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Article ; Online: Duration of total contact casting for resolution of acute Charcot foot: a retrospective cohort study.

Griffiths, Danielle A / Kaminski, Michelle R

2021 Volume 14, Issue 1, Page(s) 44

Abstract: Background: Charcot neuroarthropathy (Charcot foot) is a highly destructive joint disease of the foot and ankle. If there is delayed diagnosis and treatment, it can lead to gross deformity, instability, recurrent ulceration and/or amputation. Total ... ...

Abstract	Background: Charcot neuroarthropathy (Charcot foot) is a highly destructive joint disease of the foot and ankle. If there is delayed diagnosis and treatment, it can lead to gross deformity, instability, recurrent ulceration and/or amputation. Total contact casting (TCC) is a treatment commonly used to immobilise the foot and ankle to prevent trauma, further destruction and preserve the foot structure during the inflammatory phase. At present, there is limited Australian data regarding the duration of TCC treatment for resolution of acute Charcot foot, and whether there are any patient and clinical factors affecting its duration. Therefore, this study aimed to address these deficiencies. Methods: This study presents a retrospective analysis of 27 patients with acute Charcot foot attending for TCC treatment at a high-risk foot service (HRFS) in a large metropolitan health network in Melbourne, Australia. Over a three-year period, data were retrospectively collected by reviewing hospital medical records for clinical, demographic, medical imaging and foot examination information. To explore between-group differences, independent samples t-tests, Mann-Whitney U tests, Chi-square tests, and/or Fisher's exact tests were calculated depending on data type. To evaluate associations between recorded variables and duration of TCC treatment, mean differences, odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals were calculated. Results: Mean age was 57.9 (SD, 12.6) years, 66.7% were male, 88.9% had diabetes, 96.3% had peripheral neuropathy, and 33.3% had peripheral arterial disease. Charcot misdiagnosis occurred in 63.0% of participants, and signs and symptoms consistent with acute Charcot foot were present for a median of 2.0 (IQR, 1.0 to 6.0) months prior to presenting or being referred to the HRFS. All participants had stage 1 Charcot foot. Of these, the majority were located in the tarsometatarsal joints (44.4%) or midfoot (40.7%) and were triggered by an ulcer or traumatic injury (85.2%). The median TCC duration for resolution of acute Charcot foot was 4.3 (IQR, 2.7 to 7.8) months, with an overall complication rate of 5% per cast. Skin rubbing/irritation (40.7%) and asymmetry pain (22.2%) were the most common TCC complications. Osteoarthritis was significantly associated with a TCC duration of more than 4 months (OR, 6.00). Post TCC treatment, 48.1% returned to footwear with custom foot orthoses, 25.9% used a life-long Charcot Restraint Orthotic Walker, and 22.2% had soft tissue or bone reconstructive surgery. There were no Charcot recurrences, however, contralateral Charcot occurred in 3 (11.1%) participants. Conclusions: The median TCC duration for resolution of acute Charcot foot was 4 months, which is shorter or comparable to data reported in the United Kingdom, United States, Europe, and other Asia Pacific countries. Osteoarthritis was significantly associated with a longer TCC duration. The findings from this study may assist clinicians in providing patient education, managing expectations and improving adherence to TCC treatment for acute Charcot neuroarthropathy cases in Australia.
MeSH term(s)	Acute Disease ; Ankle Joint ; Arthropathy, Neurogenic/therapy ; Australia ; Casts, Surgical ; Diabetic Foot/therapy ; Female ; Foot Diseases/therapy ; Foot Joints ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Retrospective Studies ; Time Factors ; Treatment Outcome
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-06-15
Publishing country	England
Document type	Evaluation Study ; Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2440706-9
ISSN	1757-1146 ; 1757-1146
ISSN (online)	1757-1146
ISSN	1757-1146
DOI	10.1186/s13047-021-00477-5
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Article ; Online: The financial burden of diabetes-related foot disease in Australia: a systematic review.

Frescos, Nicoletta / Stopher, Lucy / Jansen, Shirley / Kaminski, Michelle R

Journal of foot and ankle research

2023 Volume 16, Issue 1, Page(s) 92

Abstract: Background: Diabetes-related foot disease (DFD) is a common, costly, and severe complication of diabetes mellitus. DFD is associated with high rates of morbidity and mortality and poses a significant burden on patients, healthcare systems and society. ... ...

Abstract	Background: Diabetes-related foot disease (DFD) is a common, costly, and severe complication of diabetes mellitus. DFD is associated with high rates of morbidity and mortality and poses a significant burden on patients, healthcare systems and society. While the detrimental impact of DFD is widely recognised, the precise financial implications of its management in Australia remain unclear due to inconsistent and inconclusive contemporary data. Therefore, the aim of this review was to identify, summarise and synthesise existing evidence to estimate the costs associated with DFD management in Australia. Methods: Searches were conducted in MEDLINE, Embase, AMED, CINAHL, Joanna Briggs Institute EBP, and the Cochrane Library from November 2011 to July 2023. Australian studies investigating costs associated with DFD management were eligible for inclusion. Two independent reviewers performed the study selection, data extraction and quality assessment steps. The Consolidated Health Economic Evaluation Reporting Standards (CHEERS 2022) checklist was used to assess study quality. A descriptive analysis was performed due to limited existing evidence and large heterogeneity between study populations to conduct meta-analyses. Results: Three economic evaluations were included in the review. One study was rated as 'poor', one as 'very good' and one as 'excellent' when assessed against the CHEERS checklist. The estimated cost of DFD management varied between studies and comparisons were not possible due to the different methodological approaches and data sources. The studies were unable to provide an overall cost of DFD with respect to all aspects of care as they did not capture the multi-faceted level of care throughout the entire patient journey between sectors and over time. Conclusion: There is limited contemporary evidence for the costs associated with DFD management within Australia, particularly related to direct costs and resource utilisation. Further research into the economic impact of DFD management is needed to inform optimisation of national service delivery and improve health outcomes for individuals with DFD in Australia. Integrating real-world data on impact of clinical interventions with parallel economic evaluation could be a valuable approach for future research, which would offer a more comprehensive understanding of the clinical and economic outcomes beyond solely model-based evaluations. Trial registration: PROSPERO Registration No. CRD42022290910.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Financial Stress ; Australia ; Diabetic Foot ; Delivery of Health Care ; Foot Diseases/complications ; Diabetes Mellitus
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-12-27
Publishing country	England
Document type	Systematic Review ; Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	2440706-9
ISSN	1757-1146 ; 1757-1146
ISSN (online)	1757-1146
ISSN	1757-1146
DOI	10.1186/s13047-023-00688-y
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Article ; Online: Author Correction: Clinical measures of foot posture and ankle joint dorsiflexion do not differ in adults with and without plantar heel pain.

Landorf, Karl B / Kaminski, Michelle R / Munteanu, Shannon E / Zammit, Gerard V / Menz, Hylton B

Scientific reports

2021 Volume 11, Issue 1, Page(s) 18438

Language	English
Publishing date	2021-09-10
Publishing country	England
Document type	Published Erratum
ZDB-ID	2615211-3
ISSN	2045-2322 ; 2045-2322
ISSN (online)	2045-2322
ISSN	2045-2322
DOI	10.1038/s41598-021-98192-5
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Article ; Online: Health-related quality of life is substantially worse in individuals with plantar heel pain.

Landorf, Karl B / Kaminski, Michelle R / Munteanu, Shannon E / Zammit, Gerard V / Menz, Hylton B

Scientific reports

2022 Volume 12, Issue 1, Page(s) 15652

Abstract: ... FHSQ), and the Foot Function Index-Revised (FFI-R). Comparisons in HRQoL between the two groups were ... the FFI-R (p ≤ 0.005, huge effect sizes for all domains, except FHSQ footwear, which was large effect size ... and FFR-R stiffness, activity limitation, and social issues, which were very large effect sizes ...

Abstract	This study aimed to compare health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in people with and without plantar heel pain (PHP). This was a cross-sectional observational study that compared 50 adult participants with PHP to 25 participants without PHP who were matched for age, sex and body mass index (BMI). HRQoL measures included a generic measure, the Short Form 36 version 2 (SF-36v2), and foot-specific measures, including 100 mm visual analogue scales (VASs) for pain, the Foot Health Status Questionnaire (FHSQ), and the Foot Function Index-Revised (FFI-R). Comparisons in HRQoL between the two groups were conducted using linear regression, with additional adjustment for the comorbidity, osteoarthritis, which was found to be substantially different between the two groups. For generic HRQoL, participants with PHP scored worse in the SF-36v2 physical component summary score (p < 0.001, large effect size), but there was no difference in the mental component summary score (p = 0.690, very small effect size). Specifically, physical function (p < 0.001, very large effect size), role physical (p < 0.001, large effect size) and bodily pain (p < 0.001, large effect size) in the physical component section were worse in those with PHP. For foot-specific HRQoL, participants with PHP also scored worse in the VASs, the FHSQ and the FFI-R (p ≤ 0.005, huge effect sizes for all domains, except FHSQ footwear, which was large effect size, and FFR-R stiffness, activity limitation, and social issues, which were very large effect sizes). After accounting for age, sex, BMI and osteoarthritis, adults with PHP have poorer generic and foot-specific HRQoL.
MeSH term(s)	Adult ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Foot Diseases ; Heel ; Humans ; Osteoarthritis/complications ; Pain ; Quality of Life
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-09-19
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Observational Study ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2615211-3
ISSN	2045-2322 ; 2045-2322
ISSN (online)	2045-2322
ISSN	2045-2322
DOI	10.1038/s41598-022-19588-5
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Article ; Online: Activity and footwear characteristics in people with and without plantar heel pain: A matched cross-sectional observational study.

Landorf, Karl B / Kaminski, Michelle R / Munteanu, Shannon E / Zammit, Gerard V / Menz, Hylton B

Musculoskeletal care

2022 Volume 21, Issue 1, Page(s) 35–44

Abstract: Background: Activity and footwear may be associated with plantar heel pain (PHP), however both factors have rarely been investigated. The aim of this study was to investigate activity and footwear characteristics in PHP while controlling for important ... ...

Abstract	Background: Activity and footwear may be associated with plantar heel pain (PHP), however both factors have rarely been investigated. The aim of this study was to investigate activity and footwear characteristics in PHP while controlling for important confounders. Method: This cross-sectional observational study compared 50 participants with PHP to 25 participants without PHP who were matched for age, sex and body mass index. Activity was measured using the Stanford Activity Questionnaire, as well as the number of hours per day participants stood for, and whether they stood on hard floors. Footwear characteristics were measured using the footwear domain of the Foot Health Status Questionnaire (FHSQ), as well as the style of shoe, heel height, and the Shore A hardness value of the heel of the shoe most used. Results: Participants with PHP stood for more than twice as long as participants without PHP (mean difference 3.4 hours, p < 0.001, large effect size). Participants with PHP also reported greater difficulty accessing suitable footwear (FHSQ footwear domain mean difference (MD) 22 points, p = 0.002, large effect size (ES), and they wore harder-heeled shoes (Shore A MD 6.9 units, p = 0.019, medium ES). There were no significant differences for physical activity, whether they stood on hard floors, the style of shoe they wore, or heel height. Conclusions: Compared to people without PHP, people with PHP stand for more than twice the amount of time each day, have substantial difficulties accessing suitable footwear, and the primary shoes they wear are harder under the heel.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Heel ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Foot ; Foot Diseases ; Pain
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-06-09
Publishing country	England
Document type	Observational Study ; Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2171452-6
ISSN	1557-0681 ; 1478-2189
ISSN (online)	1557-0681
ISSN	1478-2189
DOI	10.1002/msc.1663
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Article ; Online: Efficacy of non-surgical interventions for midfoot osteoarthritis: a systematic review.

Lim, Polly Q X / Lithgow, Merridy J / Kaminski, Michelle R / Landorf, Karl B / Menz, Hylton B / Munteanu, Shannon E

Rheumatology international

2023 Volume 43, Issue 8, Page(s) 1409–1422

Abstract: This systematic review aims to investigate the efficacy of non-surgical interventions for midfoot osteoarthritis (OA). Key databases and trial registries were searched from inception to 23 February 2023. All trials investigating non-surgical ... ...

Abstract	This systematic review aims to investigate the efficacy of non-surgical interventions for midfoot osteoarthritis (OA). Key databases and trial registries were searched from inception to 23 February 2023. All trials investigating non-surgical interventions for midfoot OA were included. Quality assessment was performed using the National Institutes of Health Quality Assessment Tool. Outcomes were pain, function, health-related quality of life, and adverse events. Effects (mean differences, standardised mean differences, risk ratios) were calculated where possible for the short (0 to 12 weeks), medium (> 12 to 52 weeks), and long (> 52 weeks) term. Six trials (231 participants) were included (one feasibility trial and five case series) - all were judged to be of poor methodological quality. Two trials reported arch contouring foot orthoses to exert no-to-large effects on pain in the short and medium term, and small-to-very-large effects on function in the short and medium term. Two trials reported shoe stiffening inserts to exert medium-to-huge effects on pain in the short term, and small effects on function in the short term. Two trials of image-guided intra-articular corticosteroid injections reported favourable effects on pain in the short term, small effects on pain and function in the medium term, and minimal long term effects. Two trials reported minor adverse events, and none reported health-related quality of life outcomes. The current evidence suggests that arch contouring foot orthoses, shoe stiffening inserts and corticosteroid injections may be effective for midfoot OA. Rigorous randomised trials are required to evaluate the efficacy of non-surgical interventions for midfoot OA.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Quality of Life ; Osteoarthritis ; Foot ; Pain ; Adrenal Cortex Hormones
Chemical Substances	Adrenal Cortex Hormones
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-04-24
Publishing country	Germany
Document type	Systematic Review
ZDB-ID	8286-7
ISSN	1437-160X ; 0172-8172
ISSN (online)	1437-160X
ISSN	0172-8172
DOI	10.1007/s00296-023-05324-3
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Article ; Online: Clinical measures of foot posture and ankle joint dorsiflexion do not differ in adults with and without plantar heel pain.

Landorf, Karl B / Kaminski, Michelle R / Munteanu, Shannon E / Zammit, Gerard V / Menz, Hylton B

Scientific reports

2021 Volume 11, Issue 1, Page(s) 6451

Abstract: Foot posture and ankle joint dorsiflexion have long been proposed to be risk factors for plantar heel pain, however body mass may be a confounder when investigating these factors. The aim of this study was to determine if clinical measures of foot ... ...

Abstract	Foot posture and ankle joint dorsiflexion have long been proposed to be risk factors for plantar heel pain, however body mass may be a confounder when investigating these factors. The aim of this study was to determine if clinical measures of foot posture and ankle joint dorsiflexion differ in adults with and without plantar heel pain after accounting for body mass. This was a cross-sectional observational study that compared 50 participants with plantar heel pain to 25 control participants without plantar heel pain who were matched for age, sex and body mass index. Foot posture was assessed using the Foot Posture Index and the Arch Index. Ankle joint dorsiflexion was assessed with a weightbearing lunge test with the knee extended and with the knee flexed. No significant differences (P < 0.05) were found between the groups for foot posture, whether measured with the Foot Posture Index or the Arch Index. Similarly, no significant differences were found in the weightbearing lunge test whether measured with the knee extended or with the knee flexed. Clinical measures of foot posture and ankle joint dorsiflexion do not differ in adults with and without plantar heel pain when body mass is accounted for. Therefore, clinicians should not focus exclusively on foot posture and ankle dorsiflexion and ignore the contribution of overweight or obesity.
MeSH term(s)	Adult ; Aged ; Ankle Joint/pathology ; Ankle Joint/physiopathology ; Fasciitis, Plantar/pathology ; Fasciitis, Plantar/physiopathology ; Female ; Foot/pathology ; Foot/physiopathology ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Posture ; Weight-Bearing
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-03-19
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Observational Study ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2615211-3
ISSN	2045-2322 ; 2045-2322
ISSN (online)	2045-2322
ISSN	2045-2322
DOI	10.1038/s41598-021-85520-y
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Article ; Online: Infrared dermal thermometry is highly reliable in the assessment of patients with Charcot neuroarthropathy.

Dallimore, Sarah M / Puli, Nicholas / Kim, Daniel / Kaminski, Michelle R

Journal of foot and ankle research

2020 Volume 13, Issue 1, Page(s) 56

Abstract: Background: Charcot neuroarthropathy (Charcot foot) is a serious limb-threatening complication most commonly seen in individuals with diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Although dermal thermometry is widely used by clinicians to assist in the diagnosis, ... ...

Abstract	Background: Charcot neuroarthropathy (Charcot foot) is a serious limb-threatening complication most commonly seen in individuals with diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Although dermal thermometry is widely used by clinicians to assist in the diagnosis, monitoring, and management of the disease, there is limited high-quality evidence to support its reliability. Therefore, this study investigated the intra-rater and inter-rater reliability of infrared dermal thermometry in patients with Charcot neuroarthropathy. Methods: We collected clinical, demographic, health status, and foot examination information on 32 adults with Charcot neuroarthropathy from a metropolitan high-risk foot service in Melbourne, Australia. Infrared dermal thermometry assessments were conducted by two independent raters at 10 anatomical sites of the Charcot foot using both a (i) touch and (ii) non-touch technique. Intra-rater and inter-rater reliability of the two assessment techniques were evaluated using intra-class correlation coefficients (ICCs), limits of agreement, standard error of measurement, and minimal detectable change statistics. Results: Mean age was 59.9 (standard deviation [SD], 10.5) years, 68.8% were male, average duration of diabetes was 20.6 (SD, 15.1) years, 71.9% had type 2 diabetes, 93.8% had peripheral neuropathy, 43.8% had peripheral arterial disease, and 50% had previous foot ulceration. Charcot foot most commonly affected the tarsometatarsal joints (38.9%), had a median duration of 2.8 (interquartile range [IQR], 1.3 to 5.9) months, and a large proportion were being treated with total contact casting (69.4%). Overall, there was good to excellent intra-rater and inter-rater relative reliability for the 'touch' technique (ICC, 0.87 to 0.99; ICC, 0.83 to 0.98, respectively), and excellent intra-rater and inter-rater relative reliability for the 'non-touch' technique (ICC, 0.93 to 0.99; ICC, 0.91 to 0.99, respectively). In addition, measurement error was found to be relatively low across the 10 anatomical sites. Conclusions: Infrared dermal thermometry can now be used with confidence in clinical and research settings to provide a reliable assessment of skin temperature in patients with Charcot neuroarthropathy, using either a touch or non-touch technique at 10 commonly used testing sites. A non-touch technique, however, was observed to have slightly higher reliability indicating it may be associated with less measurement error than the touch technique.
MeSH term(s)	Aged ; Arthropathy, Neurogenic/diagnosis ; Arthropathy, Neurogenic/physiopathology ; Arthropathy, Neurogenic/therapy ; Australia/epidemiology ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/complications ; Diabetic Neuropathies/complications ; Diabetic Neuropathies/physiopathology ; Female ; Foot Joints/physiopathology ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Physical Examination ; Reproducibility of Results ; Skin Temperature/physiology ; Thermometry/methods
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-09-14
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2440706-9
ISSN	1757-1146 ; 1757-1146
ISSN (online)	1757-1146
ISSN	1757-1146
DOI	10.1186/s13047-020-00421-z
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Article ; Online: Australian guideline on prevention of foot ulceration: part of the 2021 Australian evidence-based guidelines for diabetes-related foot disease.

Kaminski, Michelle R / Golledge, Jonathan / Lasschuit, Joel W J / Schott, Karl-Heinz / Charles, James / Cheney, Jane / Raspovic, Anita

Journal of foot and ankle research

2022 Volume 15, Issue 1, Page(s) 53

Abstract: Background: There are no current Australian guidelines on the prevention of diabetes-related foot ulceration (DFU). A national expert panel aimed to systematically identify and adapt suitable international guidelines to the Australian context to create ... ...

Abstract	Background: There are no current Australian guidelines on the prevention of diabetes-related foot ulceration (DFU). A national expert panel aimed to systematically identify and adapt suitable international guidelines to the Australian context to create new Australian evidence-based guidelines on prevention of first-ever and/or recurrent DFU. These guidelines will include for the first-time considerations for rural and remote, and Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples. Methods: The National Health and Medical Research Council procedures were followed to adapt suitable international guidelines on DFU prevention to the Australian health context. This included a search of public databases after which the International Working Group on the Diabetic Foot (IWGDF) prevention guideline was deemed the most appropriate for adaptation. The 16 IWGDF prevention recommendations were assessed using the ADAPTE and GRADE systems to decide if they should be adopted, adapted or excluded for the new Australian guideline. The quality of evidence and strength of recommendation ratings were re-evaluated with reference to the Australian context. This guideline underwent public consultation, further revision, and approval by national peak bodies. Results: Of the 16 original IWGDF prevention recommendations, nine were adopted, six were adapted and one was excluded. It is recommended that all people at increased risk of DFU are assessed at intervals corresponding to the IWGDF risk ratings. For those at increased risk, structured education about appropriate foot protection, inspection, footwear, weight-bearing activities, and foot self-care is recommended. Prescription of orthotic interventions and/or medical grade footwear, providing integrated foot care, and self-monitoring of foot skin temperatures (contingent on validated, user-friendly and affordable systems becoming available in Australia) may also assist in preventing DFU. If the above recommended non-surgical treatment fails, the use of various surgical interventions for the prevention of DFU can be considered. Conclusions: This new Australian evidence-based guideline on prevention of DFU, endorsed by 10 national peak bodies, provides specific recommendations for relevant health professionals and consumers in the Australian context to prevent DFU. Following these recommendations should achieve better DFU prevention outcomes in Australia.
MeSH term(s)	Australia ; Diabetes Mellitus ; Diabetic Foot/etiology ; Diabetic Foot/prevention & control ; Foot ; Foot Ulcer/complications ; Humans ; Population Groups
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-07-06
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2440706-9
ISSN	1757-1146 ; 1757-1146
ISSN (online)	1757-1146
ISSN	1757-1146
DOI	10.1186/s13047-022-00534-7
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Article ; Online: Medical imaging for plantar heel pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Drake, Chris / Whittaker, Glen A / Kaminski, Michelle R / Chen, John / Keenan, Anne-Maree / Rathleff, Michael S / Robinson, Philip / Landorf, Karl B

Journal of foot and ankle research

2022 Volume 15, Issue 1, Page(s) 4

Abstract: Background: Medical imaging can be used to assist with the diagnosis of plantar heel pain. The aim of this study was to synthesise medical imaging features associated with plantar heel pain.: Methods: This systematic review and meta-analysis ... ...

Abstract	Background: Medical imaging can be used to assist with the diagnosis of plantar heel pain. The aim of this study was to synthesise medical imaging features associated with plantar heel pain. Methods: This systematic review and meta-analysis conducted searches in MEDLINE, CINAHL, SPORTDiscus, Embase and the Cochrane Library from inception to 12th February 2021. Peer-reviewed articles of cross-sectional observational studies written in English that compared medical imaging findings in adult participants with plantar heel pain to control participants without plantar heel pain were included. Study quality and risk of bias was assessed using the National Institutes of Health quality assessment tool for observational cohort and cross-sectional studies. Sensitivity analyses were conducted where appropriate to account for studies that used unblinded assessors. Results: Forty-two studies (2928 participants) were identified and included in analyses. Only 21% of studies were rated 'good' on quality assessment. Imaging features associated with plantar heel pain included a thickened plantar fascia (on ultrasound and MRI), abnormalities of the plantar fascia (on ultrasound and MRI), abnormalities of adjacent tissue such as a thickened loaded plantar heel fat pad (on ultrasound), and a plantar calcaneal spur (on x-ray). In addition, there is some evidence from more than one study that there is increased hyperaemia within the fascia (on power Doppler ultrasound) and abnormalities of bone in the calcaneus (increased uptake on technetium-99 m bone scan and bone marrow oedema on MRI). Conclusions: People with plantar heel pain are more likely to have a thickened plantar fascia, abnormal plantar fascia tissue, a thicker loaded plantar heel fat pad, and a plantar calcaneal spur. In addition, there is some evidence of hyperaemia within the plantar fascia and abnormalities of the calcaneus. Whilst these medical imaging features may aid with diagnosis, additional high-quality studies investigating medical imaging findings for some of these imaging features would be worthwhile to improve the precision of these findings and determine their clinical relevance.
MeSH term(s)	Adult ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Fasciitis, Plantar/diagnostic imaging ; Heel/diagnostic imaging ; Humans ; Pain/diagnostic imaging ; Pain/etiology ; Pain Measurement ; Ultrasonography
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-01-22
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Meta-Analysis ; Review ; Systematic Review
ZDB-ID	2440706-9
ISSN	1757-1146 ; 1757-1146
ISSN (online)	1757-1146
ISSN	1757-1146
DOI	10.1186/s13047-021-00507-2
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