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Article ; Online: Deciphering Stromal Changes between Metastatic and Non-metastatic Canine Mammary Carcinomas.

Ettlin, Julia / Bauer, Alina / Opitz, Lennart / Malbon, Alexandra / Markkanen, Enni

Journal of mammary gland biology and neoplasia

2023 Volume 28, Issue 1, Page(s) 14

Abstract: Cancer-associated stroma (CAS) is widely recognized to influence development and progression of epithelial tumours including breast cancer. Canine mammary tumours (CMTs) such as simple canine mammary carcinomas represent valuable models for human breast ... ...

Abstract	Cancer-associated stroma (CAS) is widely recognized to influence development and progression of epithelial tumours including breast cancer. Canine mammary tumours (CMTs) such as simple canine mammary carcinomas represent valuable models for human breast cancer also with respect to stromal reprogramming. However, it remains unclear whether and how CAS changes in metastatic tumours compared to non-metastatic ones. To characterize stromal changes between metastatic and non-metastatic CMTs and identify potential drivers of tumour progression, we analysed CAS and matched normal stroma from 16 non-metastatic and 15 metastatic CMTs by RNA-sequencing of microdissected FFPE tissue. We identified 1438 differentially regulated genes between CAS and normal stroma, supporting previous results demonstrating stromal reprogramming in CMTs to be comparable with CAS in human breast cancer and validating deregulation of pathways and genes associated with CAS. Using primary human fibroblasts activated by treatment with TGFβ, we demonstrate some of the strongest expression changes to be conserved in fibroblasts across species. Furthermore, we identify 132 differentially expressed genes between CAS from metastatic and non-metastatic tumours, with strong changes in pathways including chemotaxis, regulation of apoptosis, immune response and TGFβ signalling and validate deregulation of several targets using RT-qPCR. Finally, we identify specific upregulation of COL6A5, F5, GALNT3, CIT and MMP11 in metastatic CAS, suggesting high stromal expression of these targets to be linked to malignancy and metastasis of CMTs. In summary, our data present a resource supporting further research into stromal changes of the mammary gland in relation to metastasis with implications for both canine and human mammary cancer.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Animals ; Dogs ; Mammary Neoplasms, Animal/genetics ; Carcinoma ; Apoptosis ; Fibroblasts ; Transforming Growth Factor beta
Chemical Substances	Transforming Growth Factor beta
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-07-01
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	1327345-0
ISSN	1573-7039 ; 1083-3021
ISSN (online)	1573-7039
ISSN	1083-3021
DOI	10.1007/s10911-023-09542-0
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Article: Pathology and Advanced Imaging-Characterization of a Congenital Cardiac Defect and Complex Hemodynamics in a Pig: A Case Report.

Malbon, Alexandra J / Weisskopf, Miriam / Glaus, Lukas / Neuber, Sebastian / Emmert, Maximilian Y / Stoeck, Christian T / Cesarovic, Nikola

Frontiers in veterinary science

2021 Volume 8, Page(s) 790019

Abstract: Domestic pigs are widely used in cardiovascular research as the porcine circulatory system bears a remarkable resemblance to that of humans. In order to reduce variability, only clinically healthy animals enter the study as their health status is ... ...

Abstract	Domestic pigs are widely used in cardiovascular research as the porcine circulatory system bears a remarkable resemblance to that of humans. In order to reduce variability, only clinically healthy animals enter the study as their health status is assessed in entry examination. Like humans, pigs can also suffer from congenital heart disease, such as an atrial septal defect (ASD), which often remains undetected. Due to the malformation of the endocardial cushion during organ development, mitral valve defects (e.g., mitral clefts) are sometimes associated with ASDs, further contributing to hemodynamic instability. In this work, we report an incidental finding of a hemodynamically highly relevant ASD in the presence of incompetent mitral and tricuspid valves, in an asymptomatic, otherwise healthy juvenile pig. In-depth characterization of the cardiac blood flow by four-dimensional (4D) flow magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed a prominent diastolic left-to-right and discrete systolic right-to-left shunt, resulting in a pulmonary-to-systemic flow ratio of 1.8. Severe mitral (15 mL/stroke) and tricuspid (22 mL/stroke) regurgitation further reduced cardiac output. Pathological examination confirmed the presence of an ostium primum ASD and found a serous cyst of lymphatic origin that was filled with clear fluid partially occluding the ASD. A large mitral cleft was identified as the most likely cause of severe regurgitation, and histology showed mild to moderate endocardiosis in the coaptation area of both atrio-ventricular valves. In summary, although not common, congenital heart defects could play a role as a cause of experimental variability or even intra-experimental mortality when working with apparently heathy, juvenile pigs.
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-12-06
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Case Reports
ZDB-ID	2834243-4
ISSN	2297-1769
ISSN	2297-1769
DOI	10.3389/fvets.2021.790019
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Article: Colony Stimulating Factors in Early Feline Infectious Peritonitis Virus Infection of Monocytes and in End Stage Feline Infectious Peritonitis; A Combined In Vivo And In Vitro Approach

Malbon, Alexandra J / Michalopoulou, Eleni / Meli, Marina L / Barker, Emi N / Tasker, Séverine / Baptiste, Keith / Kipar, Anja

Pathogens. 2020 Oct. 27, v. 9, no. 11

2020

Abstract: Feline coronavirus (FCoV) infection initiates monocyte-associated viremia and viral persistence. Virus-infected, -activated monocytes also trigger feline infectious peritonitis (FIP), a fatal systemic disease of felids typified by granulomatous (peri) ... ...

Abstract	Feline coronavirus (FCoV) infection initiates monocyte-associated viremia and viral persistence. Virus-infected, -activated monocytes also trigger feline infectious peritonitis (FIP), a fatal systemic disease of felids typified by granulomatous (peri)phlebitis. Currently, the exact mechanisms inducing monocyte activation and FIP are unknown. This study attempted to identify the potential immediate effect of virulent FCoV on colony-stimulating factor (CSF) (granulocyte (G)-CSF, monocyte (M)-CSF and granulocyte-monocyte (GM)-CSF levels through in vitro assessment, alongside prototypical pro- and anti-inflammatory mediators (interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6, IL-12p40, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and IL-10); this was assessed alongside the in vivo situation in the hemolymphatic tissues of cats euthanized with natural end-stage FIP. For the in vitro work, isolated monocytes from SPF cats were cultured short-term and infected with the FIP virus (FIPV) strain DF2. Mediator transcription was assessed by quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-qPCR) at 3, 6 and 9 h post infection (hpi), and in the post-mortem samples of bone marrow, spleen, and mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN) of cats with FIP. We observed limited and transient changes in cytokine transcription in monocytes after infection, i.e., a significant increase of IL-6 at 3 hpi and of GM-CSF over the 3 and 6 hpi period, whereas M-CSF was significantly decreased at 9 hpi, with a limited effect of age. The findings indicate that the infection induces expansion of the monocyte/macrophage population, which would ensure the sufficient supply of cells for consistent viral replication. In natural disease, the only upregulation was of G-CSF in the MLN, suggesting either immune exhaustion or an active downregulation by the host as part of its viral response.
Keywords	Felidae ; Feline coronavirus ; age ; bone marrow ; cats ; colony-stimulating factors ; feline infectious peritonitis ; in vitro studies ; interleukin-10 ; interleukin-12 ; interleukin-6 ; lymph nodes ; macrophages ; monocytes ; pathogens ; phlebitis ; population ; reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction ; sampling ; spleen ; supply ; tumor necrosis factors ; viremia ; virulence ; virus replication ; viruses
Language	English
Dates of publication	2020-1027
Publishing place	Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
Document type	Article
Note	NAL-light
ZDB-ID	2695572-6
ISSN	2076-0817
ISSN	2076-0817
DOI	10.3390/pathogens9110893
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article ; Online: Feline Infectious Peritonitis as a Systemic Inflammatory Disease: Contribution of Liver and Heart to the Pathogenesis.

Malbon, Alexandra J / Fonfara, Sonja / Meli, Marina L / Hahn, Shelley / Egberink, Herman / Kipar, Anja

Viruses

2019 Volume 11, Issue 12

Abstract: Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) is a fatal immune-mediated disease of cats, induced by feline coronavirus (FCoV). A combination of as yet poorly understood host and viral factors combine to cause a minority of FCoV-infected cats to develop FIP. ... ...

Abstract	Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) is a fatal immune-mediated disease of cats, induced by feline coronavirus (FCoV). A combination of as yet poorly understood host and viral factors combine to cause a minority of FCoV-infected cats to develop FIP. Clinicopathological features include fever, vasculitis, and serositis, with or without effusions; all of which indicate a pro-inflammatory state with cytokine release. As a result, primary immune organs, as well as circulating leukocytes, have thus far been of most interest in previous studies to determine the likely sources of these cytokines. Results have suggested that these tissues alone may not be sufficient to induce the observed inflammation. The current study therefore focussed on the liver and heart, organs with a demonstrated ability to produce cytokines and therefore with huge potential to exacerbate inflammatory processes. The IL-12:IL-10 ratio, a marker of the immune system's inflammatory balance, was skewed towards the pro-inflammatory IL-12 in the liver of cats with FIP. Both organs were found to upregulate mRNA expression of the inflammatory triad of cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α in FIP. This amplifying step may be one of the missing links in the pathogenesis of this enigmatic disease.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Cats ; Coronavirus, Feline/pathogenicity ; Cytokines/genetics ; Cytokines/metabolism ; Feline Infectious Peritonitis/metabolism ; Feline Infectious Peritonitis/pathology ; Feline Infectious Peritonitis/virology ; Female ; Hepatocytes/metabolism ; Liver/metabolism ; Liver/pathology ; Male ; Myocardium/metabolism ; Myocardium/pathology ; Myocytes, Cardiac/metabolism ; Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome/metabolism ; Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome/pathology ; Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome/veterinary ; Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome/virology
Chemical Substances	Cytokines
Keywords	covid19
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-12-10
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2516098-9
ISSN	1999-4915 ; 1999-4915
ISSN (online)	1999-4915
ISSN	1999-4915
DOI	10.3390/v11121144
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Article ; Online: Alzheimer-like pathology in the parietal cortex and hippocampus of aged donkeys.

Malbon, Alexandra J / Sordo, Lorena / Wilson, Liam A / Gunn-Moore, Danièlle / Paraschou, Georgios / Macintyre, Neil / Schwarz, Tobias / McGorum, Bruce / Hahn, Caroline

Neurobiology of aging

2022 Volume 113, Page(s) 7–14

Abstract: Neurodegenerative disorders are gaining ever more importance in ageing populations of animals and people. Altered insulin signaling and type II diabetes have been linked to the development of Alzheimer's disease (AD) in humans and AD-like ... ...

Abstract	Neurodegenerative disorders are gaining ever more importance in ageing populations of animals and people. Altered insulin signaling and type II diabetes have been linked to the development of Alzheimer's disease (AD) in humans and AD-like neurodegeneration in other long-lived animals. Donkeys are unusual amongst domestic species for their exceptional longevity and are additionally predisposed to abnormalities of insulin metabolism similar to those found in humans. In this study, the parietal lobe and hippocampus of 13 aged (>30 years) and 2 younger control donkeys were evaluated immunohistologically for the presence, distribution, and frequency of neurofibrillary tangles (NFT) and amyloid plaques (AP); the characteristic lesions of AD. AP were in parietal cortices of 9 donkeys, with a predilection for deep sulci, and NFT-like structures were observed in 7 donkeys, primarily within cortical areas. No changes were observed in the control donkeys. This represents the first identification of both AP and NFT in equids and is a stimulus for future work assessing their metabolic status in parallel.
MeSH term(s)	Alzheimer Disease/pathology ; Animals ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/metabolism ; Equidae ; Hippocampus/pathology ; Humans ; Insulin/metabolism ; Neurofibrillary Tangles/pathology ; Parietal Lobe/pathology ; Plaque, Amyloid/metabolism
Chemical Substances	Insulin
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-02-04
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	604505-4
ISSN	1558-1497 ; 0197-4580
ISSN (online)	1558-1497
ISSN	0197-4580
DOI	10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2022.01.007
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Zs.A 1685: Show issues			Location: Je nach Verfügbarkeit (siehe Angabe bei Bestand) bis Jg. 1994: Bestellungen von Artikeln über das Online-Bestellformular Jg. 1995 - 2021: Lesesall (1.OG) ab Jg. 2022: Lesesaal (EG)
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Article ; Online: Treatment with IgM-enriched intravenous immunoglobulins enhances clearance of stroke-associated bacterial lung infection.

McCulloch, Laura / Harris, Alison J / Malbon, Alexandra / Daniels, Michael J D / Younas, Mehwish / Grainger, John R / Allan, Stuart M / Smith, Craig J / McColl, Barry W

Immunology

2022 Volume 167, Issue 4, Page(s) 558–575

Abstract: Post-stroke infection is a common complication of stroke that is associated with poor outcome. We previously reported that stroke induces an ablation of multiple sub-populations of B cells and reduces levels of immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibody, which ... ...

Abstract	Post-stroke infection is a common complication of stroke that is associated with poor outcome. We previously reported that stroke induces an ablation of multiple sub-populations of B cells and reduces levels of immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibody, which coincides with the development of spontaneous bacterial pneumonia. The loss of IgM after stroke could be an important determinant of infection susceptibility and highlights this pathway as a target for intervention. We treated mice with a replacement dose of IgM-enriched intravenous immunoglobulin (IgM-IVIg) prior to and 24 h after middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) and allowed them to recover for 2- or 5-day post-surgery. Treatment with IgM-IVIg enhanced bacterial clearance from the lung after MCAO and improved lung pathology but did not impact brain infarct volume. IgM-IVIg treatment induced immunomodulatory effects systemically, including rescue of splenic plasma B cell numbers and endogenous mouse IgM and IgA circulating immunoglobulin concentrations that were reduced by MCAO. Treatment attenuated MCAO-induced elevation of selected pro-inflammatory cytokines in the lung. IgM-IVIg treatment did not increase the number of lung mononuclear phagocytes or directly modulate macrophage phagocytic capacity but enhanced phagocytosis of Staphylococcus aureus bioparticles in vitro. Low-dose IgM-IVIg contributes to increased clearance of spontaneous lung bacteria after MCAO likely via increasing availability of antibody in the lung to enhance opsonophagocytic activity. Immunomodulatory effects of IgM-IVIg treatment may also contribute to reduced levels of damage in the lung after MCAO. IgM-IVIg shows promise as an antibacterial and immunomodulatory agent to use in the treatment of post-stroke infection.
MeSH term(s)	Mice ; Animals ; Immunoglobulins, Intravenous/therapeutic use ; Immunologic Factors ; Immunoglobulin M ; Bacterial Infections ; Stroke/complications ; Stroke/therapy ; Bacteria ; Lung
Chemical Substances	Immunoglobulins, Intravenous ; Immunologic Factors ; Immunoglobulin M
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-08-09
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	80124-0
ISSN	1365-2567 ; 0019-2805 ; 0953-4954
ISSN (online)	1365-2567
ISSN	0019-2805 ; 0953-4954
DOI	10.1111/imm.13553
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Article: New World camelids are sentinels for the presence of Borna disease virus

Malbon, Alexandra J. / Dürrwald, Ralf / Kolodziejek, Jolanta / Nowotny, Norbert / Kobera, Ralph / Pöhle, Dietrich / Muluneh, Aemero / Dervas, Eva / Cebra, Christopher / Steffen, Frank / Paternoster, Giulia / Gerspach, Christian / Hilbe, Monika

Transboundary and emerging diseases. 2022 Mar., v. 69, no. 2

2022

Abstract: Borna disease (BD), a frequently fatal neurologic disorder caused by Borna disease virus 1 (BoDV‐1), has been observed for decades in horses, sheep, and other mammals in certain regions of Europe. The bicoloured white‐toothed shrew (Crocidura leucodon) ... ...

Abstract	Borna disease (BD), a frequently fatal neurologic disorder caused by Borna disease virus 1 (BoDV‐1), has been observed for decades in horses, sheep, and other mammals in certain regions of Europe. The bicoloured white‐toothed shrew (Crocidura leucodon) was identified as a persistently infected species involved in virus transmission. Recently, BoDV‐1 attracted attention as a cause of fatal encephalitis in humans. Here, we report investigations on BoDV‐1‐infected llamas from a farm in a BD endemic area of Switzerland, and alpacas from holdings in a region of Germany where BD was last seen in the 1960s but not thereafter. All New World camelids showed apathy and abnormal behaviour, necessitating euthanasia. Histologically, severe non‐suppurative meningoencephalitis with neuronal Joest‐Degen inclusion bodies was observed. BoDV‐1 was confirmed by immunohistology, RT‐qPCR, and sequencing in selected animals. Analysis of the llama herd over 20 years showed that losses due to clinically suspected BD increased within the last decade. BoDV‐1 whole‐genome sequences from one Swiss llama and one German alpaca and—for comparison—from one Swiss horse and one German shrew were established. They represent the first published whole‐genome sequences of BoDV‐1 clusters 1B and 3, respectively. Our analysis suggests that New World camelids may have a role as a sentinel species for BoDV‐1 infection, even when symptomatic cases are lacking in other animal species.
Keywords	Borna disease ; Borna disease virus ; Camelidae ; Crocidura ; abnormal behavior ; alpacas ; euthanasia ; farms ; herds ; horses ; indicator species ; llamas ; meningoencephalitis ; neurons ; sheep ; shrews ; virus transmission ; Germany ; Switzerland
Language	English
Dates of publication	2022-03
Size	p. 451-464.
Publishing place	John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Document type	Article
Note	JOURNAL ARTICLE
ZDB-ID	2414822-2
ISSN	1865-1682 ; 1865-1674
ISSN (online)	1865-1682
ISSN	1865-1674
DOI	10.1111/tbed.14003
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article: The Effect of Natural Feline Coronavirus Infection on the Host Immune Response: A Whole-Transcriptome Analysis of the Mesenteric Lymph Nodes in Cats with and without Feline Infectious Peritonitis.

Malbon, Alexandra J / Russo, Giancarlo / Burgener, Carole / Barker, Emi N / Meli, Marina L / Tasker, Séverine / Kipar, Anja

Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland)

2020 Volume 9, Issue 7

Abstract: Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) is a coronavirus-induced disease of cats, in which the immune system is known to play a crucial, but complex, role in the pathogenesis. This role is still incompletely understood, with involvement of both host and ... ...

Abstract	Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) is a coronavirus-induced disease of cats, in which the immune system is known to play a crucial, but complex, role in the pathogenesis. This role is still incompletely understood, with involvement of both host and viral factors. To evaluate differential gene expression and pathway involvement in feline coronavirus (FCoV) infection and FIP, we applied next-generation RNA-sequencing of the mesenteric lymph nodes from cats with naturally-acquired FIP, as well as those with systemic FCoV infection without FIP, and those with neither. Viral infection was associated with upregulation of viral defenses regardless of the disease state, but to a greater degree in FIP. FIP was associated with higher pro-inflammatory pathway enrichment, whilst non-FIP FCoV-positive cats showed lower enrichment of humoral immunity pathways, below that of uninfected cats in the case of immunoglobulin production pathways. This host response is presumed to be protective. In FIP, downregulation of T cell-related processes was observed, which did not occur in non-FIP FCoV-positive cats. These results emphasize the importance of the host's immune balance in determining the outcome of the FCoV infection.
Keywords	covid19
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-06-29
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2695572-6
ISSN	2076-0817
ISSN	2076-0817
DOI	10.3390/pathogens9070524
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Article ; Online: Pathology and Advanced Imaging—Characterization of a Congenital Cardiac Defect and Complex Hemodynamics in a Pig

Alexandra J. Malbon / Miriam Weisskopf / Lukas Glaus / Sebastian Neuber / Maximilian Y. Emmert / Christian T. Stoeck / Nikola Cesarovic

Frontiers in Veterinary Science, Vol

A Case Report

2021 Volume 8

Abstract	Domestic pigs are widely used in cardiovascular research as the porcine circulatory system bears a remarkable resemblance to that of humans. In order to reduce variability, only clinically healthy animals enter the study as their health status is assessed in entry examination. Like humans, pigs can also suffer from congenital heart disease, such as an atrial septal defect (ASD), which often remains undetected. Due to the malformation of the endocardial cushion during organ development, mitral valve defects (e.g., mitral clefts) are sometimes associated with ASDs, further contributing to hemodynamic instability. In this work, we report an incidental finding of a hemodynamically highly relevant ASD in the presence of incompetent mitral and tricuspid valves, in an asymptomatic, otherwise healthy juvenile pig. In-depth characterization of the cardiac blood flow by four-dimensional (4D) flow magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed a prominent diastolic left-to-right and discrete systolic right-to-left shunt, resulting in a pulmonary-to-systemic flow ratio of 1.8. Severe mitral (15 mL/stroke) and tricuspid (22 mL/stroke) regurgitation further reduced cardiac output. Pathological examination confirmed the presence of an ostium primum ASD and found a serous cyst of lymphatic origin that was filled with clear fluid partially occluding the ASD. A large mitral cleft was identified as the most likely cause of severe regurgitation, and histology showed mild to moderate endocardiosis in the coaptation area of both atrio-ventricular valves. In summary, although not common, congenital heart defects could play a role as a cause of experimental variability or even intra-experimental mortality when working with apparently heathy, juvenile pigs.
Keywords	large animal models ; cardiovascular imaging ; congenital heart defects ; cardiovascular pathology ; atrial septal defect ; blood flow ; Veterinary medicine ; SF600-1100
Subject code	610
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-12-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Frontiers Media S.A.
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article: Colony Stimulating Factors in Early Feline Infectious Peritonitis Virus Infection of Monocytes and in End Stage Feline Infectious Peritonitis; A Combined In Vivo And In Vitro Approach.

Malbon, Alexandra J / Michalopoulou, Eleni / Meli, Marina L / Barker, Emi N / Tasker, Séverine / Baptiste, Keith / Kipar, Anja

Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland)

2020 Volume 9, Issue 11

Abstract	Feline coronavirus (FCoV) infection initiates monocyte-associated viremia and viral persistence. Virus-infected, -activated monocytes also trigger feline infectious peritonitis (FIP), a fatal systemic disease of felids typified by granulomatous (peri)phlebitis. Currently, the exact mechanisms inducing monocyte activation and FIP are unknown. This study attempted to identify the potential immediate effect of virulent FCoV on colony-stimulating factor (CSF) (granulocyte (G)-CSF, monocyte (M)-CSF and granulocyte-monocyte (GM)-CSF levels through in vitro assessment, alongside prototypical pro- and anti-inflammatory mediators (interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6, IL-12p40, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and IL-10); this was assessed alongside the in vivo situation in the hemolymphatic tissues of cats euthanized with natural end-stage FIP. For the in vitro work, isolated monocytes from SPF cats were cultured short-term and infected with the FIP virus (FIPV) strain DF2. Mediator transcription was assessed by quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-qPCR) at 3, 6 and 9 h post infection (hpi), and in the post-mortem samples of bone marrow, spleen, and mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN) of cats with FIP. We observed limited and transient changes in cytokine transcription in monocytes after infection, i.e., a significant increase of IL-6 at 3 hpi and of GM-CSF over the 3 and 6 hpi period, whereas M-CSF was significantly decreased at 9 hpi, with a limited effect of age. The findings indicate that the infection induces expansion of the monocyte/macrophage population, which would ensure the sufficient supply of cells for consistent viral replication. In natural disease, the only upregulation was of G-CSF in the MLN, suggesting either immune exhaustion or an active downregulation by the host as part of its viral response.
Keywords	covid19
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-10-27
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2695572-6
ISSN	2076-0817
ISSN	2076-0817
DOI	10.3390/pathogens9110893
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