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  1. Book ; Online: Hierarchical Codebook Design with Dynamic Metasurface Antennas for Energy-Efficient Arrays

    Carlson, Joseph / Castellanos, Miguel R. / Heath Jr, Robert W.

    2023  

    Abstract: Dynamic metasurface antennas (DMA) provide a solution to form compact, cost-effective, energy-efficient multiple-input-multiple output (MIMO) arrays. In this paper, we implement a practical hierarchical codebook with a realistic DMA design through ... ...

    Abstract Dynamic metasurface antennas (DMA) provide a solution to form compact, cost-effective, energy-efficient multiple-input-multiple output (MIMO) arrays. In this paper, we implement a practical hierarchical codebook with a realistic DMA design through electromagnetic simulations. We leverage existing DMA models to derive a novel method for enhancing the beamforming gain. We find that the proposed method provides better coverage and spectral efficiency results than prior methods. We also present and verify a new technique for creating wide beamwidths through the DMA and hierarchical codebook. Additionally, we use a detailed transmitter architecture model to determine the power consumption savings of the DMA compared to a typical phased array. The DMA largely outperforms a passive phased array in terms of spectral and energy efficiency due to high component loss from a high-resolution passive phase shifter. While the DMA provides lower spectral efficiency results than the active phased array, the DMA achieves a higher energy efficiency because of the significant power consumption for the active phase shifters. Therefore, we find that DMAs in a realistic wireless environment provide sufficient coverage and spectral efficiency compared to typical phased arrays while maintaining a substantially lower power consumption.

    Comment: 30 pages, 8 figures (not including subfigures)
    Keywords Electrical Engineering and Systems Science - Signal Processing
    Subject code 003
    Publishing date 2023-05-15
    Publishing country us
    Document type Book ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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  2. Book ; Online: Green Joint Communications and Sensing Employing Analog Multi-Beam Antenna Arrays

    Wu, Kai / Zhang, J. Andrew / Huang, Xiaojing / Heath Jr., Robert W. / Guo, Y. Jay

    2022  

    Abstract: Joint communications and sensing (JCAS) is potentially a hallmark technology for the sixth generation mobile network (6G). Most existing JCAS designs are based on digital arrays, analog arrays with tunable phase shifters, or hybrid arrays, which are ... ...

    Abstract Joint communications and sensing (JCAS) is potentially a hallmark technology for the sixth generation mobile network (6G). Most existing JCAS designs are based on digital arrays, analog arrays with tunable phase shifters, or hybrid arrays, which are effective but are generally complicated to design and power inefficient. This article introduces the energy-efficient and easy-to-design multi-beam antenna arrays (MBAAs) for JCAS. Using pre-designed and fixed analog devices, such as lens or Butler matrix, MBAA can simultaneously steer multiple beams yet with negligible power consumption compared with other techniques. Moreover, MBAAs enable flexible beam synthesis, accurate angle-of-arrival estimation, and easy handling/utilization of the beam squint effect. All these features have not been well captured by the JACS community yet. To promote the awareness of them, we intuitively illustrate them and also exploit them for constructing a multi-beam JCAS framework. Finally, the challenges and opportunities are discussed to foster the development of green JCAS systems.

    Comment: to appear in IEEE Communications Magazine; 7 pages, 5 figures, 1 table
    Keywords Electrical Engineering and Systems Science - Signal Processing
    Subject code 535
    Publishing date 2022-08-20
    Publishing country us
    Document type Book ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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  3. Book ; Online: Successive Bayesian Reconstructor for Channel Estimation in Fluid Antenna Systems

    Zhang, Zijian / Zhu, Jieao / Dai, Linglong / Heath Jr, Robert W.

    2023  

    Abstract: Fluid antenna systems (FASs) can reconfigure their antenna locations freely within a spatially continuous space. To keep favorable antenna positions, the channel state information (CSI) acquisition for FASs is essential. While some techniques have been ... ...

    Abstract Fluid antenna systems (FASs) can reconfigure their antenna locations freely within a spatially continuous space. To keep favorable antenna positions, the channel state information (CSI) acquisition for FASs is essential. While some techniques have been proposed, most existing FAS channel estimators require several channel assumptions, such as slow variation and angular-domain sparsity. When these assumptions are not reasonable, the model mismatch may lead to unpredictable performance loss. In this paper, we propose the successive Bayesian reconstructor (S-BAR) as a general solution to estimate FAS channels. Unlike model-based estimators, the proposed S-BAR is prior-aided, which builds the experiential kernel for CSI acquisition. Inspired by Bayesian regression, the key idea of S-BAR is to model the FAS channels as a stochastic process, whose uncertainty can be successively eliminated by kernel-based sampling and regression. In this way, the predictive mean of the regressed stochastic process can be viewed as the maximum a posterior (MAP) estimator of FAS channels. Simulation results verify that, in both model-mismatched and model-matched cases, the proposed S-BAR can achieve higher estimation accuracy than the existing schemes.

    Comment: 13 pages, 8 figures. This paper proposes S-BAR as a general solution to estimate FAS channels. Unlike model-based estimators, the proposed S-BAR is prior-aided, which builds the experiential kernel for CSI acquisition. Simulation codes will be provided at: http://oa.ee.tsinghua.edu.cn/dailinglong/publications/publications.html
    Keywords Computer Science - Information Theory ; Electrical Engineering and Systems Science - Signal Processing ; Electrical Engineering and Systems Science - Systems and Control
    Subject code 310 ; 003
    Publishing date 2023-12-11
    Publishing country us
    Document type Book ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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  4. Book ; Online: Radar Imaging Based on IEEE 802.11ad Waveform in V2I Communications

    Han, Geonho / Choi, Junil / Heath Jr, Robert W.

    2022  

    Abstract: Since most of vehicular radar systems are already exploiting millimeter-wave (mmWave) spectra, it would become much more feasible to implement a joint radar and communication system by extending communication frequencies into the mmWave band. In this ... ...

    Abstract Since most of vehicular radar systems are already exploiting millimeter-wave (mmWave) spectra, it would become much more feasible to implement a joint radar and communication system by extending communication frequencies into the mmWave band. In this paper, an IEEE 802.11ad waveform-based radar imaging technique is proposed for vehicular settings. A roadside unit (RSU) transmits the IEEE 802.11ad waveform to a vehicle for communications while the RSU also listens to the echoes of transmitted waveform to perform inverse synthetic aperture radar (ISAR) imaging. To obtain high-resolution images of the vehicle, the RSU needs to accurately estimate round-trip delays, Doppler shifts, and velocity of vehicle. The proposed ISAR imaging first estimates the round-trip delays using a good correlation property of Golay complementary sequences in the IEEE 802.11ad preamble. The Doppler shifts are then obtained using least square estimation from the echo signals and refined to compensate phase wrapping caused by phase rotation. The velocity of vehicle is determined using an equation of motion and the estimated Doppler shifts. Simulation results verify that the proposed technique is able to form high-resolution ISAR images from point scatterer models of realistic vehicular settings with different viewpoints. The proposed ISAR imaging technique can be used for various vehicular applications, e.g., traffic condition analyses or advanced collision warning systems.
    Keywords Computer Science - Information Theory ; Electrical Engineering and Systems Science - Signal Processing
    Publishing date 2022-08-04
    Publishing country us
    Document type Book ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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  5. Article ; Online: Impact of antiretroviral therapy during acute or early HIV infection on virologic and immunologic outcomes: results from a multinational clinical trial.

    Crowell, Trevor A / Ritz, Justin / Zheng, Lu / Naqvi, Asma / Cyktor, Joshua C / Puleo, Joseph / Clagett, Brian / Lama, Javier R / Kanyama, Cecilia / Little, Susan J / Cohn, Susan E / Riddler, Sharon A / Collier, Ann C / Heath, Sonya L / Tantivitayakul, Pornphen / Grinsztejn, Beatriz / Arduino, Roberto C / Rooney, James F / van Zyl, Gert U /
    Coombs, Robert W / Fox, Lawrence / Ananworanich, Jintanat / Eron, Joseph J / Sieg, Scott F / Mellors, John W / Daar, Eric S

    AIDS (London, England)

    2024  

    Abstract: Objective: To assess how antiretroviral therapy (ART) initiation during acute or early HIV infection (AEHI) affects the viral reservoir and host immune responses.: Design: Single-arm trial of ART initiation during AEHI at 30 sites in the Americas, ... ...

    Abstract Objective: To assess how antiretroviral therapy (ART) initiation during acute or early HIV infection (AEHI) affects the viral reservoir and host immune responses.
    Design: Single-arm trial of ART initiation during AEHI at 30 sites in the Americas, Africa, and Asia.
    Methods: HIV DNA was measured at week 48 of ART in 5 million CD4+ T cells by sensitive qPCR assays targeting HIV gag and pol. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were stimulated with potential HIV T cell epitope peptide pools consisting of env, gag, nef, and pol peptides and stained for expression of CD3, CD4, CD8, and intracellular cytokines/chemokines.
    Results: From 2017 to 2019, 188 participants initiated ART during Fiebig stages I (n = 6), II (n = 43), III (n = 56), IV (n = 23), and V (n = 60). Median age was 27 years (interquartile range 23-38), 27 (14%) participants were female, and 180 (97%) cisgender. Among 154 virally suppressed participants at week 48, 100% had detectable HIV gag or pol DNA. Participants treated during Fiebig I had the lowest HIV DNA levels (P < 0.001). Week 48 HIV DNA mostly did not correlate with concurrent CD4+ or CD8+ T cell HIV-specific immune responses (rho range -0.11 to +0.19, all P > 0.025). At week 48, the magnitude, but not polyfunctionality, of HIV-specific T cell responses was moderately reduced among participants who initiated ART earliest.
    Conclusion: Earlier ART initiation during AEHI reduced but did not eliminate the persistence of HIV-infected cells in blood. These findings explain the rapid viral rebound observed after ART cessation in early-treated individuals with undetectable HIV DNA by less sensitive methods.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2024-03-14
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 639076-6
    ISSN 1473-5571 ; 0269-9370 ; 1350-2840
    ISSN (online) 1473-5571
    ISSN 0269-9370 ; 1350-2840
    DOI 10.1097/QAD.0000000000003881
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  6. Article ; Online: Reverse total shoulder glenoid component inclination affects glenohumeral kinetics during abduction: a cadaveric study.

    Knighton, Tyler W / Chalmers, Peter N / Sulkar, Hema J / Aliaj, Klevis / Tashjian, Robert Z / Henninger, Heath B

    Journal of shoulder and elbow surgery

    2022  Volume 31, Issue 12, Page(s) 2647–2656

    Abstract: Background: Optimal implant placement in reverse total shoulder arthroplasty (rTSA) remains controversial. Specifically, the optimal glenoid inclination is unknown. Therefore, a cadaveric shoulder simulator with 3-dimentional human motion specific to ... ...

    Abstract Background: Optimal implant placement in reverse total shoulder arthroplasty (rTSA) remains controversial. Specifically, the optimal glenoid inclination is unknown. Therefore, a cadaveric shoulder simulator with 3-dimentional human motion specific to rTSA was used to study joint contact and muscle forces as a function of glenoid component inclination.
    Methods: Eight human cadaver shoulders were tested before and after rTSA implantation. Scapular plane abduction kinematics from control subjects and those with rTSA drove a cadaveric shoulder simulator with 3-dimentional scapulothoracic and glenohumeral motion. Glenoid inclination varied from -20° to +20°. Outputs included compression, superior-inferior (S/I) shear, and anterior-posterior shear forces from a 6° of freedom load cell in the joint, and deltoid and rotator cuff muscle forces. Data were evaluated with statistical parametric mapping and t-tests.
    Results: Inferior glenoid inclination (-) reduced S/I shear by up to 125% relative to superior inclination, with similar compression to the neutral condition (0°). Superior inclinations (+) increased the S/I shear force by approximately the same magnitude, yet decreased compression by 25% in the most superior inclination (+20°). There were few differences in deltoid or rotator cuff forces due to inclination. Only the middle deltoid decreased by approximately 7% for the most inferior inclination (-20°). Compared with native shoulders, the neutral (0°) rTSA inclination showed reduced forces of 30%-75% in the anterior deltoid and a trend toward decreased forces in the middle deltoid. Force demands on the rotator cuff varied as a function of elevation, with a trend toward increased forces in rTSA at peak glenohumeral elevation.
    Conclusions: Inferior inclination reduces superior shear forces, without influencing compression. Superior inclination increased S/I shear, while decreasing compression, which may be a source of component loosening and joint instability after rTSA. Inferior inclination of the rTSA glenoid may reduce the likelihood of glenoid loosening by reducing the magnitude of cyclic shear and compressive loading during arm elevation activities, although this may be altered by specific-subject body habitus and motion. These factors are especially important in revision rTSA or glenoid bone grafting where there is already a 3-fold increase in glenoid baseplate loosening vs. primary rTSA.
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Shoulder/surgery ; Shoulder Joint ; Scapula/surgery ; Arthroplasty, Replacement, Shoulder ; Biomechanical Phenomena ; Cadaver ; Range of Motion, Articular
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-08-02
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 1170782-3
    ISSN 1532-6500 ; 1058-2746
    ISSN (online) 1532-6500
    ISSN 1058-2746
    DOI 10.1016/j.jse.2022.06.016
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  7. Article ; Online: Anatomic total shoulder glenoid component inclination affects glenohumeral kinetics during abduction: a cadaveric study.

    Knighton, Tyler W / Chalmers, Peter N / Sulkar, Hema J / Aliaj, Klevis / Tashjian, Robert Z / Henninger, Heath B

    Journal of shoulder and elbow surgery

    2022  Volume 31, Issue 10, Page(s) 2023–2033

    Abstract: Background: Although typically favorable in outcome, anatomic total shoulder arthroplasty (aTSA) can require long-term revision. The most common cause for revision is glenoid loosening, which may result from eccentric cyclic forces and joint ... ...

    Abstract Background: Although typically favorable in outcome, anatomic total shoulder arthroplasty (aTSA) can require long-term revision. The most common cause for revision is glenoid loosening, which may result from eccentric cyclic forces and joint translations. "Rocking" of the glenoid component may be exacerbated by the joint geometry, such as glenoid inclination and version. Restoration of premorbid glenoid inclination may be preferable, although laboratory and computational models indicate that both superior inclination and inferior inclination have benefits. This discrepancy may arise because previous studies were limited by a lack of physiological conditions to test inclination. Therefore, a cadaveric shoulder simulator with 3-dimensional human motion was used to study joint contact and muscle forces with isolated changes in glenoid inclination.
    Methods: Eight human cadaveric shoulders were tested before and after aTSA. Scapular-plane abduction kinematics from human subjects were used to drive a cadaveric shoulder simulator with 3-dimensional scapulothoracic and glenohumeral motion. Glenoid inclination was varied from -10° to +20°, whereas compressive, superior-inferior shear, and anterior-posterior shear forces were collected with a 6-df load cell during motion. Outputs also included muscle forces of the deltoid and rotator cuff. Data were evaluated with statistical parametric mapping repeated-measures analysis of variance and t tests.
    Results: Inferior glenoid inclination (-10°) reduced both compressive and superior-inferior shear forces vs. neutral 0° inclination by up to 40%, and even more when compared with superior inclination (P < .001). Superior inclinations (+10° and +20°) tended to increase deltoid and rotator cuff forces vs. neutral 0° inclination or inferior inclination, on the order of 20%-40% (P ≤ .045). All force metrics except anterior-posterior shear were lowest for inferior inclination. Most aTSA muscle forces for neutral 0° inclination were not significantly different from native shoulders and decreased 45% and 15% in the posterior deltoid and supraspinatus, respectively (P ≤ .003). Joint translations were similar to prior reports in aTSA patients and did not differ between any inclinations or compared with native shoulders. Joint reaction forces were similar to those observed in human subjects with instrumented aTSA implants, providing confidence in the relative magnitude of our results.
    Conclusions: Inferior inclination reduces overall forces in the shoulder. Superior inclinations increase the muscle effort required for the shoulder to achieve similar motion, thus increasing the forces exerted on the glenoid component. These results suggest that a preference toward aTSA glenoid components in inferior inclination may reduce the likelihood of glenoid loosening by reducing excessive muscle and joint contact forces.
    MeSH term(s) Biomechanical Phenomena/physiology ; Cadaver ; Humans ; Rotator Cuff/physiology ; Scapula ; Shoulder/physiology ; Shoulder Joint/physiology ; Shoulder Joint/surgery
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-05-10
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 1170782-3
    ISSN 1532-6500 ; 1058-2746
    ISSN (online) 1532-6500
    ISSN 1058-2746
    DOI 10.1016/j.jse.2022.03.028
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  8. Book ; Online: Integration of Radar Sensing into Communications with Asynchronous Transceivers

    Zhang, J. Andrew / Wu, Kai / Huang, Xiaojing / Guo, Y. Jay / Zhang, Daqing / Heath Jr, Robert W.

    2022  

    Abstract: Clock asynchronism is a critical issue in integrating radar sensing into communication networks. It can cause ranging ambiguity and prevent coherent processing of dis-continuous measurements in integration with asynchronous transceivers. Should it be ... ...

    Abstract Clock asynchronism is a critical issue in integrating radar sensing into communication networks. It can cause ranging ambiguity and prevent coherent processing of dis-continuous measurements in integration with asynchronous transceivers. Should it be resolved, sensing can be efficiently realized in communication networks, requiring little network infrastructure and hardware changes. This article provides a systematic overview of existing and potential new techniques for tackling this fundamental problem. We first review existing solutions, including using a fine-tuned global reference clock, and single-node-based and network-based techniques. We then examine open problems and research opportunities, offering insights into what may be better realized in each of the three solution areas.

    Comment: 7, 3 figures, 3 tables
    Keywords Electrical Engineering and Systems Science - Signal Processing
    Publishing date 2022-03-30
    Publishing country us
    Document type Book ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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  9. Article ; Online: Genetic and multi-omic risk assessment of Alzheimer's disease implicates core associated biological domains.

    Cary, Gregory A / Wiley, Jesse C / Gockley, Jake / Keegan, Stephen / Amirtha Ganesh, Sai Sruthi / Heath, Laura / Butler, Robert R / Mangravite, Lara M / Logsdon, Benjamin A / Longo, Frank M / Levey, Allan / Greenwood, Anna K / Carter, Gregory W

    Alzheimer's & dementia (New York, N. Y.)

    2024  Volume 10, Issue 2, Page(s) e12461

    Abstract: Introduction: Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the predominant dementia globally, with heterogeneous presentation and penetrance of clinical symptoms, variable presence of mixed pathologies, potential disease subtypes, and numerous associated endophenotypes. ...

    Abstract Introduction: Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the predominant dementia globally, with heterogeneous presentation and penetrance of clinical symptoms, variable presence of mixed pathologies, potential disease subtypes, and numerous associated endophenotypes. Beyond the difficulty of designing treatments that address the core pathological characteristics of the disease, therapeutic development is challenged by the uncertainty of which endophenotypic areas and specific targets implicated by those endophenotypes to prioritize for further translational research. However, publicly funded consortia driving large-scale open science efforts have produced multiple omic analyses that address both disease risk relevance and biological process involvement of genes across the genome.
    Methods: Here we report the development of an informatic pipeline that draws from genetic association studies, predicted variant impact, and linkage with dementia associated phenotypes to create a genetic risk score. This is paired with a multi-omic risk score utilizing extensive sets of both transcriptomic and proteomic studies to identify system-level changes in expression associated with AD. These two elements combined constitute our target risk score that ranks AD risk genome-wide. The ranked genes are organized into endophenotypic space through the development of 19 biological domains associated with AD in the described genetics and genomics studies and accompanying literature. The biological domains are constructed from exhaustive Gene Ontology (GO) term compilations, allowing automated assignment of genes into objectively defined disease-associated biology. This rank-and-organize approach, performed genome-wide, allows the characterization of aggregations of AD risk across biological domains.
    Results: The top AD-risk-associated biological domains are Synapse, Immune Response, Lipid Metabolism, Mitochondrial Metabolism, Structural Stabilization, and Proteostasis, with slightly lower levels of risk enrichment present within the other 13 biological domains.
    Discussion: This provides an objective methodology to localize risk within specific biological endophenotypes and drill down into the most significantly associated sets of GO terms and annotated genes for potential therapeutic targets.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2024-04-22
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2832891-7
    ISSN 2352-8737 ; 2352-8737
    ISSN (online) 2352-8737
    ISSN 2352-8737
    DOI 10.1002/trc2.12461
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  10. Article ; Online: Single-pulse ablation of multi-depth structures via spatially filtered binary intensity masks.

    Heath, Daniel J / Grant-Jacob, James A / Eason, Robert W / Mills, Ben

    Applied optics

    2018  Volume 57, Issue 8, Page(s) 1904–1909

    Abstract: Digital micromirror devices (DMDs) show great promise for use as intensity spatial light modulators. When used in conjunction with pulsed lasers of a timescale below the DMD pixel switching time, DMDs are generally only used as binary intensity masks (i ... ...

    Abstract Digital micromirror devices (DMDs) show great promise for use as intensity spatial light modulators. When used in conjunction with pulsed lasers of a timescale below the DMD pixel switching time, DMDs are generally only used as binary intensity masks (i.e., "on" or "off" intensity for each mask pixel). In this work, we show that by exploiting the numerical aperture of an optical system during the design of binary masks, near-continuous intensity control can be accessed, whilst still maintaining high-precision laser-machining resolution. Complex features with ablation depths up to ∼60  nm, corresponding to grayscale values in bitmap images, are produced in single pulses via ablation with 150 fs laser pulses on nickel substrates, with lateral resolutions of ∼2.5  μm.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2018-03-10
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ISSN 1539-4522
    ISSN (online) 1539-4522
    DOI 10.1364/AO.57.001904
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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