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  1. Article ; Online: Black in American Medicine: An Early-Career Psychiatrist's Journey to Stand Against Disparities.

    Parker, Carmen Black

    The American journal of geriatric psychiatry : official journal of the American Association for Geriatric Psychiatry

    2020  Volume 28, Issue 8, Page(s) 881–885

    MeSH term(s) African Americans ; Civil Rights ; Education, Medical, Graduate/ethics ; Education, Medical, Graduate/standards ; Healthcare Disparities/ethics ; Healthcare Disparities/standards ; Humans ; Physicians, Women/ethics ; Physicians, Women/psychology ; Psychiatry ; Racism/ethics ; Racism/prevention & control ; Racism/psychology ; Social Justice/psychology ; United States ; Women's Rights
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-04-15
    Publishing country England
    Document type Editorial ; Personal Narrative
    ZDB-ID 1278145-9
    ISSN 1545-7214 ; 1064-7481
    ISSN (online) 1545-7214
    ISSN 1064-7481
    DOI 10.1016/j.jagp.2020.04.006
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    Zs.A 4443: Show issues Location:
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  2. Article ; Online: Psychiatric Emergencies in Nonpsychiatric Settings: Perception Precludes Preparedness.

    Parker, Carmen Black

    Psychosomatics

    2019  Volume 60, Issue 4, Page(s) 352–360

    Abstract: Background: The implementation of emergency codes has become standard practice in hospitals to provide system-wide preparedness for the early detection and prevention of crises. Psychiatric emergencies in medical/surgical locations, however, are not ... ...

    Abstract Background: The implementation of emergency codes has become standard practice in hospitals to provide system-wide preparedness for the early detection and prevention of crises. Psychiatric emergencies in medical/surgical locations, however, are not typically regarded as distinct entities from general security threats. The "security-first" paradigm is a nonclinical intervention that focuses on behavioral containment rather than on the treatment of underlying psychopathology.
    Objective: This article provides the perspective that countless opportunities to medically intervene upon mental health emergencies are being overlooked due to a national misconception of these entities as security-based functions. A secondary consequence of this misperception is that hospital systems often fail to prioritize an infrastructure onto which clinically-informed emergency response protocols similar to other medical emergency codes may be dependably mounted in the event of accurately detecting psychiatric emergencies. Numerous adverse clinical, workplace safety, and financial outcomes ensue. Using a behavioral emergency response team as a collaborative care model in medical/surgical locations is a promising alternative.
    Conclusions: Behavioral emergency response teams re-establish patient care within the intervention without omitting security containment. They help rapidly address acute comorbid psychiatric needs without demanding additional psychiatric resources by functioning as trained surrogates of consult-liaison psychiatry as they provide direct clinical oversight into primary teams who would otherwise be unsupported in navigating clinical scenarios extending beyond their typical range of expertise. An analysis using the "Swiss cheese" model of human error trapping offers a comprehensive illustration of how behavioral emergency response teams add multilayered perceptual and mechanistic advantages to barriers commonly encountered when psychiatric emergencies arise in nonpsychiatric settings.
    MeSH term(s) Emergencies ; Emergency Service, Hospital ; Humans ; Mental Disorders/diagnosis ; Mental Disorders/psychology
    Language English
    Publishing date 2019-03-26
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Review
    ZDB-ID 209487-3
    ISSN 1545-7206 ; 0033-3182
    ISSN (online) 1545-7206
    ISSN 0033-3182
    DOI 10.1016/j.psym.2019.03.006
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    Zs.A 440: Show issues Location:
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  3. Article ; Online: Comment on "US Psychiatry Faculty: Academic Rank, Gender and Racial Profile".

    Calhoun, Amanda / Parker, Carmen Black

    Academic psychiatry : the journal of the American Association of Directors of Psychiatric Residency Training and the Association for Academic Psychiatry

    2020  Volume 44, Issue 5, Page(s) 636–637

    MeSH term(s) Faculty ; Faculty, Medical ; Humans ; Psychiatry ; Racial Groups
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-06-08
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Letter
    ZDB-ID 1045331-3
    ISSN 1545-7230 ; 1042-9670
    ISSN (online) 1545-7230
    ISSN 1042-9670
    DOI 10.1007/s40596-020-01253-6
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  4. Article ; Online: The Face of Medicine Is Not My Face…But, It Should Be.

    Calhoun, Amanda / Parker, Carmen Black

    Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities

    2020  Volume 7, Issue 6, Page(s) 1035–1038

    Abstract: The "face of medicine" is a term commonly used to describe the leaders and decision-makers of medicine. Medical ethics often discuss past historical atrocities committed by the "face of medicine," such as the American eugenics movement and medical ... ...

    Abstract The "face of medicine" is a term commonly used to describe the leaders and decision-makers of medicine. Medical ethics often discuss past historical atrocities committed by the "face of medicine," such as the American eugenics movement and medical experimentation. However, a great irony persists: the "faces of medicine" do not resemble the faces of the oppressed populations. Nevertheless, the discussion of white supremacy and systemic racism, structures which fueled historical medical atrocities, is often omitted. This reflection discusses the need for education, conversation, and action surrounding these topics to adequately combat racial and ethnic health disparities. We also argue that the decision-makers of medicine should be a diverse group of stakeholders, thereby representative of and personally invested in a diverse group of populations.
    MeSH term(s) Cultural Diversity ; Ethnic Groups ; Humans ; Leadership ; Medicine ; United States
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-08-07
    Publishing country Switzerland
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2760524-3
    ISSN 2196-8837 ; 2197-3792
    ISSN (online) 2196-8837
    ISSN 2197-3792
    DOI 10.1007/s40615-020-00834-3
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  5. Article ; Online: Editor's Roundup for Issue #4 of 2020: Racial Disparities in Access to Electroconvulsive Therapy, an Effective and Safe Treatment.

    McCall, William V / Parker, Carmen Black

    The journal of ECT

    2020  Volume 36, Issue 4, Page(s) 225

    MeSH term(s) Electroconvulsive Therapy ; Ethnic Groups ; Health Services Accessibility ; Healthcare Disparities ; Humans
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-10-26
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Editorial ; Introductory Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 1426385-3
    ISSN 1533-4112 ; 1095-0680
    ISSN (online) 1533-4112
    ISSN 1095-0680
    DOI 10.1097/YCT.0000000000000730
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    Zs.A 2089: Show issues Location:
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  6. Article ; Online: Coping with Racism: a Perspective of COVID-19 Church Closures on the Mental Health of African Americans.

    DeSouza, Flavia / Parker, Carmen Black / Spearman-McCarthy, E Vanessa / Duncan, Gina Newsome / Black, Reverend Maria Myers

    Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities

    2020  Volume 8, Issue 1, Page(s) 7–11

    Abstract: ... in Black communities; yet, African Americans have been facing, coping with, and overcoming American ... African American churches (hereafter referred to as the "Black Church") have always served a historical, cultural ... March 2020. This article is a first-hand perspective of five Black internists/psychiatrists who are ...

    Abstract Academic medical literature and news outlets extensively document how older individuals in communities of color, especially African American communities, are dying disproportionately of COVID-19 due to ongoing societal, racial, and healthcare disparities. Fear of death and suffering are acutely elevated in Black communities; yet, African Americans have been facing, coping with, and overcoming American societal racism and subsequent detriments to our mental health for centuries. Predominately African American churches (hereafter referred to as the "Black Church") have always served a historical, cultural, contextual, and scientifically validated role in the mental health well-being of African American communities coping with American racism. Nonetheless, buildings of worship closed due to the COVID-19 pandemic in mid-March 2020. This article is a first-hand perspective of five Black internists/psychiatrists who are deeply involved in both academic medicine and leadership positions within the Black Church. It will explore how the physical closure of Black Churches during this period of increased mental stress, as caused by healthcare inequities revealed by the COVID-19 epidemic, is likely to be uniquely taxing to the mental health of African Americans, particularly older African Americans, who must cope with American racism without physical access to the Black Church for the first time in history.
    MeSH term(s) Adaptation, Psychological ; African Americans/psychology ; COVID-19/ethnology ; COVID-19/prevention & control ; Health Status Disparities ; Humans ; Mental Health/ethnology ; Protestantism ; Racism/psychology ; Religion ; United States/epidemiology
    Keywords covid19
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-10-02
    Publishing country Switzerland
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2760524-3
    ISSN 2196-8837 ; 2197-3792
    ISSN (online) 2196-8837
    ISSN 2197-3792
    DOI 10.1007/s40615-020-00887-4
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  7. Article ; Online: Clinicians' Racial Bias Contributing to Disparities in Electroconvulsive Therapy for Patients From Racial-Ethnic Minority Groups.

    Black Parker, Carmen / McCall, William V / Spearman-McCarthy, E Vanessa / Rosenquist, Peter / Cortese, Niayesh

    Psychiatric services (Washington, D.C.)

    2021  Volume 72, Issue 6, Page(s) 684–690

    Abstract: Patients from racial-ethnic minority groups undergo disparate electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) treatment compared with Caucasian peers. One leading hypothesis is that clinicians may unknowingly display racial bias when considering ECT for patients of ... ...

    Abstract Patients from racial-ethnic minority groups undergo disparate electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) treatment compared with Caucasian peers. One leading hypothesis is that clinicians may unknowingly display racial bias when considering ECT for patients of color. Studies have consistently shown that patients of color face numerous racially driven, provider-level interpersonal and perceptual biases that contribute to clinicians incorrectly overdiagnosing them as having a psychotic-spectrum illness rather than correctly diagnosing a severe affective disorder. A patient's diagnosis marks the entry to evidence-based service delivery, and ECT is best indicated for severe affective disorders rather than for psychotic disorders. As a consequence of racially influenced clinician misdiagnosis, patients from racial-ethnic minority groups are underrepresented among those given severe affective diagnoses, which are most indicated for ECT referral. Evidence also suggests that clinicians may use racially biased treatment rationales when considering ECT after they have given a diagnosis of a severe affective or psychotic disorder, thereby producing secondary inequities in ECT referral. Increasing the use of gold-standard treatment algorithms when considering ECT for patients of color is contingent on clinicians transcending the limitations posed by aversive racism to develop culturally unbiased, clinically indicated diagnostic and treatment rationales.
    MeSH term(s) Electroconvulsive Therapy ; Ethnic Groups ; European Continental Ancestry Group ; Humans ; Minority Groups ; Racism
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-03-18
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 1220173-x
    ISSN 1557-9700 ; 1075-2730
    ISSN (online) 1557-9700
    ISSN 1075-2730
    DOI 10.1176/appi.ps.202000142
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    Zs.A 416: Show issues Location:
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  8. Article ; Online: Procedural, Treatment, and Ethics Considerations of Behavioral Emergencies During Coronavirus Disease 2019 and Relaxed Seclusion Guidelines.

    Parker, Carmen Black / Calhoun, Amanda / Wasser, Tobias / Carvalho, Vinneth / Dike, Charles

    Journal of the Academy of Consultation-Liaison Psychiatry

    2020  Volume 62, Issue 1, Page(s) 155–156

    MeSH term(s) COVID-19/psychology ; Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, U.S. ; Documentation ; Emergencies ; Guidelines as Topic ; Humans ; Involuntary Treatment, Psychiatric/standards ; Patient Isolation ; Restraint, Physical ; SARS-CoV-2 ; United States
    Keywords covid19
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-10-13
    Publishing country Netherlands
    Document type Letter
    ISSN 2667-2960
    ISSN (online) 2667-2960
    DOI 10.1016/j.psym.2020.10.005
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  9. Article ; Online: Differentiating Domains of Involuntary Containment for Persons With Severe Psychiatric Impairment and COVID-19.

    Parker, Carmen Black / Calhoun, Amanda / Davidson, Larry / Ciarleglio, Nicole / Hinchey, Chelsea / Dike, Charles

    Psychosomatics

    2020  Volume 61, Issue 5, Page(s) 572–574

    MeSH term(s) Betacoronavirus ; COVID-19 ; Commitment of Mentally Ill ; Coronavirus Infections ; Hospitalization ; Humans ; Involuntary Treatment ; Pandemics ; Pneumonia, Viral ; SARS-CoV-2
    Keywords covid19
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-06-18
    Publishing country England
    Document type Letter ; Comment
    ZDB-ID 209487-3
    ISSN 1545-7206 ; 0033-3182
    ISSN (online) 1545-7206
    ISSN 0033-3182
    DOI 10.1016/j.psym.2020.06.010
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  10. Article ; Online: A Call for Behavioral Emergency Response Teams in Inpatient Hospital Settings.

    Parker, Carmen Black / Calhoun, Amanda / Wong, Ambrose H / Davidson, Larry / Dike, Charles

    AMA journal of ethics

    2020  Volume 22, Issue 11, Page(s) E956–964

    Abstract: Medical rapid response teams, now ubiquitous throughout hospitals, were designed to identify and proactively treat early warning signs of acute medical decompensation. Behavioral emergencies-including clinical psychiatric emergencies, coping/stress ... ...

    Abstract Medical rapid response teams, now ubiquitous throughout hospitals, were designed to identify and proactively treat early warning signs of acute medical decompensation. Behavioral emergencies-including clinical psychiatric emergencies, coping/stress reactions, and iatrogenic injuries-are not responded to with the same vigor. At worst, behavioral crises are treated as unarmed security threats. Limited or inappropriate responses to such crises can lead to suboptimal outcomes on numerous levels, especially avoidable harm to patients and frontline clinicians. Widespread implementation of behavioral emergency response teams for patient-centered behavioral interventions has been impeded by a pervasive perception that these endeavors are medically unnecessary and optional. This article calls for a paradigm shift in responding to behavioral emergencies by arguing that security-driven risk management practices during behavioral emergencies are incompatible with fundamental medical and ethics principles.
    MeSH term(s) Emergencies ; Emergency Service, Hospital ; Hospitals ; Humans ; Inpatients ; Risk Management
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-11-01
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
    ISSN 2376-6980
    ISSN (online) 2376-6980
    DOI 10.1001/amajethics.2020.956
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