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Article ; Online: Intergroup conflict as contest and disease.

Halevy, Nir / Landry, Alexander P

2023 Volume 28, Issue 1, Page(s) 5–7

Abstract: Intergroup conflict has been conceptualized as a strategic interaction (conflict-as-contest) and separately as a pathological condition (conflict-as-disease). We highlight how insights and tools from the former perspective can potentially inform the ... ...

Abstract	Intergroup conflict has been conceptualized as a strategic interaction (conflict-as-contest) and separately as a pathological condition (conflict-as-disease). We highlight how insights and tools from the former perspective can potentially inform the latter. Harnessing the science of strategic decision-making can facilitate the development of novel approaches for mitigating intergroup conflict.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Conflict, Psychological ; Group Processes
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-10-28
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2010989-1
ISSN	1879-307X ; 1364-6613
ISSN (online)	1879-307X
ISSN	1364-6613
DOI	10.1016/j.tics.2023.10.004
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Article ; Online: Intergroup psychological interventions: The motivational challenge.

Landry, Alexander P / Halperin, Eran

The American psychologist

2023

Abstract: Social scientists have increasingly applied insights from descriptive research to develop psychological interventions aimed at improving intergroup relations. These interventions have achieved marked success-reducing prejudicial attitudes, fostering ... ...

Abstract	Social scientists have increasingly applied insights from descriptive research to develop psychological interventions aimed at improving intergroup relations. These interventions have achieved marked success-reducing prejudicial attitudes, fostering support for conciliatory social policies, and promoting peacebuilding behaviors. At the same time, intergroup conflict continues to rage in part because individuals often lack motivation to engage with these promising interventions. We take a step toward addressing this issue by developing a framework of approaches for delivering interventions to an unmotivated target audience. Along with (a) directly motivating targets by increasing their values and expectancies for addressing intergroup conflict, researchers can deliver interventions by (b) satisfying other psychological motivations of the target audience, (c) providing an instrumental benefit for engaging with the intervention, (d) embedding the intervention in a hedonically captivating medium, or (e) bypassing motivational barriers entirely by delivering the intervention outside of targets' conscious awareness. We define each approach and use illustrative examples to organize them into a conceptual framework before concluding with implications and future directions. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-12-07
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	209464-2
ISSN	1935-990X ; 0003-066X
ISSN (online)	1935-990X
ISSN	0003-066X
DOI	10.1037/amp0001289
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Article ; Online: Defining dehumanization broadly does not mean including everything.

Kteily, Nour S / Landry, Alexander P

Trends in cognitive sciences

2022 Volume 26, Issue 7, Page(s) 540–541

MeSH term(s)	Dehumanization ; Humans ; Motivation
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-05-13
Publishing country	England
Document type	Letter ; Comment
ZDB-ID	2010989-1
ISSN	1879-307X ; 1364-6613
ISSN (online)	1879-307X
ISSN	1364-6613
DOI	10.1016/j.tics.2022.04.003
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Article ; Online: Dehumanization: trends, insights, and challenges.

Kteily, Nour S / Landry, Alexander P

Trends in cognitive sciences

2022 Volume 26, Issue 3, Page(s) 222–240

Abstract: Despite our many differences, one superordinate category we all belong to is 'humans'. To strip away or overlook others' humanity, then, is to mark them as 'other' and, typically, 'less than'. We review growing evidence revealing how and why we subtly ... ...

Abstract	Despite our many differences, one superordinate category we all belong to is 'humans'. To strip away or overlook others' humanity, then, is to mark them as 'other' and, typically, 'less than'. We review growing evidence revealing how and why we subtly disregard the humanity of those around us. We then highlight new research suggesting that we continue to blatantly dehumanize certain groups, overtly likening them to animals, with important implications for intergroup hostility. We discuss advances in understanding the experience of being dehumanized and novel interventions to mitigate dehumanization, address the conceptual boundaries of dehumanization, and consider recent accounts challenging the importance of dehumanization and its role in intergroup violence. Finally, we present an agenda of outstanding questions to propel dehumanization research forward.
MeSH term(s)	Dehumanization ; Humans ; Violence
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-01-15
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	2010989-1
ISSN	1879-307X ; 1364-6613
ISSN (online)	1879-307X
ISSN	1364-6613
DOI	10.1016/j.tics.2021.12.003
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Article ; Online: OXPHOS capacity is diminished and the phosphorylation system inhibited during diapause in an extremophile, embryos of Artemia franciscana.

Patil, Yuvraj N / Gnaiger, Erich / Landry, Alexander P / Leno, Zachary J / Hand, Steven C

The Journal of experimental biology

2024 Volume 227, Issue 2

Abstract: ... during post-diapause, oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) capacity P is depressed during diapause ... by P/E flux control ratios (two-way ANOVA; F1,24=38.78; P<0.0001). Inhibition was eliminated ... as the diapause extract was diluted (significant interaction term; F2,24=9.866; P=0.0007), consistent ...

Abstract	Diapause exhibited by embryos of Artemia franciscana is accompanied by severe arrest of respiration. A large fraction of this depression is attributable to downregulation of trehalose catabolism that ultimately restricts fuel to mitochondria. This study now extends knowledge on the mechanism by revealing metabolic depression is heightened by inhibitions within mitochondria. Compared with that in embryo lysates during post-diapause, oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) capacity P is depressed during diapause when either NADH-linked substrates (pyruvate and malate) for electron transfer (electron transfer capacity, E) through respiratory Complex I or the Complex II substrate succinate are used. When pyruvate, malate and succinate were combined, respiratory inhibition by the phosphorylation system in diapause lysates was discovered as judged by P/E flux control ratios (two-way ANOVA; F1,24=38.78; P<0.0001). Inhibition was eliminated as the diapause extract was diluted (significant interaction term; F2,24=9.866; P=0.0007), consistent with the presence of a diffusible inhibitor. One candidate is long-chain acyl-CoA esters known to inhibit the adenine nucleotide translocator. Addition of oleoyl-CoA to post-diapause lysates markedly decreased the P/E ratio to 0.40±0.07 (mean±s.d.; P=0.002) compared with 0.79±0.11 without oleoyl-CoA. Oleoyl-CoA inhibits the phosphorylation system and may be responsible for the depressed P/E in lysates from diapause embryos. With isolated mitochondria, depression of P/E by oleoyl-CoA was fully reversed by addition of l-carnitine (control versus recovery with l-carnitine, P=0.338), which facilitates oleoyl-CoA transport into the matrix and elimination by β-oxidation. In conclusion, severe metabolic arrest during diapause promoted by restricting glycolytic carbon to mitochondria is reinforced by depression of OXPHOS capacity and the phosphorylation system.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Oxidative Phosphorylation ; Artemia/physiology ; Extremophiles ; Malates ; Diapause ; Pyruvates ; Succinates ; Carnitine
Chemical Substances	Malates ; Pyruvates ; Succinates ; Carnitine (S7UI8SM58A)
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-01-22
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	218085-6
ISSN	1477-9145 ; 0022-0949
ISSN (online)	1477-9145
ISSN	0022-0949
DOI	10.1242/jeb.245828
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Article ; Online: Multiplatform molecular analysis of vestibular schwannoma reveals two robust subgroups with distinct microenvironment.

Landry, Alexander P / Wang, Justin Z / Suppiah, Suganth / Zadeh, Gelareh

Journal of neuro-oncology

2023 Volume 161, Issue 3, Page(s) 491–499

Abstract: ... stroma, and tumour cell abundance (p < 0.05). Gene network analysis and computational drug repurposing ...

Abstract	Background: Vestibular schwannoma (VS) is the most common tumour of the cerebellopontine angle and poses a significant morbidity for patients. While many exhibit benign behaviour, others have a more aggressive nature and pattern of growth. Predicting who will fall into which category consistently remains uncertain. There is a need for a better understanding of the molecular landscape, and important subgroups therein, of this disease. Methods: We select all vestibular schwannomas from our tumour bank with both methylation and RNA profiling available. Unsupervised clustering methods were used to define two distinct molecular subgroups of VS which were explored using computational techniques including bulk deconvolution analysis, gene pathway enrichment analysis, and drug repurposing analysis. Methylation data from two other cohorts were used to validate our findings, given a paucity of external samples with available multi-omic data. Results: A total of 75 tumours were analyzed. Consensus clustering and similarity network fusion defined two subgroups ("immunogenic" and "proliferative") with significant differences in immune, stroma, and tumour cell abundance (p < 0.05). Gene network analysis and computational drug repurposing found critical differences in targets of immune checkpoint inhibition PD-1 and CTLA-4, the MEK pathway, and the epithelial to mesenchymal transition program, suggesting a need for subgroup-specific targeted treatment/trial design in the future. Conclusions: We leverage computational tools with multi-omic molecular data to define two robust subgroups of vestibular schwannoma with differences in microenvironment and therapeutic vulnerabilities.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Neuroma, Acoustic/genetics ; Neuroma, Acoustic/pathology ; Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition ; Tumor Microenvironment
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-01-26
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	604875-4
ISSN	1573-7373 ; 0167-594X
ISSN (online)	1573-7373
ISSN	0167-594X
DOI	10.1007/s11060-022-04221-2
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Article ; Online: Dehumanization and mass violence: A study of mental state language in Nazi propaganda (1927-1945).

Landry, Alexander P / Orr, Ram I / Mere, Kayla

PloS one

2022 Volume 17, Issue 11, Page(s) e0274957

Abstract: Dehumanization is frequently cited as a precursor to mass violence, but quantitative support for this notion is scarce. The present work provides such support by examining the dehumanization of Jews in Nazi propaganda. Our linguistic analysis suggests ... ...

Abstract	Dehumanization is frequently cited as a precursor to mass violence, but quantitative support for this notion is scarce. The present work provides such support by examining the dehumanization of Jews in Nazi propaganda. Our linguistic analysis suggests that Jews were progressively denied the capacity for fundamentally human mental experiences leading up to the Holocaust. Given that the recognition of another's mental experience promotes moral concern, these results are consistent with the theory that dehumanization facilitates violence by disengaging moral concern. However, after the onset of the Holocaust, our results suggest that Jews were attributed a greater capacity for agentic mental states. We speculate this may reflect a process of demonization in which Nazi propagandists portrayed the Jews as highly capable of planning and intentionality while nonetheless possessing a subhuman moral character. These suggestive results paint a nuanced portrait of the temporal dynamics of dehumanization during the Holocaust and provide impetus for further empirical scrutiny of dehumanization in ecologically valid contexts.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; National Socialism ; Language ; Holocaust ; Violence ; Jews ; Dehumanization ; Propaganda
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-11-09
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2267670-3
ISSN	1932-6203 ; 1932-6203
ISSN (online)	1932-6203
ISSN	1932-6203
DOI	10.1371/journal.pone.0274957
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Article ; Online: Filthy Animals: Integrating the Behavioral Immune System and Disgust into a Model of Prophylactic Dehumanization.

Landry, Alexander P / Ihm, Elliott / Schooler, Jonathan W

Evolutionary psychological science

2021 Volume 8, Issue 2, Page(s) 120–133

Abstract: The behavioral immune system (BIS) is an evolved psychological mechanism that motivates prophylactic avoidance of disease vectors by eliciting disgust. When felt toward social groups, disgust can dampen empathy and promote dehumanization. Therefore, we ... ...

Abstract	The behavioral immune system (BIS) is an evolved psychological mechanism that motivates prophylactic avoidance of disease vectors by eliciting disgust. When felt toward social groups, disgust can dampen empathy and promote dehumanization. Therefore, we investigated whether the BIS facilitates the dehumanization of groups associated with disease by inspiring disgust toward them. An initial content analysis found that Nazi propaganda predominantly dehumanized Jews by portraying them as disease vectors or contaminants. This inspired three correlational studies supporting a Prophylactic Dehumanization Model in which the BIS predicted disgust toward disease-relevant outgroups, and this disgust in turn accounted for the dehumanization of these groups. In a final study, we found this process of prophylactic dehumanization had a downstream effect on increasing anti-immigrant attitudes during the COVID-19 pandemic. However, consistent with the evolutionary logic of a functionally flexible BIS, this effect only occurred when the threat of COVID-19 was salient. The implications of these results for the study of dehumanization and evolutionary theories of xenophobia are discussed. Supplementary information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40806-021-00296-8.
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-09-08
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	2198-9885
ISSN (online)	2198-9885
DOI	10.1007/s40806-021-00296-8
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Article ; Online: Integrated computational analyses reveal novel insights into the stromal microenvironment of SHH-subtype medulloblastoma.

Landry, Alexander P / Samuel, Nardin / Spears, Julian / Zador, Zsolt

Scientific reports

2021 Volume 11, Issue 1, Page(s) 20694

Abstract: Medulloblastoma is the most common malignant brain tumour of childhood. While our understanding of this disease has progressed substantially in recent years, the role of tumour microenvironment remains unclear. Given the increasing role of ... ...

Abstract	Medulloblastoma is the most common malignant brain tumour of childhood. While our understanding of this disease has progressed substantially in recent years, the role of tumour microenvironment remains unclear. Given the increasing role of microenvironment-targeted therapeutics in other cancers, this study was aimed at further exploring its role in medulloblastoma. Multiple computational techniques were used to analyze open-source bulk and single cell RNA seq data from primary samples derived from all subgroups of medulloblastoma. Gene expression is used to infer stromal subpopulations, and network-based approaches are used to identify potential therapeutic targets. Bulk data was obtained from 763 medulloblastoma samples and single cell data from an additional 7241 cells from 23 tumours. Independent bulk (285 tumours) and single cell (32,868 cells from 29 tumours) validation cohorts were used to verify results. The SHH subgroup was found to be enriched in stromal activity, including the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, while group 3 is comparatively stroma-suppressed. Several receptor and ligand candidates underlying this difference are identified which we find to correlate with metastatic potential of SHH medulloblastoma. Additionally, a biologically active gradient is detected within SHH medulloblastoma, from "stroma-active" to "stroma-suppressed" cells which may have relevance to targeted therapy. This study serves to further elucidate the role of the stromal microenvironment in SHH-subgroup medulloblastoma and identify novel treatment possibilities for this challenging disease.
MeSH term(s)	Brain Neoplasms/genetics ; Brain Neoplasms/pathology ; Child ; Female ; Gene Expression/genetics ; Hedgehog Proteins/genetics ; Humans ; Male ; Medulloblastoma/genetics ; Medulloblastoma/pathology ; Stromal Cells/pathology ; Tumor Microenvironment/genetics
Chemical Substances	Hedgehog Proteins ; SHH protein, human
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-10-19
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2615211-3
ISSN	2045-2322 ; 2045-2322
ISSN (online)	2045-2322
ISSN	2045-2322
DOI	10.1038/s41598-021-00244-3
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Article ; Online: The multiomic landscape of meningiomas: a review and update.

Wang, Justin Z / Nassiri, Farshad / Landry, Alexander P / Patil, Vikas / Liu, Jeff / Aldape, Kenneth / Gao, Andrew / Zadeh, Gelareh

Journal of neuro-oncology

2023 Volume 161, Issue 2, Page(s) 405–414

Abstract: Purpose: Meningiomas are the most common primary brain tumor in adults. Traditionally they have been understudied compared to other central nervous system (CNS) tumors. However over the last decade, there has been renewed interest in uncovering the ... ...

Abstract	Purpose: Meningiomas are the most common primary brain tumor in adults. Traditionally they have been understudied compared to other central nervous system (CNS) tumors. However over the last decade, there has been renewed interest in uncovering the molecular topography of these tumors, with landmark studies identifying key driver alterations contributing to meningioma development and progression. Recent work from several independent research groups have integrated different genomic and epigenomic platforms to develop a molecular-based classification scheme for meningiomas that could supersede histopathological grading in terms of diagnostic accuracy, biological relevance, and outcome prediction, keeping pace with contemporary grading schemes for other CNS tumors including gliomas and medulloblastomas. Methods: Here we summarize the studies that have uncovered key alterations in meningiomas which builds towards the discovery of consensus molecular groups in meningiomas by integrating these findings. These groups supersede WHO grade and other clinical factors in being able to accurately predict tumor biology and clinical outcomes following surgery. Results: Despite differences in the nomenclature of recently uncovered molecular groups across different studies, the biological similarities between these groups enables us to likely reconciliate these groups into four consensus molecular groups: two benign groups largely dichotomized by NF2-status, and two clinically aggressive groups defined by their hypermetabolic transcriptome, and by their preponderance of proliferative, cell-cycling pathways respectively. Conclusion: Future work, including by our group and others are underway to validate these molecular groups and harmonize the nomenclature for routine clinical use.
MeSH term(s)	Adult ; Humans ; Meningioma/pathology ; Meningeal Neoplasms/genetics ; Meningeal Neoplasms/therapy ; Multiomics ; Central Nervous System Neoplasms ; Cerebellar Neoplasms
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-02-25
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	604875-4
ISSN	1573-7373 ; 0167-594X
ISSN (online)	1573-7373
ISSN	0167-594X
DOI	10.1007/s11060-023-04253-2
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