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Book ; Online: The Superior Colliculus/Tectum: Cell Types, Circuits, Computations, Behaviors

Farrow, Karl / Isa, Tadashi / Luksch, Harald / Yonehara, Keisuke

2019

Keywords	Science: general issues ; Neurosciences ; superior colliculus ; optic tectum ; cell types ; neuronal circuit ; Visual Processing
Size	1 electronic resource (137 pages)
Publisher	Frontiers Media SA
Document type	Book ; Online
Note	English ; Open Access
HBZ-ID	HT021231162
ISBN	9782889459711 ; 2889459713
Database	ZB MED Catalogue: Medicine, Health, Nutrition, Environment, Agriculture

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Article ; Online: Double viral vector intersectional approaches for pathway-selective manipulation of motor functions and compensatory mechanisms.

Isa, Tadashi

Experimental neurology

2021 Volume 349, Page(s) 113959

Abstract: Selective manipulation of particular subcomponent of neural circuits is crucial for understanding the functional architecture of neural systems and for development of the future therapeutic strategies against neurological disorders. In this article, I ... ...

Abstract	Selective manipulation of particular subcomponent of neural circuits is crucial for understanding the functional architecture of neural systems and for development of the future therapeutic strategies against neurological disorders. In this article, I review how the intersectional approaches with double viral vector technique was introduced for the pathway-selective manipulation of spinal circuits. In this technique, a retrograde gene transfer vector is injected into the terminal area of the targeted neurons and an anterograde vector is injected at the location of their somata. Either by using the Tet-transactivator or Cre-loxP system, the experimenter can chemogenetically or optogenetically manipulate the transmission of the target pathway originated from the double-infected neurons. This technique was first developed for manipulation of spinal cord interneurons in the macaque monkeys by selective expression of tetanus neurotoxin and successfully affected the dexterous hand movements. Currently, this technique is widely used on a variety of neural pathways both in rodents and primates in combination with a variety of retrograde vectors and a variety of optogenetic and chemogenetic tools. The advantage of this technique is that it is not necessary to generate transgenic animals. Knowledge of the cell-type specific promotors is not needed. Manipulation is achieved primarily by injection of two viral vectors based on the anatomical knowledge and it is applicable in a variety of animal species including primates. The pros, cons and future direction of this technique are discussed.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Gene Transfer Techniques ; Genetic Vectors ; Humans ; Macaca ; Mice ; Movement/physiology ; Neural Pathways/physiology ; Neurons/virology ; Primates ; Rats ; Viruses
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-12-23
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	207148-4
ISSN	1090-2430 ; 0014-4886
ISSN (online)	1090-2430
ISSN	0014-4886
DOI	10.1016/j.expneurol.2021.113959
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Article ; Online: Visuomotor coordination and cognitive capacity in blindsight.

Takakuwa, Norihiro / Isa, Tadashi

Current opinion in neurobiology

2023 Volume 82, Page(s) 102764

Abstract: Classical literature on blindsight described that some patients with lesions to the primary visual cortex could respond to visual stimuli without subjective awareness. Recent studies addressed more complex arguments on the conscious state of blindsight ... ...

Abstract	Classical literature on blindsight described that some patients with lesions to the primary visual cortex could respond to visual stimuli without subjective awareness. Recent studies addressed more complex arguments on the conscious state of blindsight subjects such as existence of partial awareness, namely "feeling of something happening" in the lesion-affected visual field, termed 'type II blindsight', and high-level performance in complex cognitive tasks in blindsight model monkeys. Endeavors to clarify the visual pathways for blindsight revealed the parallel thalamic routes mediating the visual inputs from the superior colliculus to extrastriate and frontoparietal cortices, which may underlie the flexible visuomotor association and cognitive control in the blindsight subjects. Furthermore, involvement of post-lesion plasticity is suggested for these neural systems to operate.
MeSH term(s)	Cognition ; Psychomotor Performance ; Blindness/physiopathology ; Blindness/psychology ; Animals ; Disease Models, Animal ; Haplorhini ; Humans ; Saccades/physiology
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-08-17
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Review
ZDB-ID	1078046-4
ISSN	1873-6882 ; 0959-4388
ISSN (online)	1873-6882
ISSN	0959-4388
DOI	10.1016/j.conb.2023.102764
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Zs.A 3260: Show issues

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Article: [Great Footmark of the Late Professor Masao Ito: The Past and Future of the Japan Neuroscience Society].

Isa, Tadashi

Brain and nerve = Shinkei kenkyu no shinpo

2019 Volume 71, Issue 12, Page(s) 1385–1390

Abstract: Professor Masao Ito passed away in December last year at the age of 90. He not only performed great scientific achievements in the studies of the cerebellar circuit functions, but also made a great contribution to promotion of the neuroscience researches ...

Abstract	Professor Masao Ito passed away in December last year at the age of 90. He not only performed great scientific achievements in the studies of the cerebellar circuit functions, but also made a great contribution to promotion of the neuroscience researches both in and outside Japan. His contribution includes foundation of the Japan Neuroscience Society, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, working as the president of International Brain Research Organization, foundation of Human Frontier Science Program and foundation of federation of scientific associations in Asia such as FAONS.
MeSH term(s)	Academies and Institutes ; History, 20th Century ; Humans ; Japan ; Neurosciences/history
Language	Japanese
Publishing date	2019-11-28
Publishing country	Japan
Document type	Biography ; Historical Article ; Journal Article
ZDB-ID	390389-8
ISSN	1344-8129 ; 1881-6096 ; 0006-8969
ISSN (online)	1344-8129
ISSN	1881-6096 ; 0006-8969
DOI	10.11477/mf.1416201458
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Zs.A 398: Show issues

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Article ; Online: Dexterous Hand Movements and Their Recovery After Central Nervous System Injury.

Isa, Tadashi

Annual review of neuroscience

2019 Volume 42, Page(s) 315–335

Abstract: Hand dexterity has uniquely developed in higher primates and is thought to rely on the direct corticomotoneuronal (CM) pathway. Recent studies have shown that rodents and carnivores lack the direct CM pathway but can control certain levels of dexterous ... ...

Abstract	Hand dexterity has uniquely developed in higher primates and is thought to rely on the direct corticomotoneuronal (CM) pathway. Recent studies have shown that rodents and carnivores lack the direct CM pathway but can control certain levels of dexterous hand movements through various indirect CM pathways. Some homologous pathways also exist in higher primates, and among them, propriospinal (PrS) neurons in the mid-cervical segments (C3-C4) are significantly involved in hand dexterity. When the direct CM pathway was lesioned caudal to the PrS and transmission of cortical commands to hand motoneurons via the PrS neurons remained intact, dexterous hand movements could be significantly recovered. This recovery model was intensively studied, and it was found that, in addition to the compensation by the PrS neurons, a large-scale reorganization in the bilateral cortical motor-related areas and mesolimbic structures contributed to recovery. Future therapeutic strategies should target these multihierarchical areas.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Central Nervous System/physiology ; Central Nervous System/physiopathology ; Hand/innervation ; Hand/physiology ; Humans ; Motor Neurons/physiology ; Movement/physiology ; Recovery of Function/physiology ; Trauma, Nervous System/physiopathology
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-04-02
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Review
ZDB-ID	282459-0
ISSN	1545-4126 ; 0147-006X
ISSN (online)	1545-4126
ISSN	0147-006X
DOI	10.1146/annurev-neuro-070918-050436
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Zs.A 1433: Show issues

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Article ; Online: Using the common marmoset for neurophysiological studies of neocortical functions.

Isa, Tadashi

The Journal of physiology

2017 Volume 595, Issue 23, Page(s) 7013

MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Beta Rhythm ; Callithrix ; Hand Strength ; Neocortex
Language	English
Publishing date	2017-11-02
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Comment
ZDB-ID	3115-x
ISSN	1469-7793 ; 0022-3751
ISSN (online)	1469-7793
ISSN	0022-3751
DOI	10.1113/JP275115
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Uc I Zs.65: Show issues

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Article ; Online: How to study subjective experience in an animal model of blindsight?

Yu, Xiyao / Yamaguchi, Reona / Isa, Tadashi

Neuroscience research

2023 Volume 201, Page(s) 39–45

Abstract: The nature of subjective conscious experience, which accompanies us throughout our waking lives, and how it is generated, remain elusive. One of the challenges in studying subjective experience is disentangling the brain activity related to the sensory ... ...

Abstract	The nature of subjective conscious experience, which accompanies us throughout our waking lives, and how it is generated, remain elusive. One of the challenges in studying subjective experience is disentangling the brain activity related to the sensory stimulus processing and stimulus-guided behavior from those associated with subjective perception. Blindsight, a phenomenon characterized by the retained visual discrimination performance but impaired visual consciousness due to damage to the primary visual cortex, becomes a special entry point to address this question. However, to fully understand the underlying neural mechanism, relying on studies involving human patients alone is insufficient. In this paper, we tried to address this issue, by first introducing the well-known cases of blindsight, especially the reports on subjective experience in both human and monkey subjects. And then we described how the impaired visual awareness of blindsight monkeys has been discovered and further studied by specifically designed tasks, as verbal reporting is not possible for these animals. Our previous studies also demonstrated that many complex visually guided cognitive processes were still retained despite the impairment of visual awareness. Further investigation needs to be conducted to explore the relationship between visually guided behavior, visual awareness and brain activity in blindsight subjects.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Humans ; Visual Cortex ; Awareness ; Visual Perception ; Consciousness ; Models, Animal
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-09-09
Publishing country	Ireland
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	605842-5
ISSN	1872-8111 ; 0168-0102 ; 0921-8696
ISSN (online)	1872-8111
ISSN	0168-0102 ; 0921-8696
DOI	10.1016/j.neures.2023.09.001
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Zs.A 1993: Show issues

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Article ; Online: The Brain Is Needed to Cure Spinal Cord Injury.

Isa, Tadashi

Trends in neurosciences

2017 Volume 40, Issue 10, Page(s) 625–636

Abstract: Damage to corticospinal fibers in the cervical spinal cord is known to impair dexterous hand movements. However, accumulating evidence has shown that precision grip can recover considerably through rehabilitative training. Recent multidisciplinary ... ...

Abstract	Damage to corticospinal fibers in the cervical spinal cord is known to impair dexterous hand movements. However, accumulating evidence has shown that precision grip can recover considerably through rehabilitative training. Recent multidisciplinary studies have revealed that, at the spinal level, this recovery is possible due to an indirect neural pathway through propriospinal neurons (PNs), which relay cortical commands to hand motoneurons. Although this indirect spinal pathway is heavily involved in recovery, its role is dwarfed by a simultaneous large-scale network reorganization spanning motor-related cortices and mesolimbic structures. This large-scale network reorganization is key to the regulation of recovery and future therapeutic strategies will need to take into account the involvement of these supraspinal centers in addition to the known role of the spinal cord.
Language	English
Publishing date	2017-10
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	282488-7
ISSN	1878-108X ; 0378-5912 ; 0166-2236
ISSN (online)	1878-108X
ISSN	0378-5912 ; 0166-2236
DOI	10.1016/j.tins.2017.08.002
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Zs.A 1442: Show issues			Location: Je nach Verfügbarkeit (siehe Angabe bei Bestand) bis Jg. 1994: Bestellungen von Artikeln über das Online-Bestellformular Jg. 1995 - 2021: Lesesall (1.OG) ab Jg. 2022: Lesesaal (EG)
Zs.MG 53: Show issues

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Article ; Online: Effects of Light Isoflurane Anesthesia on Organization of Direction and Orientation Selectivity in the Superficial Layer of the Mouse Superior Colliculus.

Kasai, Masatoshi / Isa, Tadashi

The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience

2021 Volume 42, Issue 4, Page(s) 619–630

Abstract: The superior colliculus (SC) is the midbrain center for integrating visual and multimodal sensory information. Neurons in the SC exhibit direction and orientation selectivity. Recent studies reported that neurons with similar preferences formed clusters ... ...

Abstract	The superior colliculus (SC) is the midbrain center for integrating visual and multimodal sensory information. Neurons in the SC exhibit direction and orientation selectivity. Recent studies reported that neurons with similar preferences formed clusters in the mouse SC (Ahmadlou and Heimel, 2015; Feinberg and Meister, 2015; de Malmazet et al., 2018; Li et al., 2020). However, it remains controversial as to how these clusters are organized within the SC (Inayat et al., 2015; Chen et al., 2021). Here, we found that different brain states (i.e., awake or anesthetized with isoflurane) changed the selectivity of individual SC neurons and organizations of the neuronal population in both male and female mice. Using two-photon Ca
MeSH term(s)	Anesthetics, Inhalation/administration & dosage ; Animals ; Calcium-Binding Proteins/analysis ; Female ; Green Fluorescent Proteins/analysis ; Isoflurane/administration & dosage ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Mice, Transgenic ; Microscopy, Fluorescence, Multiphoton/methods ; Orientation/drug effects ; Orientation/physiology ; Photic Stimulation/methods ; Superior Colliculi/chemistry ; Superior Colliculi/drug effects ; Superior Colliculi/physiology
Chemical Substances	Anesthetics, Inhalation ; Calcium-Binding Proteins ; GCaMP-HS ; Green Fluorescent Proteins (147336-22-9) ; Isoflurane (CYS9AKD70P)
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-12-06
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	604637-x
ISSN	1529-2401 ; 0270-6474
ISSN (online)	1529-2401
ISSN	0270-6474
DOI	10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1196-21.2021
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Article ; Online: Neural Mechanism of Blindsight in a Macaque Model.

Isa, Tadashi / Yoshida, Masatoshi

Neuroscience

2021 Volume 469, Page(s) 138–161

Abstract: Some patients with damage to the primary visual cortex (V1) exhibit visuomotor ability, despite loss of visual awareness, a phenomenon termed "blindsight". We review a series of studies conducted mainly in our laboratory on macaque monkeys with ... ...

Abstract	Some patients with damage to the primary visual cortex (V1) exhibit visuomotor ability, despite loss of visual awareness, a phenomenon termed "blindsight". We review a series of studies conducted mainly in our laboratory on macaque monkeys with unilateral V1 lesioning to reveal the neural pathways underlying visuomotor transformation and the cognitive capabilities retained in blindsight. After lesioning, it takes several weeks for the recovery of visually guided saccades toward the lesion-affected visual field. In addition to the lateral geniculate nucleus, the pathway from the superior colliculus to the pulvinar participates in visuomotor processing in blindsight. At the cortical level, bilateral lateral intraparietal regions become critically involved in the saccade control. These results suggest that the visual circuits experience drastic changes while the monkey acquires blindsight. In these animals, analysis based on signal detection theory adapted to behavior in the "Yes-No" task indicates reduced sensitivity to visual targets, suggesting that visual awareness is impaired. Saccades become less accurate, decisions become less deliberate, and some forms of bottom-up attention are impaired. However, a variety of cognitive functions are retained such as saliency detection during free viewing, top-down attention, short-term spatial memory, and associative learning. These observations indicate that blindsight is not a low-level sensory-motor response, but the residual visual inputs can access these cognitive capabilities. Based on these results we suggest that the macaque model of blindsight replicates type II blindsight patients who experience some "feeling" of objects, which guides cognitive capabilities that we naïvely think are not possible without phenomenal consciousness.
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-06-19
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Review ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	196739-3
ISSN	1873-7544 ; 0306-4522
ISSN (online)	1873-7544
ISSN	0306-4522
DOI	10.1016/j.neuroscience.2021.06.022
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