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Article ; Online: Development Trends and Potential in the Field of Virtual Tourism after the COVID-19 Pandemic

Katarzyna Bilińska / Barbara Pabian / Aleksander Pabian / Beata Reformat

Sustainability, Vol 15, Iss 1889, p

Generation Z Example

2023 Volume 1889

Abstract: Until the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, virtual tourism was not as popular as during its duration in 2021, when traveling in the real world was not possible due to social isolation and forced quarantine. In response to the lockdown and the lack of ... ...

Abstract	Until the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, virtual tourism was not as popular as during its duration in 2021, when traveling in the real world was not possible due to social isolation and forced quarantine. In response to the lockdown and the lack of freedom of movement around the world, tourists decided to travel in cyberspace during the COVID-19 pandemic. In this way only, and without leaving home, could they visit tourist attractions, watch museum exhibitions, participate in various media events and take virtual walks. After the “unfreezing” of tourism, the time has now come to adapt tourism to the post-pandemic normality. The aim of the paper is to discover whether the new trend of online tourism that developed during the pandemic will stay with us forever and how it will evolve, especially for Generation Z, who are just entering the labor market but who, at the same time, will determine the future of tourism soon. The research results show that as the pandemic restrictions disappear, the need to experience various forms of tourism in places previously viewed in cyberspace (virtually), occurs among the representatives of Generation Z. Thus, virtual tourism is a form that precedes and complements a real journey. The qualitative method was chosen for the research conducted in Poland. The research was carried out in 2022. A total of 40 focus groups of 7 people each (N = 280) participated in the research. They consisted of Generation Z representatives born after 1995; the oldest of them will be 27 in 2022. In parallel, the method of in-depth individual interviews was used in the research. In order to reach the participants, a non-random sample was chosen using the “snowball” method. In total, 100 people took part in the in-depth individual interview. The two-track research allowed to obtain a total sample of N = 380.
Keywords	virtual tourism ; Generation Z ; new trends in tourism ; Environmental effects of industries and plants ; TD194-195 ; Renewable energy sources ; TJ807-830 ; Environmental sciences ; GE1-350
Subject code	910
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-01-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	MDPI AG
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Why Does the Omicron Variant Largely Spare Olfactory Function? Implications for the Pathogenesis of Anosmia in Coronavirus Disease 2019.

Butowt, Rafal / Bilińska, Katarzyna / von Bartheld, Christopher

The Journal of infectious diseases

2022 Volume 226, Issue 8, Page(s) 1304–1308

Abstract: The omicron variant of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 causes much less olfactory dysfunction than the previous variants. There are several potential mechanisms for how omicron may change tissue tropism and spare olfactory function. The ... ...

Abstract	The omicron variant of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 causes much less olfactory dysfunction than the previous variants. There are several potential mechanisms for how omicron may change tissue tropism and spare olfactory function. The new mutations make omicron more hydrophobic and alkaline than previous variants, which may reduce penetration of the mucus layer. Overall, the new mutations minimally change receptor binding affinity, but entry efficiency into host cells is reduced in cells expressing transmembrane serine protease 2 (TMPRSS2). Because the support cells in the olfactory epithelium abundantly express TMPRSS2, these main target cells in the olfactory epithelium may become infected less by the new omicron variant.
MeSH term(s)	Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 ; Anosmia ; COVID-19 ; Humans ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/metabolism
Chemical Substances	Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus ; spike protein, SARS-CoV-2 ; Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 (EC 3.4.17.23)
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-04-04
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
ZDB-ID	3019-3
ISSN	1537-6613 ; 0022-1899
ISSN (online)	1537-6613
ISSN	0022-1899
DOI	10.1093/infdis/jiac113
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Article ; Online: Clinical and genetic yield of familial screening after sudden unexplained death at young age.

Chmielewski, Przemysław / Świerczewski, Michał / Foss-Nieradko, Bogna / Ponińska, Joanna / Biernacka, Elżbieta Katarzyna / Kowalik, Ilona / Stępień-Wojno, Małgorzata / Michalak, Ewa / Truszkowska, Grażyna / Baranowski, Rafał / Bilińska, Maria / Płoski, Rafał / Bilińska, Zofia Teresa

Kardiologia polska

2024

Language	English
Publishing date	2024-03-17
Publishing country	Poland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	411492-9
ISSN	1897-4279 ; 0022-9032
ISSN (online)	1897-4279
ISSN	0022-9032
DOI	10.33963/v.phj.99617
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Article ; Online: Olfactory dysfunction in COVID-19: new insights into the underlying mechanisms.

Butowt, Rafal / Bilinska, Katarzyna / von Bartheld, Christopher S

Trends in neurosciences

2022 Volume 46, Issue 1, Page(s) 75–90

Abstract: The mechanisms of olfactory dysfunction in COVID-19 are still unclear. In this review, we examine potential mechanisms that may explain why the sense of smell is lost or altered. Among the current hypotheses, the most plausible is that death of infected ... ...

Abstract	The mechanisms of olfactory dysfunction in COVID-19 are still unclear. In this review, we examine potential mechanisms that may explain why the sense of smell is lost or altered. Among the current hypotheses, the most plausible is that death of infected support cells in the olfactory epithelium causes, besides altered composition of the mucus, retraction of the cilia on olfactory receptor neurons, possibly because of the lack of support cell-derived glucose in the mucus, which powers olfactory signal transduction within the cilia. This mechanism is consistent with the rapid loss of smell with COVID-19, and its rapid recovery after the regeneration of support cells. Host immune responses that cause downregulation of genes involved in olfactory signal transduction occur too late to trigger anosmia, but may contribute to the duration of the olfactory dysfunction.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; COVID-19/complications ; Smell/physiology ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Olfaction Disorders/etiology ; Olfactory Mucosa
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-11-16
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Review ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	282488-7
ISSN	1878-108X ; 0378-5912 ; 0166-2236
ISSN (online)	1878-108X
ISSN	0378-5912 ; 0166-2236
DOI	10.1016/j.tins.2022.11.003
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Article ; Online: Anosmia in COVID-19: A Bumpy Road to Establishing a Cellular Mechanism.

Bilinska, Katarzyna / Butowt, Rafal

ACS chemical neuroscience

2020 Volume 11, Issue 15, Page(s) 2152–2155

Abstract: It has become clear since the pandemic broke out that SARS-CoV-2 virus causes reduction of smell and taste in a significant fraction of COVID-19 patients. The olfactory dysfunction often occurs early in the course of the disease, and sometimes it is the ... ...

Abstract	It has become clear since the pandemic broke out that SARS-CoV-2 virus causes reduction of smell and taste in a significant fraction of COVID-19 patients. The olfactory dysfunction often occurs early in the course of the disease, and sometimes it is the only symptom in otherwise asymptomatic carriers. The cellular mechanisms for these specific olfactory disturbances in COVID-19 are now beginning to be elucidated. Several very recent papers contributed to explaining the key cellular steps occurring in the olfactory epithelium leading to anosmia/hyposmia (collectively known as dysosmia) initiated by SARS-CoV-2 infection. In this Viewpoint, we discuss current progress in research on olfactory dysfunction in COVID-19 and we also propose an updated model of the SARS-CoV-2-induced dysosmia. The emerging central role of sustentacular cells and inflammatory processes in the olfactory epithelium are particularly considered. The proposed model of anosmia in COVID-19 does not answer unequivocally whether the new coronavirus exploits the olfactory route to rapidly or slowly reach the brain in COVID-19 patients. To answer this question, new systematic studies using an infectious virus and appropriate animal models are needed.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Betacoronavirus ; COVID-19 ; Coronavirus Infections/complications ; Coronavirus Infections/metabolism ; Humans ; Olfaction Disorders/etiology ; Olfaction Disorders/metabolism ; Olfaction Disorders/virology ; Olfactory Receptor Neurons/cytology ; Olfactory Receptor Neurons/metabolism ; Olfactory Receptor Neurons/virology ; Pandemics ; Pneumonia, Viral/complications ; Pneumonia, Viral/metabolism ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Smell/physiology
Keywords	covid19
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-07-16
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ISSN	1948-7193
ISSN (online)	1948-7193
DOI	10.1021/acschemneuro.0c00406
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Article ; Online: SARS-CoV-2: Olfaction, Brain Infection, and the Urgent Need for Clinical Samples Allowing Earlier Virus Detection.

Butowt, Rafal / Bilinska, Katarzyna

ACS chemical neuroscience

2020 Volume 11, Issue 9, Page(s) 1200–1203

Abstract: The novel SARS-CoV-2 virus has very high infectivity, which allows it to spread rapidly around the world. Attempts at slowing the pandemic at this stage depend on the number and quality of diagnostic tests performed. We propose that the olfactory ... ...

Abstract	The novel SARS-CoV-2 virus has very high infectivity, which allows it to spread rapidly around the world. Attempts at slowing the pandemic at this stage depend on the number and quality of diagnostic tests performed. We propose that the olfactory epithelium from the nasal cavity may be a more appropriate tissue for detection of SARS-CoV-2 virus at the earliest stages, prior to onset of symptoms or even in asymptomatic people, as compared to commonly used sputum or nasopharyngeal swabs. Here we emphasize that the nasal cavity olfactory epithelium is the likely site of enhanced binding of SARS-CoV-2. Multiple non-neuronal cell types present in the olfactory epithelium express two host receptors, ACE2 and TMPRSS2 proteases, that facilitate SARS-CoV-2 binding, replication, and accumulation. This may be the underlying mechanism for the recently reported cases of smell dysfunction in patients with COVID-19. Moreover, the possibility of subsequent brain infection should be considered which begins in olfactory neurons. In addition, we discuss the possibility that olfactory receptor neurons may initiate rapid immune responses at early stages of the disease. We emphasize the need to undertake research focused on additional aspects of SARS-CoV-2 actions in the nervous system, especially in the olfactory pathway.
MeSH term(s)	Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 ; Animals ; Betacoronavirus/growth & development ; Betacoronavirus/immunology ; Betacoronavirus/isolation & purification ; Brain/immunology ; Brain/physiopathology ; Brain/virology ; COVID-19 ; Coronavirus Infections/diagnosis ; Coronavirus Infections/immunology ; Coronavirus Infections/physiopathology ; Coronavirus Infections/transmission ; Early Diagnosis ; Humans ; Immunity, Innate ; Mass Screening/methods ; Mass Screening/standards ; Mice ; Olfactory Mucosa/cytology ; Olfactory Mucosa/immunology ; Olfactory Mucosa/metabolism ; Olfactory Mucosa/virology ; Olfactory Receptor Neurons/immunology ; Olfactory Receptor Neurons/metabolism ; Olfactory Receptor Neurons/virology ; Pandemics ; Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A/metabolism ; Pneumonia, Viral/diagnosis ; Pneumonia, Viral/immunology ; Pneumonia, Viral/physiopathology ; Pneumonia, Viral/transmission ; Respiratory Mucosa/metabolism ; Respiratory Mucosa/virology ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Serine Endopeptidases/metabolism ; Smell ; Virus Replication
Chemical Substances	Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A (EC 3.4.15.1) ; ACE2 protein, human (EC 3.4.17.23) ; Ace2 protein, mouse (EC 3.4.17.23) ; Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 (EC 3.4.17.23) ; Serine Endopeptidases (EC 3.4.21.-) ; TMPRSS2 protein, human (EC 3.4.21.-)
Keywords	covid19
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-04-13
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ISSN	1948-7193
ISSN (online)	1948-7193
DOI	10.1021/acschemneuro.0c00172
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Article ; Online: Genetic muscle disorder mimicking atrial arrhythmias with conduction defects requiring pacemaker implantation.

Kalin, Katarzyna / Oręziak, Artur / Franaszczyk, Maria / Bilińska, Zofia T / Płoski, Rafał / Bilińska, Maria

Polish archives of internal medicine

2019 Volume 129, Issue 9, Page(s) 627–629

MeSH term(s)	Adult ; Atrial Fibrillation/diagnosis ; Atrial Fibrillation/etiology ; Atrial Fibrillation/therapy ; Electrocardiography ; Humans ; Male ; Muscular Dystrophy, Emery-Dreifuss/complications ; Muscular Dystrophy, Emery-Dreifuss/physiopathology ; Pacemaker, Artificial
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-05-13
Publishing country	Poland
Document type	Case Reports ; Journal Article
ZDB-ID	123500-x
ISSN	1897-9483 ; 0032-3772
ISSN (online)	1897-9483
ISSN	0032-3772
DOI	10.20452/pamw.14829
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Article ; Online: Asystolic cardiac arrest with chest pain as initial features of eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Churg-Strauss syndrome).

Guzek, Krystyna / Świerczewski, Michał / Pyszno-Prokopowicz, Dominika / Kalin, Katarzyna / Zakrzewska-Koperska, Joanna / Bilińska, Maria

Polish archives of internal medicine

2021 Volume 131, Issue 2, Page(s) 184–186

MeSH term(s)	Chest Pain/etiology ; Churg-Strauss Syndrome/diagnosis ; Churg-Strauss Syndrome/diagnostic imaging ; Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis/complications ; Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis/diagnosis ; Heart Arrest/etiology ; Humans
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-02-06
Publishing country	Poland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	123500-x
ISSN	1897-9483 ; 0032-3772
ISSN (online)	1897-9483
ISSN	0032-3772
DOI	10.20452/pamw.15798
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Article: Expression of the ACE2 Virus Entry Protein in the Nervus Terminalis Reveals the Potential for an Alternative Route to Brain Infection in COVID-19.

Bilinska, Katarzyna / von Bartheld, Christopher S / Butowt, Rafal

Frontiers in cellular neuroscience

2021 Volume 15, Page(s) 674123

Abstract: Previous studies suggested that the SARS-CoV-2 virus may gain access to the brain by using a route along the olfactory nerve. However, there is a general consensus that the obligatory virus entry receptor, angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), is not ... ...

Abstract	Previous studies suggested that the SARS-CoV-2 virus may gain access to the brain by using a route along the olfactory nerve. However, there is a general consensus that the obligatory virus entry receptor, angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), is not expressed in olfactory receptor neurons, and the timing of arrival of the virus in brain targets is inconsistent with a neuronal transfer along olfactory projections. We determined whether nervus terminalis neurons and their peripheral and central projections should be considered as a potential alternative route from the nose to the brain. Nervus terminalis neurons in postnatal mice were double-labeled with antibodies against ACE2 and two nervus terminalis markers, gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and choline acetyltransferase (CHAT). We show that a small fraction of CHAT-labeled nervus terminalis neurons, and the large majority of GnRH-labeled nervus terminalis neurons with cell bodies in the region between the olfactory epithelium and the olfactory bulb express ACE2 and cathepsins B and L. Nervus terminalis neurons therefore may provide a direct route for the virus from the nasal epithelium, possibly via innervation of Bowman's glands, to brain targets, including the telencephalon and diencephalon. This possibility needs to be examined in suitable animal models and in human tissues.
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-07-05
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2452963-1
ISSN	1662-5102
ISSN	1662-5102
DOI	10.3389/fncel.2021.674123
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Article: Expression of the ACE2 virus entry protein in the nervus terminalis reveals the potential for an alternative route to brain infection in COVID-19.

Bilinska, Katarzyna / von Bartheld, Christopher S / Butowt, Rafal

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology

2021

Abstract	Previous studies suggested that the SARS-CoV-2 virus may gain access to the brain by using a route along the olfactory nerve. However, there is a general consensus that the obligatory virus entry receptor, angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), is not expressed in olfactory receptor neurons, and the timing of arrival of the virus in brain targets is inconsistent with a neuronal transfer along olfactory projections. We determined whether nervus terminalis neurons and their peripheral and central projections should be considered as a potential alternative route from the nose to the brain. Nervus terminalis neurons in postnatal mice were double-labeled with antibodies against ACE2 and two nervus terminalis markers, gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and choline acetyltransferase (CHAT). We show that a small fraction of CHAT-labeled nervus terminalis neurons, and the large majority of GnRH-labeled nervus terminalis neurons with cell bodies in the region between the olfactory epithelium and the olfactory bulb express ACE2 and cathepsins B and L. Nervus terminalis neurons therefore may provide a direct route for the virus from the nasal epithelium, possibly via innervation of Bowman's glands, to brain targets, including the telencephalon and diencephalon. This possibility needs to be examined in suitable animal models and in human tissues.
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-06-07
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Preprint
DOI	10.1101/2021.04.11.439398
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