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  1. Article: Photodissociation of (SO2)m(H2O)n clusters employing femtosecond pump-probe spectroscopy.

    Knappenberger, K L / Castleman, A W

    The Journal of chemical physics

    2005  Volume 122, Issue 15, Page(s) 154306

    Abstract: ... A. W. Castleman, Jr., J. Chem. Phys. 121, 3540 (2004)]. The E state lifetime increases sequentially ... the dissociation process owing to a steric effect induced by the cluster environment [K. L. Knappenberger, Jr. and ...

    Abstract A femtosecond pump-probe technique was employed to study the photodissociation dynamics of (SO2)m(H2O)n clusters in real time for clusters, where m=1, 2 and n as large as 11. The pump (excitation) step occurs through a multiphoton process which populates the dissociative E state as well as a lower-lying bound state of the sulfur dioxide (SO2) chromophore. Dissociation of the SO2 monomer occurs through the E state and the decay is fit to a lifetime of 230 fs. The present study is in agreement with our previous investigations of homogeneous (SO2)m clusters that have shown that cluster formation inhibits the dissociation process owing to a steric effect induced by the cluster environment [K. L. Knappenberger, Jr. and A. W. Castleman, Jr., J. Chem. Phys. 121, 3540 (2004)]. The E state lifetime increases sequentially as a function of cluster size to as much as 668 fs when 11 water molecules solvate the chromophore. We have employed a method to compare the ratio of amplitude coefficients, which reflect a respective component of the mathematical fit, to determine the nature of the wave packet evolution in binary clusters. An increase of this ratio by as much as 440% was observed for large cluster sizes. A preferential ion state charge transfer, rather than dissociation, was observed in binary clusters. The significance of cluster size on evaporation processes has been investigated.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2005-04-15
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 3113-6
    ISSN 1089-7690 ; 0021-9606
    ISSN (online) 1089-7690
    ISSN 0021-9606
    DOI 10.1063/1.1869494
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  2. Article: Superatom spectroscopy and the electronic state correlation between elements and isoelectronic molecular counterparts

    Peppernick, Samuel J / Gunaratne, K.D. Dasitha / Castleman, A.W. Jr

    Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2010 Jan. 19, v. 107, no. 3

    2010  

    Abstract: ... heterogeneous diatomic molecules, M-X⁻ (M = Ti,Zr,W; X = O or C). A superposition principle connecting ...

    Abstract Detailed in the present investigation are results pertaining to the photoelectron spectroscopy of negatively charged atomic ions and their isoelectronic molecular counterparts. Experiments utilizing the photoelectron imaging technique are performed on the negative ions of the group 10 noble metal block (i.e. Ni⁻, Pd⁻, and Pt⁻) of the periodic table at a photon energy of 2.33 eV (532 nm). The accessible electronic transitions, term energies, and orbital angular momentum components of the bound electronic states in the atom are then compared with photoelectron images collected for isoelectronic early transition metal heterogeneous diatomic molecules, M-X⁻ (M = Ti,Zr,W; X = O or C). A superposition principle connecting the spectroscopy between the atomic and molecular species is observed, wherein the electronic structure of the diatomic is observed to mimic that present in the isoelectronic atom. The molecular ions studied in this work, TiO⁻, ZrO⁻, and WC⁻ can then be interpreted as possessing superatomic electronic structures reminiscent of the isoelectronic elements appearing on the periodic table, thereby quantifying the superatom concept.
    Keywords energy ; image analysis ; ions ; momentum ; spectroscopy
    Language English
    Dates of publication 2010-0119
    Size p. 975-980.
    Publishing place National Academy of Sciences
    Document type Article
    ZDB-ID 209104-5
    ISSN 1091-6490 ; 0027-8424
    ISSN (online) 1091-6490
    ISSN 0027-8424
    DOI 10.1073/pnas.0911240107
    Database NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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  3. Article: Cluster reactivity experiments: Employing mass spectrometry to investigate the molecular level details of catalytic oxidation reactions

    Johnson, Grant E / Tyo, Eric C / Castleman, A.W. Jr

    Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2008 Nov. 25, v. 105, no. 47

    2008  

    Abstract: ... W-O{bullet}) with elongated metal-oxygen bonds. The unique insights gained into bulk-phase oxidation ...

    Abstract Mass spectrometry is the most widely used tool in the study of the properties and reactivity of clusters in the gas phase. In this article, we demonstrate its use in investigating the molecular-level details of oxidation reactions occurring on the surfaces of heterogeneous catalysts via cluster reactivity experiments. Guided ion beam mass spectrometry (GIB-MS) employing a quadrupole-octopole-quadrupole (Q-O-Q) configuration enables mass-selected cluster ions to be reacted with various chemicals, providing insight into the effect of size, stoichiometry, and ionic charge state on the reactivity of catalyst materials. For positively charged tungsten oxide clusters, it is shown that species having the same stoichiometry as the bulk, WO3+, W2O6+, and W3O9+, exhibit enhanced activity and selectivity for the transfer of a single oxygen atom to propylene (C₃H₆), suggesting the formation of propylene oxide (C₃H₆O), an important monomer used, for example, in the industrial production of plastics. Furthermore, the same stoichiometric clusters are demonstrated to be active for the oxidation of CO to CO₂, a reaction of significance to environmental pollution abatement. The findings reported herein suggest that the enhanced oxidation reactivity of these stoichiometric clusters may be due to the presence of radical oxygen centers (W-O{bullet}) with elongated metal-oxygen bonds. The unique insights gained into bulk-phase oxidation catalysis through the application of mass spectrometry to cluster reactivity experiments are discussed.
    Keywords carbon dioxide ; carbon monoxide ; catalysts ; catalytic activity ; gases ; ions ; mass spectrometry ; oxidation ; oxygen ; plastics ; pollution ; pollution control ; propylene ; propylene oxide ; reactive oxygen species ; stoichiometry ; tungsten oxide
    Language English
    Dates of publication 2008-1125
    Size p. 18108-18113.
    Publishing place National Academy of Sciences
    Document type Article
    ZDB-ID 209104-5
    ISSN 1091-6490 ; 0027-8424
    ISSN (online) 1091-6490
    ISSN 0027-8424
    DOI 10.1073/pnas.0801539105
    Database NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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  4. Journal: Consideration of the Chemistry of Radon Progeny

    Castleman, A. W. Jr.

    Environmental Science and Technology : Emphasizing, water, air, and waste chemistry

    1991  Volume 25, Page(s) 730–735

    Abstract: Obwohl die Chemie und Physik der Entstehung von Radon-Spaltprodukten weit davon entfernt ist, voellig verstanden zu sein, steht nun ausreichendes qantitatives Wissen aus Laborexperimenten zur Verfuegung, um bestimmte Beobachtungen zu interpretieren und ... ...

    Abstract Obwohl die Chemie und Physik der Entstehung von Radon-Spaltprodukten weit davon entfernt ist, voellig verstanden zu sein, steht nun ausreichendes qantitatives Wissen aus Laborexperimenten zur Verfuegung, um bestimmte Beobachtungen zu interpretieren und das Verhalten und den Verbleib der Spaltprodukte vorherzusagen. Thema dieses Artikels sind vor allem die zwei Spaltprodukte Blei und Wismut. Ein erheblicher Teil der Spaltprodukte liegen in einfach geladenem Zustand vor. Anfaenglich kann eine Bindung mit O2 aus der Luft vorliegen, der rasch durch andere polare Molekuele ersetzt wird, wodurch die Spaltprodukte rasch mit fuenf bis acht Wassermolekuelen hydriert werden, je nach Temperatur und Feuchtigkeit. Es ist moeglich, dass ein Wassermolekuel durch ein Ammoniak-, Alkohol- oder anderes organisches Molekuel ersetzt werden. Bei Kollisionen dieser Cluster-Ionen mit Aerosolpartikeln koennen verschiedene Mechanismen des Ladungsaustauschs oder die Inkorporierung der Partikel auftreten. Wenn keine Kollision mit einem Aerosolpartikel stattfindet, verbleiben die Cluster waehrend Wachstum und Transport im einfach geladenen Zustand. Als letzter Schritt duerfte dann die Ladungsneutralisierung mittels Rekombination mit Cluster-Anionen in der Luft auftreten, hoechstwahrscheinlich mit NO(ind=3)(xp=-)(H2O)n.
    Keywords Radioaktive Substanz ; Radon ; Blei ; Anionen ; Bismut ; Spaltprodukt ; Kernchemie ; Ammoniak ; Alkohol ; Ionen ; Nitrat ; Lufttemperatur ; Partikel ; Laborversuch ; Inkorporation ; Temperaturabhaengigkeit ; Aerosol ; Hydrierung ; Feuchtigkeit
    Language English
    Document type Journal
    Database OPAC and Environmental database (ULIDAT) of The Federal Environment Agency (UBA)

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  5. Article: Complementary Active Sites Cause Size-Selective Reactivity of Aluminum Cluster Anions with Water

    Roach, Patrick J / Castleman, A.W. Jr / Khanna, Shiv N / Reber, Arthur C / Woodward, W. Hunter

    Science. 2009 Jan. 23, v. 323, no. 5913

    2009  

    Abstract: The reactions of metal clusters with small molecules often depend on cluster size. The selectivity of oxygen reactions with aluminum cluster anions can be well described within an electronic shell model; however, not all reactions are subject to the same ...

    Abstract The reactions of metal clusters with small molecules often depend on cluster size. The selectivity of oxygen reactions with aluminum cluster anions can be well described within an electronic shell model; however, not all reactions are subject to the same fundamental constraints. We observed the size selectivity of aluminum cluster anion reactions with water, which can be attributed to the dissociative chemisorption of water at specific surface sites. The reactivity depends on geometric rather than electronic shell structure. Identical arrangements of multiple active sites in Al₁₆⁻, Al₁₇⁻, and Al₁₈⁻ result in the production of H₂ from water.
    Keywords active sites ; aluminum ; anions ; geometry ; hydrogen ; models ; oxygen
    Language English
    Dates of publication 2009-0123
    Size p. 492-495.
    Publishing place American Association for the Advancement of Science
    Document type Article
    ZDB-ID 128410-1
    ISSN 1095-9203 ; 0036-8075
    ISSN (online) 1095-9203
    ISSN 0036-8075
    DOI 10.1126/science.1165884
    Database NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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  6. Article: Al₄H{f1} is a resilient building block for aluminum hydrogen cluster materials

    Roach, P.J / Reber, A.C / Woodward, W.H / Khanna, S.N / Castleman, A.W. Jr

    Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2007 Sept. 11, v. 104, no. 37

    2007  

    Abstract: The formation and oxygen etching of AlnH[Formula: see text] clusters are characterized in a flow reactor experiment with first-principles theoretical investigations to demonstrate the exceptional stability of Al₄H[Formula: see text]. The origin of the ... ...

    Abstract The formation and oxygen etching of AlnH[Formula: see text] clusters are characterized in a flow reactor experiment with first-principles theoretical investigations to demonstrate the exceptional stability of Al₄H[Formula: see text]. The origin of the preponderance of Al₄H[Formula: see text] in the mass spectra of hydrogenated aluminum anions and its resistance to O₂ etching are discussed. Al₄H[Formula: see text] is shown to have the ability to bond with ionic partners to form stable hydrides through addition of an alkali atom [XAl₄H₇ (X = Li-Cs)]. An intuitive model that can predict the existence of stable hydrogenated cluster species is proposed. The potential synthetic utility of the superatom assemblies built on these units is addressed.
    Language English
    Dates of publication 2007-0911
    Size p. 14565-14569.
    Publishing place National Academy of Sciences
    Document type Article
    ZDB-ID 209104-5
    ISSN 1091-6490 ; 0027-8424
    ISSN (online) 1091-6490
    ISSN 0027-8424
    Database NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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  7. Article: Kinetic analysis of the reaction between (V2O5)n=1,2+ and ethylene.

    Moore, Nelly A / Mitrić, Roland / Justes, Dina R / Bonacić-Koutecký, Vlasta / Castleman, A W

    The journal of physical chemistry. B

    2006  Volume 110, Issue 7, Page(s) 3015–3022

    Abstract: ... Koutecký, V.; Castleman, A. W., Jr. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2003, 125, 6289) provided evidence of the rate ...

    Abstract A systematic experimental and theoretical investigation of the influence of reactant energy on the reactivity of (V(2)O(5))(n)=1,2(+) clusters with ethylene (Justes, D. R.; Mitrić, R.; Moore, N. A.; Bonacić-Koutecký, V.; Castleman, A. W., Jr. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2003, 125, 6289) provided evidence of the rate controlling steps in the reaction. Herein, we present further experimental and theoretical evidence for our recently proposed radical cation mechanism for oxygen atom transfer from (V(2)O(5))(n)=1,2(+) clusters to ethylene. In particular the results of ab initio molecular dynamics simulations are found to further support the radical cation mechanism. Experimental reaction cross sections at the zero pressure limit and rate coefficients show that the energy dependence of the reaction cross section is in accord with the Langevin formula. Evidence is presented that ion-molecule association is the rate determining step, whereas subsequent hydrogen transfer and formation of acetaldehyde proceed without significant barriers. We propose a kinetic model for the reaction cross section that fully accounts for the experimental findings. The model offers the prospect of elucidating the details of the general reaction mechanisms through a study of the energy dependence of the reaction cross sections.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2006-02-23
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ISSN 1520-6106
    ISSN 1520-6106
    DOI 10.1021/jp055652u
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  8. Article: Theoretical and experimental consideration of the reactions between VxOy+ and ethylene.

    Justes, Dina R / Mitrić, Roland / Moore, Nelly A / Bonacić-Koutecký, Vlasta / Castleman, A Welford

    Journal of the American Chemical Society

    2003  Volume 125, Issue 20, Page(s) 6289–6299

    Abstract: ... Castleman, A. W., Jr. J. Phys. Chem. A 2001, 105, 10237). The lowest-energy structures for the V(2)O(2)(-)(6 ... to corroborate the experimental results obtained by Castleman and co-workers (Zemski, K. A.; Justes, D. R ...

    Abstract We present joint theoretical and experimental results which provide evidence for the selectivity of V(x)O(y)(+) clusters in reactions toward ethylene due to the charge and different oxidation states of vanadium for different cluster sizes. Density functional calculations were performed on the reactions between V(x)O(y)(+) and ethylene, allowing us to identify the structure-reactivity relationship and to corroborate the experimental results obtained by Castleman and co-workers (Zemski, K. A.; Justes, D. R.; Castleman, A. W., Jr. J. Phys. Chem. A 2001, 105, 10237). The lowest-energy structures for the V(2)O(2)(-)(6)(+) and V(4)O(8)(-)(10)(+) clusters and the V(2)O(3)(-)(6)(+)-C(2)H(4) and V(4)O(10)(+)-C(2)H(4) complexes, as well as the energetics for reactions between ethylene and V(2)O(4)(-)(6)(+) and V(4)O(10)(+) are presented here. The oxygen transfer reaction pathway was determined to be the most energetically favorable one available to V(2)O(5)(+) and V(4)O(10)(+) via a radical-cation mechanism. The association and replacement reaction pathways were found to be the optimal channels for V(2)O(4)(+) and V(2)O(6)(+), respectively. These results are in agreement with the experimental results reported previously. Experiments were also conducted for the reactions between V(2)O(5)(+) and ethylene to include an energetic analysis at increasing pressures. It was found that the addition of energy depleted the production of V(2)O(4)(+), confirming that a more involved reaction rather than a collisional process is responsible for the observed phenomenon. In this contribution we show that investigation of reactions involving gas-phase cationic vanadium oxide clusters with small hydrocarbons is suitable for the identification of reactive centers responsible for selectivity in heterogeneous catalysis.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2003-05-21
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 3155-0
    ISSN 1520-5126 ; 0002-7863
    ISSN (online) 1520-5126
    ISSN 0002-7863
    DOI 10.1021/ja021349k
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  9. Article: Attenuation of virus-induced airway dysfunction in rats treated with imiquimod.

    Stokes, J R / Sorkness, R L / Kaplan, M R / Castleman, W L / Tomai, M A / Miller, R L / Lemanske, R F

    The European respiratory journal

    1998  Volume 11, Issue 2, Page(s) 324–329

    Abstract: Viral respiratory infections cause acute airway abnormalities consisting of inflammation and physiological dysfunction in both animals and humans. It is likely that inflammatory cell products, such as cytokines, contribute substantially to viral-induced ... ...

    Abstract Viral respiratory infections cause acute airway abnormalities consisting of inflammation and physiological dysfunction in both animals and humans. It is likely that inflammatory cell products, such as cytokines, contribute substantially to viral-induced airway dysfunction. We hypothesized that imiquimod, an immune response enhancing agent that induces interferon-alpha, would attenuate the development of airway dysfunction during acute viral illness in rats. Adult Brown Norway rats were inoculated with parainfluenza type 1 (Sendai) virus or sterile vehicle, and treated with either imiquimod or water. Respiratory system resistance (Rrs), arterial oxygen tension (Pa,O2), lung viral titres and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) leucocyte counts were measured in anaesthetized, paralysed, ventilated rats. Virus-infected, water-treated rats had a significant decrease in Pa,O2 and had significant increases in leucocyte count and Rrs when compared to both the virus-infected, imiquimod-treated, (Pa,O2, p = 0.03; leucocyte count, p = 0.02; and Rrs, p = 0.009) and noninfected, water-treated rats (Pa,O2, p = 0.007; leucocyte count, p = 0.001; and Rrs, p = 0.01). In addition, imiquimod suppressed BAL eosinophils in both virus-infected (p = 0.02) and noninfected (p = 0.001) groups, and lowered overall virus titres (p = 0.03). Thus, both virus-induced airway inflammation and physiological dysfunction were attenuated significantly by imiquimod treatment in this animal model. By further delineating mechanisms by which infections induce airway dysfunction in animal models, more specific pharmacological interventions can be developed for the treatment of virus-induced asthma.
    MeSH term(s) Adjuvants, Immunologic/therapeutic use ; Aminoquinolines/therapeutic use ; Animals ; Body Weight/drug effects ; Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid/cytology ; Imiquimod ; Inflammation/pathology ; Inflammation/virology ; Interferons/blood ; Male ; Rats ; Respiratory Tract Diseases/pathology ; Respiratory Tract Diseases/virology ; Respirovirus/isolation & purification ; Respirovirus Infections/complications ; Respirovirus Infections/drug therapy ; Respirovirus Infections/virology
    Chemical Substances Adjuvants, Immunologic ; Aminoquinolines ; Interferons (9008-11-1) ; Imiquimod (P1QW714R7M)
    Language English
    Publishing date 1998-02
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.
    ZDB-ID 639359-7
    ISSN 1399-3003 ; 0903-1936
    ISSN (online) 1399-3003
    ISSN 0903-1936
    DOI 10.1183/09031936.98.11020324
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  10. Journal: Kinetics of the association reaction of SO2 with the hydroxyl radical

    Castleman, A.W. jr. / Tang, I.N.

    Journal of Photochemistry : An International Journal devoted to the Study of the Quantitative Aspects of Photochemistry and Energy Transfer

    1977  Volume 6, Page(s) 349–354

    Abstract: Der Vorgang der chemischen SO2 Oxidation und der nachfolgenden Bildung von stratosphaerischem und troposphaerischem Aerosol wurde mittels Photolyse untersucht. Die Oxidation von SO2 ueber das Hydroxylradikal wurde bei Druecken von 20 bis 1000 Torr undbei ...

    Abstract Der Vorgang der chemischen SO2 Oxidation und der nachfolgenden Bildung von stratosphaerischem und troposphaerischem Aerosol wurde mittels Photolyse untersucht. Die Oxidation von SO2 ueber das Hydroxylradikal wurde bei Druecken von 20 bis 1000 Torr undbei Temperaturen zwischen -20 Grad Celsius und +24 Grad Celsius gemessen. In Gegenwart von Stickstoff ergab sich bei 297 Grad Kelvin eine Reaktionskonstante dritter Ordnung von 1,6 x 10 hoch minus31 cm hoch 6 Molekuel hoch minus2 / s hoch minus 1. Beiderselben Temperatur und einem Gesamtdruck von 760 Torr ist die Reaktionskonstante zweiter Ordnung 6,0 x 10 hoch minus13 cm3/Molekuel hoch minus 1 s hoch minus 1. Die Reaktionskonstante dritter Ordnung steigt mit sinkender Temperatur. Eine Energie von -2,8 kcal/mol. ist zur Anregung der Reaktion noetig.
    Keywords Stratosphaere ; Reaktionskinetik ; Aerosolentstehung ; Troposphaere ; Oxidation ; Photolyse ; Schwefeldioxid
    Language English
    Document type Journal
    Database OPAC and Environmental database (ULIDAT) of The Federal Environment Agency (UBA)

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