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Article ; Online: Who develops long COVID? Longitudinal pre-pandemic predictors of long COVID and symptom clusters in a representative Dutch population.

Slurink, Isabel A L / van den Houdt, Sophie C M / Mertens, Gaëtan

International journal of infectious diseases : IJID : official publication of the International Society for Infectious Diseases

2024 , Page(s) 107048

Abstract: Objectives: Prior studies show that long COVID has a heterogeneous presentation. Whether specific risk factors are related to subclusters of long COVID remains unknown. This study aimed to determine pre-pandemic predictors of long COVID and symptom ... ...

Abstract	Objectives: Prior studies show that long COVID has a heterogeneous presentation. Whether specific risk factors are related to subclusters of long COVID remains unknown. This study aimed to determine pre-pandemic predictors of long COVID and symptom clustering. Methods: 3022 participants of a panel representative of the Dutch population completed an online survey about long COVID symptoms. Data was merged to 2018/2019 panel data covering sociodemographic, medical, and psychosocial predictors. A total of 415 participants were classified as having long COVID. K-means clustering was used to identify patient clusters. Multivariate and lasso regression was used to identify relevant predictors compared to a COVID-19 positive control group. Results: Predictors of long COVID included Western ethnicity, BMI, chronic disease, COVID-19 reinfections, severity, and symptoms, lower self-esteem, and higher positive affect (AUC=0.80, 95%CI 0.73-0.86). Four clusters were identified: a low and a high symptom severity cluster, a smell-taste and respiratory symptoms cluster, and a neuro-cognitive, psychosocial, and inflammatory symptom cluster. Predictors for the different clusters included regular health complaints, healthcare use, fear of COVID-19, anxiety, depressive symptoms, and neuroticism. Conclusions: A combination of sociodemographic, medical, and psychosocial factors predicted long COVID. Heterogenous symptom clusters suggest that there are different phenotypes of long COVID presentation.
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-04-10
Publishing country	Canada
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1331197-9
ISSN	1878-3511 ; 1201-9712
ISSN (online)	1878-3511
ISSN	1201-9712
DOI	10.1016/j.ijid.2024.107048
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Article ; Online: Fear of COVID-19: Data of a large longitudinal survey conducted between March 2020 and June 2021.

Mertens, Gaëtan / Lodder, Paul / Smeets, Tom / Duijndam, Stefanie

Data in brief

2023 Volume 48, Page(s) 109177

Abstract: Research indicates that fear was an important factor in determining individual responses to COVID-19, predicting relevant behaviors such as compliance to preventive measures (e.g., hand washing) and stress reactions (e.g., poor sleep quality). Given this ...

Abstract	Research indicates that fear was an important factor in determining individual responses to COVID-19, predicting relevant behaviors such as compliance to preventive measures (e.g., hand washing) and stress reactions (e.g., poor sleep quality). Given this central role of fear, it is important to understand more about its temporal changes during the COVID-19 pandemic. This article describes a publicly available dataset that contains longitudinal assessment of fear of COVID-19 and other relevant constructs during the first 15 months of the pandemic. Particularly, the dataset contains data from two different samples. The first sample consists predominantly of Dutch respondents (
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-04-25
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2786545-9
ISSN	2352-3409 ; 2352-3409
ISSN (online)	2352-3409
ISSN	2352-3409
DOI	10.1016/j.dib.2023.109177
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Article ; Online: Intolerance of uncertainty and threat reversal: A conceptual replication of Morriss et al. (2019).

Mertens, Gaëtan / Morriss, Jayne

Behaviour research and therapy

2021 Volume 137, Page(s) 103799

Abstract: The ability to update responding to threat cues is an important adaptive ability. Recently, Morriss et al. (2019) demonstrated that participants scoring high in Intolerance of Uncertainty (IU) were more capable of threat reversal. The current report ... ...

Abstract	The ability to update responding to threat cues is an important adaptive ability. Recently, Morriss et al. (2019) demonstrated that participants scoring high in Intolerance of Uncertainty (IU) were more capable of threat reversal. The current report aimed to conceptually replicate these results of Morriss et al. (2019) in an independent sample using a comparable paradigm (n = 102). Following a threat conditioning phase, participants were told that cues associated with threat and safety from electric shock would reverse. Responding was measured with skin conductance and fear potentiated startle. We failed to conceptually replicate the results of Morriss et al. (2019). Instead, we found that, for participants who received precise contingency instructions prior to acquisition, lower IUS (controlling for STAI-T) relative to higher IUS was associated with greater threat reversal, indexed via skin conductance responses. These results suggest that IU and contingency instructions differentially modulate the course of threat reversal.
MeSH term(s)	Cues ; Fear ; Galvanic Skin Response ; Humans ; Reflex, Startle ; Uncertainty
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-01-01
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	211997-3
ISSN	1873-622X ; 0005-7967
ISSN (online)	1873-622X
ISSN	0005-7967
DOI	10.1016/j.brat.2020.103799
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Article ; Online: Long COVID is not a uniform syndrome

Sophie C.M. van den Houdt / Isabel A.L. Slurink / Gaëtan Mertens

Journal of Infection and Public Health, Vol 17, Iss 2, Pp 321-

Evidence from person-level symptom clusters using latent class analysis

2024 Volume 328

Abstract: Background: The current study aims to enhance insight into the heterogeneity of long COVID by identifying symptom clusters and associated socio-demographic and health determinants. Methods: A total of 458 participants (Mage 36.0 ± 11.9; 46.5% male) with ... ...

Abstract	Background: The current study aims to enhance insight into the heterogeneity of long COVID by identifying symptom clusters and associated socio-demographic and health determinants. Methods: A total of 458 participants (Mage 36.0 ± 11.9; 46.5% male) with persistent symptoms after COVID-19 completed an online self-report questionnaire including a 114-item symptom list. First, a k-means clustering analysis was performed to investigate overall clustering patterns and identify symptoms that provided meaningful distinctions between clusters. Next, a step-three latent class analysis (LCA) was performed based on these distinctive symptoms to analyze person-centered clusters. Finally, multinominal logistic models were used to identify determinants associated with the symptom clusters. Results: From a 5-cluster solution obtained from k-means clustering, 30 distinctive symptoms were selected. Using LCA, six symptom classes were identified: moderate (20.7%) and high (20.7%) inflammatory symptoms, moderate malaise-neurocognitive symptoms (18.3%), high malaise-neurocognitive-psychosocial symptoms (17.0%), low-overall symptoms (13.3%) and high overall symptoms (9.8%). Sex, age, employment, COVID-19 suspicion, COVID-19 severity, number of acute COVID-19 symptoms, long COVID symptom duration, long COVID diagnosis, and impact of long COVID were associated with the different symptom clusters. Conclusions: The current study’s findings characterize the heterogeneity in long COVID symptoms and underscore the importance of identifying determinants of different symptom clusters.
Keywords	COVID-19 ; Long COVID ; Post-COVID-19 ; Clustering ; Latent class analysis ; Infectious and parasitic diseases ; RC109-216 ; Public aspects of medicine ; RA1-1270
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-02-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Elsevier
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Corrigendum to: "Conceptual fear generalization gradients and their relationship with anxious traits: Results from a Registered Report" [Int. J. Psychophysiol. 170 (2021) 43-50].

Mertens, Gaëtan / Bouwman, Vera / Engelhard, Iris M

International journal of psychophysiology : official journal of the International Organization of Psychophysiology

2022 Volume 176, Page(s) 117–118

Language	English
Publishing date	2022-04-09
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Published Erratum
ZDB-ID	605645-3
ISSN	1872-7697 ; 0167-8760
ISSN (online)	1872-7697
ISSN	0167-8760
DOI	10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2022.04.002
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Article ; Online: Long COVID is not a uniform syndrome: Evidence from person-level symptom clusters using latent class analysis.

van den Houdt, Sophie C M / Slurink, Isabel A L / Mertens, Gaëtan

Journal of infection and public health

2023 Volume 17, Issue 2, Page(s) 321–328

Abstract: Background: The current study aims to enhance insight into the heterogeneity of long COVID by identifying symptom clusters and associated socio-demographic and health determinants.: Methods: A total of 458 participants (M: Results: From a 5- ... ...

Abstract	Background: The current study aims to enhance insight into the heterogeneity of long COVID by identifying symptom clusters and associated socio-demographic and health determinants. Methods: A total of 458 participants (M Results: From a 5-cluster solution obtained from k-means clustering, 30 distinctive symptoms were selected. Using LCA, six symptom classes were identified: moderate (20.7%) and high (20.7%) inflammatory symptoms, moderate malaise-neurocognitive symptoms (18.3%), high malaise-neurocognitive-psychosocial symptoms (17.0%), low-overall symptoms (13.3%) and high overall symptoms (9.8%). Sex, age, employment, COVID-19 suspicion, COVID-19 severity, number of acute COVID-19 symptoms, long COVID symptom duration, long COVID diagnosis, and impact of long COVID were associated with the different symptom clusters. Conclusions: The current study's findings characterize the heterogeneity in long COVID symptoms and underscore the importance of identifying determinants of different symptom clusters.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Male ; Young Adult ; Adult ; Middle Aged ; Female ; Latent Class Analysis ; Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome ; COVID-19 ; Cluster Analysis ; Surveys and Questionnaires
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-12-29
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2467587-8
ISSN	1876-035X ; 1876-0341
ISSN (online)	1876-035X
ISSN	1876-0341
DOI	10.1016/j.jiph.2023.12.019
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Article ; Online: Pandemic panic? Results of a 14-month longitudinal study on fear of COVID-19.

Mertens, Gaëtan / Lodder, Paul / Smeets, Tom / Duijndam, Stefanie

Journal of affective disorders

2022 Volume 322, Page(s) 15–23

Abstract: Background: Fear is an evolutionary adaptive emotion that serves to protect the organism from harm. Once a threat diminishes, fear should also dissipate as otherwise fear may become chronic and pathological. While actual threat of the COVID-19 pandemic ( ...

Abstract	Background: Fear is an evolutionary adaptive emotion that serves to protect the organism from harm. Once a threat diminishes, fear should also dissipate as otherwise fear may become chronic and pathological. While actual threat of the COVID-19 pandemic (i.e., number of infections, hospitalizations, and deaths) has substantially varied over the course of the pandemic, it remains unclear whether (subjective) fear has followed a similar pattern. Method: To examine the development of fear of COVID-19 during the pandemic and investigate potential predictors of chronic fear, we conducted a large online longitudinal study (N = 2000) using the Prolific platform between April 2020 and June 2021. Participants were voluntary response samples and consisted of residents of 34 different countries. The Fear of the Coronavirus Questionnaire (FCQ) and several other demographic and psychological measures were completed monthly. Results: Overall, we find that fear steadily decreased since April 2020. Additional analyses showed that elevated fear was predicted by region (i.e., North America > Europe), anxious traits, gender, risks for loved ones, general health, and media use. Limitations: The interpretation of the results of this study is limited by the non-representativeness of the sample and the lack of data points between August 2020 and June 2021. Conclusions: This study helps to characterize the trajectory of fear levels throughout the COVID-19 pandemic and establish several relevant predictors of increased fear.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Pandemics ; COVID-19 ; Longitudinal Studies ; Fear ; Anxiety/epidemiology ; Anxiety/psychology
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-11-11
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	135449-8
ISSN	1573-2517 ; 0165-0327
ISSN (online)	1573-2517
ISSN	0165-0327
DOI	10.1016/j.jad.2022.11.008
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Zs.A 1485: Show issues

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Article ; Online: Fear of COVID-19 predicts vaccination willingness 14 months later.

Mertens, Gaëtan / Lodder, Paul / Smeets, Tom / Duijndam, Stefanie

Journal of anxiety disorders

2022 Volume 88, Page(s) 102574

Abstract: Vaccines are an important tool for governments and health agencies to contain and curb the Coronavirus Disease-19 (COVID-19) pandemic. However, despite their effectiveness and safeness, a substantial portion of the population worldwide is hesitant to get ...

Abstract	Vaccines are an important tool for governments and health agencies to contain and curb the Coronavirus Disease-19 (COVID-19) pandemic. However, despite their effectiveness and safeness, a substantial portion of the population worldwide is hesitant to get vaccinated. In the current study, we examined whether fear of COVID-19 predicts vaccination willingness. In a longitudinal study (N = 938), fear for COVID-19 was assessed in April 2020 and vaccination willingness was measured in June 2021. Approximately 11% of our sample indicated that they were not willing to get vaccinated. Results of a logistic regression showed that increased fear of COVID-19 predicts vaccination willingness 14 months later, even when controlling for several anxious personality traits, infection control perceptions, risks for loved ones, self-rated health, previous infection, media use, and demographic variables. These results show that fear of COVID-19 is a relevant construct to consider for predicting and possibly influencing vaccination willingness. Nonetheless, sensitivity and specificity of fear of COVID-19 to predict vaccination willingness were quite low and only became slightly better when fear of COVID-19 was measured concurrently. This indicates that other potential factors, such as perceived risks of the vaccines, probably also play a role in explaining vaccination willingness.
MeSH term(s)	COVID-19/prevention & control ; COVID-19 Vaccines ; Fear ; Humans ; Longitudinal Studies ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Vaccination ; Vaccines
Chemical Substances	COVID-19 Vaccines ; Vaccines
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-04-28
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	619417-5
ISSN	1873-7897 ; 0887-6185
ISSN (online)	1873-7897
ISSN	0887-6185
DOI	10.1016/j.janxdis.2022.102574
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Article ; Online: Neural and psychophysiological markers of intolerance of uncertainty.

Morriss, Jayne / Abend, Rany / Zika, Ondrej / Bradford, Daniel E / Mertens, Gaëtan

International journal of psychophysiology : official journal of the International Organization of Psychophysiology

2023 Volume 184, Page(s) 94–99

MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Uncertainty ; Anxiety ; Anxiety Disorders ; Psychophysiology
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-01-04
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Editorial
ZDB-ID	605645-3
ISSN	1872-7697 ; 0167-8760
ISSN (online)	1872-7697
ISSN	0167-8760
DOI	10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2023.01.003
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Article ; Online: Preregistration of Analyses of Preexisting Data

Gaëtan Mertens / Angelos-Miltiadis Krypotos

Psychologica Belgica, Vol 59, Iss

2019 Volume 1

Abstract: The preregistration of a study’s hypotheses, methods, and data-analyses steps is becoming a popular psychological research practice. To date, most of the discussion on study preregistration has focused on the preregistration of studies that include the ... ...

Abstract	The preregistration of a study’s hypotheses, methods, and data-analyses steps is becoming a popular psychological research practice. To date, most of the discussion on study preregistration has focused on the preregistration of studies that include the collection of original data. However, much of the research in psychology relies on the (re-)analysis of preexisting data. Importantly, this type of studies is different from original studies as researchers cannot change major aspects of the study (e.g., experimental manipulations, sample size). Here, we provide arguments as to why it is useful to preregister analyses of preexisting data, discuss practical considerations, consider potential concerns, and introduce a preregistration template tailored for studies focused on the analyses of preexisting data. We argue that the preregistration of hypotheses and data-analyses for analyses of preexisting data is an important step towards more transparent psychological research.
Keywords	Replicability ; Transparency ; Open Science ; Archival Data ; Psychology ; BF1-990
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-08-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Ubiquity Press
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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