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Article ; Online: Seasonal Variability of a Caryophyllane Chemotype Essential Oil of Eugenia patrisii Vahl Occurring in the Brazilian Amazon

Ellen de Nazaré S. da Cruz / Luana de Sousa Peixoto / Jamile S. da Costa / Rosa Helena V. Mourão / Walnice Maria O. do Nascimento / José Guilherme S. Maia / William N. Setzer / Joyce Kelly da Silva / Pablo Luis B. Figueiredo

Molecules, Vol 27, Iss 2417, p

2022 Volume 2417

Abstract: Eugenia patrisii Vahl is a native and non-endemic myrtaceous species of the Brazilian Amazon. Due ...

Abstract	Eugenia patrisii Vahl is a native and non-endemic myrtaceous species of the Brazilian Amazon. Due to few botanical and phytochemical reports of this species, the objective of the present work was to evaluate the seasonal variability of their leaf essential oils, performed by GC and GC-MS and chemometric analysis. The results indicated that the variation in oil yields (0.7 ± 0.1%) could be correlated with climatic conditions and rainy (R) and dry seasons (D). ( E )-caryophyllene (R = 17.1% ± 16.0, D = 20.2% ± 17.7) and caryophyllene oxide (R = 30.1% ± 18.4, D = 14.1% ± 19.3) are the major constituents and did not display significant differences between the two seasons. However, statistically, a potential correlation between the main constituents of E. patrisii essential oil and the climatic parameters is possible. It was observed that the higher temperature and insolation rates and the lower humidity rate, which are characteristics of the dry season, lead to an increase in the ( E )-caryophyllene contents, while lower temperature and insolation and higher humidity, which occur in the rainy season, lead to an increase in the caryophyllene oxide content. The knowledge of variations in the E. patrisii essential oil composition could help choose the best plant chemical profile for medicinal purposes.
Keywords	Myrtaceae ; essential oil composition ; seasonal variation ; chemometrics ; sesquiterpenes ; Organic chemistry ; QD241-441
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-04-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	MDPI AG
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Book ; Online: The Ability of Common Fabrics to Filter Ultrafine Particles

O'Kelly, Eugenia

2020

Abstract: This data is the result of a study carried out in March and April of 2020 in response to the novel coronavirus pandemic. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the suitability of common fabrics for homemade face masks. This was conducted in light of ... ...

Abstract	This data is the result of a study carried out in March and April of 2020 in response to the novel coronavirus pandemic. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the suitability of common fabrics for homemade face masks. This was conducted in light of the severe PPE (Personal Protective Equipment) shortage caused by the pandemic. This data was collected using a setup described by Irwin M. Hutton in his 2016 book Handbook of Nonwoven Filter Media, 2nd edition. This testing method and filtration calculation study is consistent with those used in similar studies on particle filtration. For this study, a 1" diameter tubing apparatus was adapted to give access to two P-Trak Ultrafine Particle Counters. Air was pulled through the apparatus at a rate of approximately 16.5 meters per second. Upstream concentrations represent number of ultrafine particles present in the air before it passes through the filter medium. Downstream concentrations represent number of ultrafine particles present after the air has passed through the filter medium. Readings were taken simultaneous 1.5” before and after the filter medium holder. Each data point represents a 10-second average of ultrafine particle concentrations present in passing air. Filtration efficiency was calculated according to Irwin M. Hutten’s formula. For further information on the setup and filtration efficiency (FE) calculations, refer to Chapter 3 of Handbook of Nonwoven Filter Media, 2nd edition, written by Irwin M. Hutton and published by Buttterworth and Heinemann in 2016: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-098301-1.00003-4
Keywords	Coronavirus ; SARS-CoV-2 ; COVID ; Facemask ; Face mask ; Homemade facemask ; Emergency Face Mask ; PPE ; personal protective equipment ; virus filtration ; pollution ; covid19
Publishing date	2020-04-30T15:03:30Z
Publishing country	uk
Document type	Book ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Experimental Measurement of the Size of Gaps Required to Compromise Fit of an N95 Respirator.

O'Kelly, Eugenia / Arora, Anmol / Pirog, Sophia / Ward, James / Clarkson, P John

Disaster medicine and public health preparedness

2022 Volume 17, Page(s) e118

Abstract: Objective: The effectiveness of filtering facepiece respirators such as N95 respirators is heavily dependent on the fit. However, there have been limited efforts to discover the size of the gaps in the seal required to compromise filtering facepiece ... ...

Abstract	Objective: The effectiveness of filtering facepiece respirators such as N95 respirators is heavily dependent on the fit. However, there have been limited efforts to discover the size of the gaps in the seal required to compromise filtering facepiece respirator performance, with prior studies estimating this size based on in vitro models. In this study, we measure the size of leak necessary to compromise the fit of N95 respirators. Methods: Two methods were used to create a gap of specific dimensions. A set of 3D-printed resin spacers and hollow steel rods were used to generate gaps in N95 respirators while worn on 2 participants. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) quantitative fit testing methods were used to quantify mask performance with gaps between 0.4 and 2.9-mm diameters. Results: Gap size was regressed against fit factor, showing that overall, the minimum gap size to compromise N95 performance was between 1.5 mm Conclusions: These findings suggest the fit of a N95 respirator is compromised by gaps that may be difficult to visually detect. The study also adds to the body of evidence supporting the routine use of quantitative fit testing to ensure that masks are well-fitting.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; N95 Respirators ; Respiratory Protective Devices ; Occupational Exposure ; Masks
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-01-21
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2375268-3
ISSN	1938-744X ; 1935-7893
ISSN (online)	1938-744X
ISSN	1935-7893
DOI	10.1017/dmp.2022.23
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Book ; Online: Research data supporting "Comparing the Fit of N95, KN95, Surgical, and Cloth Face Masks; Assessing the Accuracy of Fit Checking"

O'Kelly, Eugenia / Pearson, Charlotte

2020

Abstract: The COVID-19 pandemic has made well-fitting face masks a critical piece of protective equipment for healthcare workers and civilians. While the importance of wearing face masks has been acknowledged, there remains a lack of understanding about the role ... ...

Abstract	The COVID-19 pandemic has made well-fitting face masks a critical piece of protective equipment for healthcare workers and civilians. While the importance of wearing face masks has been acknowledged, there remains a lack of understanding about the role of good fit in rendering protective equipment useful. In addition, supply chain constraints have caused some organizations to abandon traditional quantitative or qualitative fit testing, and instead, have implemented subjective fit checking. Our study seeks to quantitatively evaluate the level of fit offered by various types of masks, and most importantly, assess the accuracy of implementing fit checks by comparing fit check results to quantitative fit testing results. To do so, seven participants first evaluated N95 and KN95 masks by performing a fit check. Participants then underwent quantitative fit testing wearing five N95 masks, a KN95 mask, a surgical mask, and fabric masks. Data collected in June and July 2020.
Keywords	COVID-19 ; Face Mask ; Protective equipment ; covid19
Publishing date	2020-08-19T08:19:18Z
Publishing country	uk
Document type	Book ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Face mask fit hacks: Improving the fit of KN95 masks and surgical masks with fit alteration techniques.

O'Kelly, Eugenia / Arora, Anmol / Pirog, Sophia / Pearson, Charlotte / Ward, James / Clarkson, P John

PloS one

2022 Volume 17, Issue 2, Page(s) e0262830

Abstract: Introduction: During the course of the COVID-19 pandemic, there have been suggestions that various techniques could be employed to improve the fit and, therefore, the effectiveness of face masks. It is well recognized that improving fit tends to improve ...

Abstract	Introduction: During the course of the COVID-19 pandemic, there have been suggestions that various techniques could be employed to improve the fit and, therefore, the effectiveness of face masks. It is well recognized that improving fit tends to improve mask effectiveness, but whether these fit modifiers are reliable remains unexplored. In this study, we assess a range of common "fit hacks" to determine their ability to improve mask performance. Methods: Between July and September 2020, qualitative fit testing was performed in an indoor living space. We used quantitative fit testing to assess the fit of both surgical masks and KN95 masks, with and without 'fit hacks', on four participants. Seven fit hacks were evaluated to assess impact on fit. Additionally, one participant applied each fit hack multiple times to assess how reliable hacks were when reapplied. A convenience of four participants took part in the study, three females and one male with a head circumference range of 54 to 60 centimetres. Results and discussion: The use of pantyhose, tape, and rubber bands were effective for most participants. A pantyhose overlayer was observed to be the most effective hack. High degrees of variation were noted between participants. However, little variation was noted within participants, with hacks generally showing similar benefit each time they were applied on a single participant. An inspection of the fit hacks once applied showed that individual facial features may have a significant impact on fit, especially the nose bridge. Conclusions: Fit hacks can be used to effectively improve the fit of surgical and KN95 masks, enhancing the protection provided to the wearer. However, many of the most effective hacks are very uncomfortable and unlikely to be tolerated for extended periods of time. The development of effective fit-improvement solutions remains a critical issue in need of further development.
MeSH term(s)	COVID-19/prevention & control ; COVID-19/transmission ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Masks/trends ; N95 Respirators/trends ; Occupational Exposure/prevention & control ; Pandemics/prevention & control ; Personal Protective Equipment/trends ; Physical Functional Performance ; SARS-CoV-2/pathogenicity
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-02-02
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2267670-3
ISSN	1932-6203 ; 1932-6203
ISSN (online)	1932-6203
ISSN	1932-6203
DOI	10.1371/journal.pone.0262830
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Book ; Online: Data in support of "Improving Fabric Face Masks

O'Kelly, Eugenia / Pearson, Charlotte

Design Elements and their Impact on the Protection offered by Fabric Masks"

2020

Abstract: With much of the public around the world depending on fabric face masks to protect themselves and others, it is essential to understand how the protective ability of fabric masks can be enhanced. This study evaluated the protection offered by eighteen ... ...

Abstract	With much of the public around the world depending on fabric face masks to protect themselves and others, it is essential to understand how the protective ability of fabric masks can be enhanced. This study evaluated the protection offered by eighteen fabric masks designs. In addition, it assessed the benefit of including three design features: insert filters, surgical mask underlayers, and nose wires. Measurements of protective ability were taken by measuring the percentage of sodium (NaCl) particles blocked by fabric face masks. As expected, the fabric masks offered low degrees of protection; however, alterations in design showed significant increase in their protective ability. The most effective designs were multi-layered masks that fit tightly to the face and lacked dead space between the user and mask. Also, low air-resistance insert filters and surgical mask underlays provided the greatest increase in protection. The data set file 'Fabric Mask Design Data Set.xlsx' contains the fit factor scores obtained by testing a selection of fabric masks. Fit factor scores were generated by a quantitative fit tester, the Portacount 8038+ manufactured by TSI. Activities listed, such as "Normal Breathing" and "Talking", represent the activities undertaken during fit testing as prescribed by OSHA protocol 29CFR1910.134. INDIVIDUAL SHEETS: "Range of Face Mask & Performance" displays the fit factor scores achieved by the fabric masks tested. Photos of these masks can be found in the dataset. "Surgical Underlay" shows fit factors achieved by wearing a fabric mask over a surgical mask. "Filter Size & Type" compares the benefit to fit factor achieved by inserting various filter sizes and types. "Nose Wire" shows the impact of a flexible wire to help mold the top of the mask to the bridge of the nose.
Keywords	COVID-19 ; Face mask ; infection control ; Fabric face mask ; covid19
Publishing date	2020-11-02T10:31:11Z
Publishing country	uk
Document type	Book ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Ability of fabric face mask materials to filter ultrafine particles at coughing velocity

James Ward / P John Clarkson / Eugenia O'Kelly / Sophia Pirog

BMJ Open, Vol 10, Iss

2020 Volume 9

Keywords	Medicine ; R
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-09-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	BMJ Publishing Group
Document type	Article ; Online
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Article ; Online: Ability of fabric face mask materials to filter ultrafine particles at coughing velocity.

O'Kelly, Eugenia / Pirog, Sophia / Ward, James / Clarkson, P John

BMJ open

2020 Volume 10, Issue 9, Page(s) e039424

Abstract: Objective: We examined the ability of fabrics which might be used to create home-made face masks to filter out ultrafine (0.02-0.1 µm) particles at the velocity of adult human coughing.: Methods: Twenty commonly available fabrics and materials were ... ...

Abstract	Objective: We examined the ability of fabrics which might be used to create home-made face masks to filter out ultrafine (0.02-0.1 µm) particles at the velocity of adult human coughing. Methods: Twenty commonly available fabrics and materials were evaluated for their ability to reduce air concentrations of ultrafine particles at coughing face velocities. Further assessment was made on the filtration ability of selected fabrics while damp and of fabric combinations which might be used to construct home-made masks. Results: Single fabric layers blocked a range of ultrafine particles. When fabrics were layered, a higher percentage of ultrafine particles were filtered. The average filtration efficiency of single layer fabrics and of layered combination was found to be 35% and 45%, respectively. Non-woven fusible interfacing, when combined with other fabrics, could add up to 11% additional filtration efficiency. However, fabric and fabric combinations were more difficult to breathe through than N95 masks. Conclusions: The current coronavirus pandemic has left many communities without access to N95 face masks. Our findings suggest that face masks made from layered common fabric can help filter ultrafine particles and provide some protection for the wearer when commercial face masks are unavailable.
MeSH term(s)	Air Filters ; Betacoronavirus ; COVID-19 ; Cellulose ; Coronavirus Infections/prevention & control ; Coronavirus Infections/transmission ; Cotton Fiber ; Cough ; Humans ; Masks/supply & distribution ; Materials Testing ; Nylons ; Pandemics/prevention & control ; Particulate Matter ; Pneumonia, Viral/prevention & control ; Pneumonia, Viral/transmission ; Polyesters ; Polyurethanes ; Respiratory Protective Devices/supply & distribution ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Textiles ; Wool Fiber
Chemical Substances	Nylons ; Particulate Matter ; Polyesters ; Polyurethanes ; Cellulose (9004-34-6) ; rayon, purified (BX81F82EWG)
Keywords	covid19
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-09-22
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2599832-8
ISSN	2044-6055 ; 2044-6055
ISSN (online)	2044-6055
ISSN	2044-6055
DOI	10.1136/bmjopen-2020-039424
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Face mask fit hacks

Eugenia O'Kelly / Anmol Arora / Sophia Pirog / Charlotte Pearson / James Ward / P John Clarkson

PLoS ONE, Vol 17, Iss 2, p e

Improving the fit of KN95 masks and surgical masks with fit alteration techniques.

2022 Volume 0262830

Abstract: Introduction During the course of the COVID-19 pandemic, there have been suggestions that various techniques could be employed to improve the fit and, therefore, the effectiveness of face masks. It is well recognized that improving fit tends to improve ... ...

Abstract	Introduction During the course of the COVID-19 pandemic, there have been suggestions that various techniques could be employed to improve the fit and, therefore, the effectiveness of face masks. It is well recognized that improving fit tends to improve mask effectiveness, but whether these fit modifiers are reliable remains unexplored. In this study, we assess a range of common "fit hacks" to determine their ability to improve mask performance. Methods Between July and September 2020, qualitative fit testing was performed in an indoor living space. We used quantitative fit testing to assess the fit of both surgical masks and KN95 masks, with and without 'fit hacks', on four participants. Seven fit hacks were evaluated to assess impact on fit. Additionally, one participant applied each fit hack multiple times to assess how reliable hacks were when reapplied. A convenience of four participants took part in the study, three females and one male with a head circumference range of 54 to 60 centimetres. Results and discussion The use of pantyhose, tape, and rubber bands were effective for most participants. A pantyhose overlayer was observed to be the most effective hack. High degrees of variation were noted between participants. However, little variation was noted within participants, with hacks generally showing similar benefit each time they were applied on a single participant. An inspection of the fit hacks once applied showed that individual facial features may have a significant impact on fit, especially the nose bridge. Conclusions Fit hacks can be used to effectively improve the fit of surgical and KN95 masks, enhancing the protection provided to the wearer. However, many of the most effective hacks are very uncomfortable and unlikely to be tolerated for extended periods of time. The development of effective fit-improvement solutions remains a critical issue in need of further development.
Keywords	Medicine ; R ; Science ; Q
Subject code	621
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-01-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Comparing the fit of N95, KN95, surgical, and cloth face masks and assessing the accuracy of fit checking.

O'Kelly, Eugenia / Arora, Anmol / Pirog, Sophia / Ward, James / Clarkson, P John

PloS one

2021 Volume 16, Issue 1, Page(s) e0245688

Abstract: Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic has made well-fitting face masks a critical piece of protective equipment for healthcare workers and civilians. While the importance of wearing face masks has been acknowledged, there remains a lack of understanding ... ...

Abstract	Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic has made well-fitting face masks a critical piece of protective equipment for healthcare workers and civilians. While the importance of wearing face masks has been acknowledged, there remains a lack of understanding about the role of good fit in rendering protective equipment useful. In addition, supply chain constraints have caused some organizations to abandon traditional quantitative or/and qualitative fit testing, and instead, have implemented subjective fit checking. Our study seeks to quantitatively evaluate the level of fit offered by various types of masks, and most importantly, assess the accuracy of implementing fit checks by comparing fit check results to quantitative fit testing results. Methods: Seven participants first evaluated N95 and KN95 respirators by performing a fit check. Participants then underwent quantitative fit testing wearing five N95 respirators, a KN95 respirator, a surgical mask, and fabric masks. Results: N95 respirators offered higher degrees of protection than the other categories of masks tested; however, it should be noted that most N95 respirators failed to fit the participants adequately. Fit check responses had poor correlation with quantitative fit factor scores. KN95, surgical, and fabric masks achieved low fit factor scores, with little protective difference recorded between respiratory protection options. In addition, small facial differences were observed to have a significant impact on quantitative fit. Conclusion: Fit is critical to the level of protection offered by respirators. For an N95 respirator to provide the promised protection, it must fit the participant. Performing a fit check via NHS self-assessment guidelines was an unreliable way of determining fit.
MeSH term(s)	Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; COVID-19/prevention & control ; COVID-19/virology ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Masks/standards ; Masks/virology ; Middle Aged ; N95 Respirators/standards ; N95 Respirators/virology ; Occupational Exposure/prevention & control ; SARS-CoV-2/isolation & purification ; Textiles/virology ; Young Adult
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-01-22
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Comparative Study ; Journal Article
ISSN	1932-6203
ISSN (online)	1932-6203
DOI	10.1371/journal.pone.0245688
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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