor with metal encapsulation makes the vortex flowmeter, sensitive at low flow rates, robust and economical to be used in industrial application.
Keywords	Medicine ; R ; Science ; Q
Subject code	532
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-06-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Nature Publishing Group
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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