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Article: Development of a semi-quantitative scoring protocol for gill lesion assessment in greenlip abalone Haliotis laevigata held at elevated water temperature.

Pedler, R L / Harris, J O / Thomson, N L / Buss, J J / Stone, D A J / Handlinger, J H

Diseases of aquatic organisms

2022 Volume 150, Page(s) 37–51

Abstract: ... conditions for 47 d by developing a new scoring protocol that incorporates histopathological descriptions and ...

Abstract	Water temperatures that exceed thermal optimal ranges (~19 to 22°C for greenlip abalone Haliotis laevigata, depending on stock genetics) can be associated with abalone mortalities. We assessed histopathological changes in H. laevigata gills held in control (22°C) or elevated (25°C) water temperature conditions for 47 d by developing a new scoring protocol that incorporates histopathological descriptions and relative score summary. Lesions were allocated to 1 of 3 reaction patterns, (1) epithelial, (2) circulatory or (3) inflammatory, and scored based on their prevalence in gill leaflets. Indices for each reaction pattern were calculated and combined to provide an overall gill index. H. laevigata held in 25°C water temperature had significantly more epithelial lifting and hemolymph channel enlargement and significantly higher gill and circulatory reaction pattern indices than H. laevigata held in 22°C water temperature. One H. laevigata had a proliferation of unidentified cells in the v-shaped skeletal rod of a gill leaflet. The unidentified cells contained enlarged nuclei, a greater nucleus:cytoplasm ratio and, in some cases, mitotic figures. This cell population could represent a region of hematopoiesis in response to hemocyte loss or migration to a lesion. Without thorough diagnostic testing, the origin of these larger cells cannot be confirmed. The new scoring protocol developed will allow the standard quantification of gill lesions for H. laevigata, specifically for heat-related conditions, and could further be adapted for other Haliotis spp.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Gastropoda ; Gills ; Hot Temperature ; Temperature ; Water
Chemical Substances	Water (059QF0KO0R)
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-07-07
Publishing country	Germany
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	0177-5103
ISSN	0177-5103
DOI	10.3354/dao03673
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Article ; Online: Extreme nomadism in desert waterbirds: flights of the banded stilt.

Pedler, R D / Ribot, R F H / Bennett, A T D

Biology letters

2014 Volume 10, Issue 10, Page(s) 20140547

Abstract: In contrast to well-studied Northern Hemisphere birds with spatially and temporally predictable seasonal migrations, waterbirds in desert biomes face major challenges in exploiting stochastic, rich, yet short-lived resource pulses in vast arid landscapes, ...

Abstract	In contrast to well-studied Northern Hemisphere birds with spatially and temporally predictable seasonal migrations, waterbirds in desert biomes face major challenges in exploiting stochastic, rich, yet short-lived resource pulses in vast arid landscapes, leading to the evolution of nomadic behaviour. An extreme example is the banded stilt (Cladorhynchus leucocephalus), an opportunistic colonial breeder at remote inland salt lakes after infrequent rain events. Using satellite telemetry on 21 birds (tracked for a mean of 196.2 days), we reveal extensive, rapid and synchronized movement among individuals to and from salt lakes. Two birds left coastal refugia for the inland following rain, flying 1000-2000 km, while 12 others rapidly moved a mean of 684 km (range 357-1298 km) away from drying inland sites to the coast. Two individuals moved longitudinally across the continent, departing and arriving at the same points, yet travelling very different routes; one bird moving more than 2200 km in less than 2.5 days, the other more than 1500 km in 6 days. Our findings reveal movements nearly twice as long and rapid as recorded in other desert waterbirds. We reveal capability to rapidly detect and exploit ephemeral wetland resource pulses across the stochastic Australian desert.
MeSH term(s)	Animal Migration/physiology ; Animals ; Australia ; Charadriiformes/physiology ; Desert Climate ; Environment ; Flight, Animal ; Lakes ; Rain ; Spacecraft ; Telemetry/methods
Language	English
Publishing date	2014-10-16
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2135022-X
ISSN	1744-957X ; 1744-9561
ISSN (online)	1744-957X
ISSN	1744-9561
DOI	10.1098/rsbl.2014.0547
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Article: Too much hot air? Informing ethical trapping in hot, dry environments

Read, John. L / Michael R. Kearney / Reece. D. Pedler

Wildlife research. 2018 Apr., v. 45, no. 1

2018

Abstract: Context. Trapping of small vertebrates during their active hot summer periods is vital for conservation and impact assessment studies. Animal Ethics Committees (AECs) protect wildlife by enforcing arbitrary but restrictive temperature limits for trapping. ...

Abstract	Context. Trapping of small vertebrates during their active hot summer periods is vital for conservation and impact assessment studies. Animal Ethics Committees (AECs) protect wildlife by enforcing arbitrary but restrictive temperature limits for trapping. Aims. Empirical data were gathered on the temperatures reached in different trap configurations to inform pragmatic ethical guidelines. Methods. Temperature was measured inside small vertebrate traps at two Australian arid zone sites to generate data on the thermal consequences of: (1) trap design and external shading; (2) provision of protective refuge substrates; and (3) timing of trap clearing. Key results. Shading and increased trap depth significantly reduced temperatures within pitfall traps. A conservative stressful upper temperature limit of 36°C was never exceeded inside deep, shaded, narrow pitfall traps at one study site and only between 1100 and 1300 hours on 3 days at the hotter site, despite ambient temperatures reaching over 42°C. By contrast, potentially lethal upper temperatures were reached in wider, shallower bucket pit traps on most days at both sites, even when optimal shading and refuge substrates were employed. Deployment of surface traps under vegetation and with additional shading significantly reduced maximum temperatures experienced. Temperatures inside shaded Elliott and funnel traps generally tracked ambient air temperatures and thus typically exceeded conservative threshold temperatures between 0700 and 1900 hours when ambient temperatures exceeded 36°C. Conclusions. Temperatures experienced in optimal deep, shaded traps when ambient temperatures exceeded 40°C were 31°C lower than surface temperatures and similar to temperatures recorded at 20 cm below the soil surface, where many species would typically take refuge at these times. Implications. Data suggest that deep (60 cm), narrow pitfall traps with elevated lids for shade and shelter substrate inside should enable trapping to be conducted safely in the study region during summer (December to February). This is even the case in extremely hot weather, as long as trapped animals are removed within 4 h of sunrise. Ecophysiological studies of thermal tolerance within optimum trap arrangements revealed by the present study will allow field ecologists and AECs to develop informed site-specific trapping protocols.
Keywords	air ; ambient temperature ; arid zones ; committees ; dry environmental conditions ; ecologists ; ecophysiology ; ethics ; funnel traps ; heat tolerance ; lids ; pitfall traps ; protocols ; shade ; soil ; summer ; surface temperature ; vegetation ; vertebrates ; weather ; wildlife
Language	English
Dates of publication	2018-04
Size	p. 16-30.
Publishing place	CSIRO Publishing
Document type	Article
ISSN	1448-5494
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article ; Online: Rabbit biocontrol and landscape-scale recovery of threatened desert mammals.

Pedler, Reece D / Brandle, Robert / Read, John L / Southgate, Richard / Bird, Peter / Moseby, Katherine E

Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology

2016 Volume 30, Issue 4, Page(s) 774–782

Abstract: Funding for species conservation is insufficient to meet the current challenges facing global biodiversity, yet many programs use expensive single-species recovery actions and neglect broader management that addresses threatening processes. Arid ... ...

Abstract	Funding for species conservation is insufficient to meet the current challenges facing global biodiversity, yet many programs use expensive single-species recovery actions and neglect broader management that addresses threatening processes. Arid Australia has the world's worst modern mammalian extinction record, largely attributable to competition from introduced herbivores, particularly European rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) and predation by feral cats (Felis catus) and foxes (Vulpes vulpes). The biological control agent rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV) was introduced to Australia in 1995 and resulted in dramatic, widespread rabbit suppression. We compared the area of occupancy and extent of occurrence of 4 extant species of small mammals before and after RHDV outbreak, relative to rainfall, sampling effort, and rabbit and predator populations. Despite low rainfall during the first 14 years after RHDV, 2 native rodents listed by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), the dusky hopping-mouse (Notomys fuscus) and plains mouse (Pseudomys australis), increased their extent of occurrence by 241-365%. A threatened marsupial micropredator, the crest-tailed mulgara (Dasycercus cristicauda), underwent a 70-fold increase in extent of occurrence and a 20-fold increase in area of occupancy. Both bottom-up and top-down trophic effects were attributed to RHDV, namely decreased competition for food resources and declines in rabbit-dependent predators. Based on these sustained increases, these 3 previously threatened species now qualify for threat-category downgrading on the IUCN Red List. These recoveries are on a scale rarely documented in mammals and give impetus to programs aimed at targeted use of RHDV in Australia, rather than simply employing top-down threat-based management of arid ecosystems. Conservation programs that take big-picture approaches to addressing threatening processes over large spatial scales should be prioritized to maximize return from scarce conservation funding. Further, these should be coupled with long-term ecological monitoring, a critical tool in detecting and understanding complex ecosystem change.
Language	English
Publishing date	2016-08
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	58735-7
ISSN	1523-1739 ; 0888-8892
ISSN (online)	1523-1739
ISSN	0888-8892
DOI	10.1111/cobi.12684
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Article ; Online: Strategic adaptive management planning—Restoring a desert ecosystem by managing introduced species and native herbivores and reintroducing mammals

Richard T. Kingsford / Rebecca S. West / Reece D. Pedler / David A. Keith / Katherine E. Moseby / John L. Read / Mike Letnic / Keith E. A. Leggett / Sharon R. Ryall

Conservation Science and Practice, Vol 3, Iss 2, Pp n/a-n/a (2021)

2021

Abstract: Abstract Arid rangelands are degraded worldwide, suffering vegetation transformation, soil erosion, introductions, and extinctions. Wild deserts is restoring a desert ecosystem in Sturt National Park, New South Wales, Australia (35,000 ha), eradicating ... ...

Abstract	Abstract Arid rangelands are degraded worldwide, suffering vegetation transformation, soil erosion, introductions, and extinctions. Wild deserts is restoring a desert ecosystem in Sturt National Park, New South Wales, Australia (35,000 ha), eradicating or controlling introduced animals, managing native herbivores, and reintroducing regionally extinct mammals. We describe a Strategic Adaptive Management Plan for restoration of this desert ecosystem, including a vision, model of ecosystem processes, stakeholder input, a hierarchy of objectives linked to triggers and their management actions, producing outcomes and outputs. Our management treatments included two “no restoration” areas and three “restoration” areas. The latter include two exclosures (each 2,000 ha), free of introduced animals (foxes, cats, rabbits), with previously abundant kangaroos removed and regionally extinct mammals to be reintroduced. The third management treatment is a Wild Training Zone (10,400 ha), with introduced animals and kangaroos managed at low levels, using innovative methods, improving survivorship and avoidance behavior of reintroduced mammals to introduced predators. These measures will allow populations of threatened animals to establish, initially in the exclosures, then the Wild Training Zone and potentially more widely. Our strategic adaptive management planning approach is generic and implementable for any natural resource management project, providing explicit steps and processes that track and report transparently on outcomes, fostering learning by doing.
Keywords	feral animal control ; governance ; regionally extinct mammals ; restoration targets ; strategic adaptive management ; Ecology ; QH540-549.5 ; General. Including nature conservation ; geographical distribution ; QH1-199.5
Subject code	710
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-02-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Wiley
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article: Designing a large-scale track-based monitoring program to detect changes in species distributions in arid Australia.

Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America

2022 Volume 33, Issue 2, Page(s) e2762

Abstract: Monitoring trends in animal populations in arid regions is challenging due to remoteness and low population densities. However, detecting species' tracks or signs is an effective survey technique for monitoring population trends across large spatial and ... ...

Abstract	Monitoring trends in animal populations in arid regions is challenging due to remoteness and low population densities. However, detecting species' tracks or signs is an effective survey technique for monitoring population trends across large spatial and temporal scales. In this study, we developed a simulation framework to evaluate the performance of alternative track-based monitoring designs at detecting change in species distributions in arid Australia. We collated presence-absence records from 550 2-ha track-based plots for 11 vertebrates over 13 years and fitted ensemble species distribution models to predict occupancy in 2018. We simulated plausible changes in species' distributions over the next 15 years and, with estimates of detectability, simulated monitoring to evaluate the statistical power of three alternative monitoring scenarios: (1) where surveys were restricted to existing 2-ha plots, (2) where surveys were optimized to target all species equally, and (3) where surveys were optimized to target two species of conservation concern. Across all monitoring designs and scenarios, we found that power was higher when detecting increasing occupancy trends compared to decreasing trends owing to the relatively low levels of initial occupancy. Our results suggest that surveying 200 of the existing plots annually (with a small subset resurveyed twice within a year) will have at least an 80% chance of detecting 30% declines in occupancy for four of the five invasive species modeled and one of the six native species. This increased to 10 of the 11 species assuming larger (50%) declines. When plots were positioned to target all species equally, power improved slightly for most compared to the existing survey network. When plots were positioned to target two species of conservation concern (crest-tailed mulgara and dusky hopping mouse), power to detect 30% declines increased by 29% and 31% for these species, respectively, at the cost of reduced power for the remaining species. The effect of varying survey frequency depended on its trade-off with the number of sites sampled and requires further consideration. Nonetheless, our research suggests that track-based surveying is an effective and logistically feasible approach to monitoring broad-scale occupancy trends in desert species with both widespread and restricted distributions.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Mice ; Ecosystem ; Conservation of Natural Resources/methods ; Population Dynamics ; Vertebrates ; Australia
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-12-22
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1074505-1
ISSN	1939-5582 ; 1051-0761
ISSN (online)	1939-5582
ISSN	1051-0761
DOI	10.1002/eap.2762
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Article ; Online: Magnetic resonance imaging changes in the size and shape of the oropharynx following acute whiplash injury.

Elliott, James M / Pedler, Ashley R / Theodoros, Deborah / Jull, Gwendolen A

The Journal of orthopaedic and sports physical therapy

2012 Volume 42, Issue 11, Page(s) 912–918

Abstract: Study design: Prospective longitudinal.: Objective: To quantify the temporal development of magnetic resonance imaging changes in oropharyngeal morphometry in subjects with varying levels of disability following a whiplash injury.: Background: A ... ...

Abstract	Study design: Prospective longitudinal. Objective: To quantify the temporal development of magnetic resonance imaging changes in oropharyngeal morphometry in subjects with varying levels of disability following a whiplash injury. Background: A recent cross-sectional investigation has identified reductions in the size and shape of the oropharynx in subjects with chronic whiplash-related disability when compared to healthy controls. The temporal development of such changes and their relationship to persistent disability have yet to be investigated. Methods: Forty-one subjects (30 women) with acute whiplash injury were included. Repeated measures T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging was used to measure and compare cross-sectional area (CSA) in square millimeters and shape ratio (SR) of the oropharynx at 4 weeks, 3 months, and 6 months postinjury. Subjects were classified at 6 months by their Neck Disability Index scores into the following categories: recovered (less than 8%), mild disability (10%-28%), and moderate/severe disability (greater than 30%). The effects of time and group and the interaction effect of group by time on oropharynx morphometry (CSA, SR) were investigated using repeated-measures, linear, mixed-model analysis. Based on previous research findings, age, gender, and body mass index were entered into the analyses as covariates. Where significant main or interaction effects were detected, pairwise comparisons were performed to investigate specific differences in the dependent variable between groups and within groups over time. Results: There was a significant interaction effect for group by time for both the CSA and SR values. Age significantly influenced SR (P = .024) and body mass index significantly influenced CSA (P = .001). There was no difference in CSA or SR across all groups at 4 weeks postinjury. However, at 6 months, CSA was significantly different between the recovered group and the moderate/severe group (P = .001). The recovered group demonstrated a significant increase in CSA (P = .04) over time, whereas the moderate/severe group significantly decreased (P = .01). At 6 months, the moderate/severe group had a reduced SR compared to the mild group (P = .03). No differences in CSA or SR of the oropharynx were found between the mild and recovered groups throughout the study. Conclusion: Temporal reductions in CSA of the oropharynx occur following whiplash and persist to a greater extent in those with moderate/severe symptoms at 6 months postinjury. Studies are planned (1) to better investigate the underlying mechanisms of CSA reductions, (2) to determine their relevance to functional recovery and production of voice following whiplash, and (3) to evaluate multidisciplinary assessment and management of these patients.
MeSH term(s)	Accidents, Traffic ; Acute Disease ; Adult ; Confidence Intervals ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Deglutition Disorders/etiology ; Deglutition Disorders/rehabilitation ; Female ; Health Status Indicators ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Male ; Neck Pain/diagnosis ; Neck Pain/rehabilitation ; Oropharynx/anatomy & histology ; Oropharynx/injuries ; Oropharynx/pathology ; Pain Measurement ; Prognosis ; Prospective Studies ; Statistics as Topic ; Whiplash Injuries/complications
Language	English
Publishing date	2012-11
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	604640-x
ISSN	1938-1344 ; 0190-6011
ISSN (online)	1938-1344
ISSN	0190-6011
DOI	10.2519/jospt.2012.4280
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Article: Conservation challenges and benefits of multispecies reintroductions to a national park - a case study from New South Wales, Australia

Pedler, R. D. / West, R. S. / Read, J. L. / Moseby, K. E. / Letnic, M. / Keith, D. A. / Leggett, K. D. / Ryall, S. R. / Kingsford, R. T.

Pacific conservation biology

2018 Volume 24, Issue 4, Page(s) 397

Language	English
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	915669-0
ISSN	1038-2097
Database	Current Contents Nutrition, Environment, Agriculture

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Article: Zinc deficiency-induced phytosiderophore release by the Triticaceae is not consistently expressed in solution culture.

Pedler, J F / Parker, D R / Crowley, D E

Planta

2000 Volume 211, Issue 1, Page(s) 120–126

Abstract: The effects of zinc (Zn) and iron (Fe) deficiencies on phytosiderophore (PS) exudation by three barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) cultivars differing in Zn efficiency were assessed using chelator-buffered nutrient solutions. A similar study was carried out ... ...

Abstract	The effects of zinc (Zn) and iron (Fe) deficiencies on phytosiderophore (PS) exudation by three barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) cultivars differing in Zn efficiency were assessed using chelator-buffered nutrient solutions. A similar study was carried out with four wheat (Triticum aestivum L. and T. durum Desf.) cultivars, including the Zn-efficient Aroona and Zn-inefficient Durati. Despite severe Zn deficiency, none of the barley or wheat cultivars studied exhibited significantly elevated PS release rates, although there was significantly enhanced PS exudation under Fe deficiency. Aroona and Durati wheats were grown in a further study of the effects of phosphate (P) supply on PS release, using 100 microM KH2PO4 as high P, or solid hydroxyapatite as a supply of low-release P. Phytosiderophore exudation was not increased due to P treatment under control or Zn-deficient conditions, but was increased by Fe deficiency. Accumulation of P in shoots of Zn- and Fe-deficient plants was seen in both P treatments, somewhat more so under the KH2PO4 treatment. Zinc-efficient wheats and grasses have been previously shown to exude more PS under Zn deficiency than Zn-inefficient genotypes. We did not observe Zn-deficiency-induced PS release and were unable to replicate the results of previous researchers. The tendency for Zn deficiency to induce PS release seems to be method dependent, and we suggest that all reported instances may be explained by an induced physiological deficiency of Fe.
MeSH term(s)	Cells, Cultured ; Hordeum/metabolism ; Hordeum/physiology ; Iron/deficiency ; Iron/metabolism ; Plant Roots/metabolism ; Plant Shoots/metabolism ; Siderophores/biosynthesis ; Siderophores/metabolism ; Siderophores/physiology ; Triticum/metabolism ; Triticum/physiology ; Zinc/deficiency ; Zinc/physiology
Chemical Substances	Siderophores ; Iron (E1UOL152H7) ; Zinc (J41CSQ7QDS)
Language	English
Publishing date	2000-06
Publishing country	Germany
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
ZDB-ID	208909-9
ISSN	1432-2048 ; 0032-0935 ; 1866-2749
ISSN (online)	1432-2048
ISSN	0032-0935 ; 1866-2749
DOI	10.1007/s004250000270
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Article: Zinc rhizotoxicity in wheat and radish is alleviated by micromolar levels of magnesium and potassium in solution culture

Pedler, J.F / Kinraide, T.B / Parker, D.R

Plant and soil. 2004 Feb., v. 259, no. 1-2

2004

Abstract: The effects of excess zinc (Zn) on solution-cultured wheat (Triticum aestivum L., cv. Yecora Rojo) and radish (Raphanus sativus L., cv. Cherry Belle) were studied, using both short-term root elongation studies and longer term split-root experiments. ... ...

Abstract	The effects of excess zinc (Zn) on solution-cultured wheat (Triticum aestivum L., cv. Yecora Rojo) and radish (Raphanus sativus L., cv. Cherry Belle) were studied, using both short-term root elongation studies and longer term split-root experiments. Alleviation of Zn rhizotoxicity by Mg and K was observed, with especially dramatic alleviation of root stunting by Mg. In the short-term studies using a simple medium (2 mM CaCl2, pH 6.0), Mg concentrations of 1-5 micromolar were able to significantly alleviate rhizotoxicity caused by Zn concentrations as high as 60 micromolar. In the split-root studies, 100 micromolar Mg was sufficient to abolish Zn toxicity in both wheat and radish. Paradoxically, Mg enhanced uptake and translocation of Zn while simultaneously alleviating toxicity in these longer-term experiments. In short-term experiments, additions of K (0 to 200 micromolar) to the basal medium alleviated Zn rhizotoxicity to a more limited extent. In split-root experiments, however, the absence or presence of K in test solutions did not affect plant growth or Zn uptake. When increased from a physiological minimum (e.g., 200 micromolar), Ca also alleviates Zn toxicity, but the effect is very modest in comparison to that of Mg. The results are discussed in relation to the use of short-term assays of metal tolerance in simple salt solutions, and in relation to possible roles of Mg in the physiology of Zn toxicity.
Keywords	Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; grain crops ; Raphanus sativus ; radishes ; vegetable crops ; roots ; plant response ; root growth ; metal tolerance ; nutrient solutions ; zinc ; heavy metals ; toxic substances ; phytotoxicity ; uptake mechanisms ; physiological transport ; magnesium ; potassium
Language	English
Dates of publication	2004-02
Size	p. 191-199.
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	208908-7
ISSN	1573-5036 ; 0032-079X
ISSN (online)	1573-5036
ISSN	0032-079X
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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