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Article ; Online: Allogenic bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells and its conditioned media for repairing acute and sub-acute peripheral nerve injuries in a rabbit model.

Sivanarayanan, T B / Bhat, Irfan Ahmad / Sharun, Khan / Palakkara, Sangeetha / Singh, Rashmi / Remya / Parmar, Mehtab Singh / Bhardwaj, Rahul / Chandra, Vikash / Munuswamy, Palanivelu / Kinjavdekar, Prakash / Pawde, A M / Amarpal / Sharma, G Taru

Tissue & cell

2023 Volume 82, Page(s) 102053

Abstract: The present study evaluated healing potential of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) and BM-MSCs-conditioned medium (BM-MSCs-CM) for acute and subacute injuries in the rabbit peripheral nerve injury model. The regenerative capacity of ... ...

Abstract	The present study evaluated healing potential of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) and BM-MSCs-conditioned medium (BM-MSCs-CM) for acute and subacute injuries in the rabbit peripheral nerve injury model. The regenerative capacity of MSCs was evaluated in 40 rabbits divided into eight groups, four groups each for acute and subacute injury models. BM-MSCs and BM-MSCS-CM were prepared by isolating allogenic bone marrow from the iliac crest. After inducing sciatic nerve crush injury, different treatments consisting of PBS, Laminin, BM-MSCs + laminin, and BM-MSCS-CM + laminin were used on the day of injury in the acute injury model and after ten days of crush injury in the subacute groups. The parameters studied included: pain, total neurological score, gastrocnemius muscle weight and volume ratio, histopathology of the sciatic nerve and gastrocnemius muscle, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Findings indicate that BM-MSCs and BM-MSCS-CM have augmented the regenerative capacity in acute and subacute injury groups with a slightly better improvement in the subacute groups than the animals in acute injury groups. Histopathology data revealed different levels of regenerative process undergoing in the nerve. Neurological observations, gastrocnemius muscle evaluation, muscle histopathology, and the SEM results depicted better healing in animals treated with BM-MSCs and BM-MSCS-CM. With this data, it could be concluded that BM-MSCs support the healing of injured peripheral nerves, and the BM-MSCS-CM does accelerate the healing of acute and subacute peripheral nerve injuries in rabbits. However, stem cell therapy may be indicated during the subacute phase for better results.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Rabbits ; Culture Media, Conditioned/pharmacology ; Peripheral Nerve Injuries/therapy ; Laminin ; Bone Marrow ; Mesenchymal Stem Cells
Chemical Substances	Culture Media, Conditioned ; Laminin
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-03-02
Publishing country	Scotland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	204424-9
ISSN	1532-3072 ; 0040-8166
ISSN (online)	1532-3072
ISSN	0040-8166
DOI	10.1016/j.tice.2023.102053
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Article: Pathobiological and molecular studies on infectious Laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV) infection in commercial chicken flocks in India

Munuswamy, Palanivelu / Singh, Karampal / Mariappan, Asok Kumar / Kaore, Megha / Latheef, Shyma K. / Anbazhagan, Karthikeyan / Singh, Vidya / Reddy, Maddula Ramakoti / Dhama, Kuldeep

Indian journal of veterinary pathology. 2021 Mar. 12, v. 45, no. 1

2021

Abstract: Infectious laryngotracheitis (ILT) is one of the highly infectious and contagious diseases of chickens caused by Gallid Herpesvirus 1, a member of the genus Iltovirus. It is an economically important disease in major poultry producing countries, ... ...

Abstract	Infectious laryngotracheitis (ILT) is one of the highly infectious and contagious diseases of chickens caused by Gallid Herpesvirus 1, a member of the genus Iltovirus. It is an economically important disease in major poultry producing countries, including India. Despite India having large population of poultry birds, very limited information is available on the disease magnitude and molecular epidemiology. We screened 560 tissue samples collected from necropsied cases of tracheitis and conjunctivitis to diagnose ILT by histopathology, immunohistochemistry and polymerase chain reaction. Out of 560 samples, ILT was diagnosed in 90 (16.07%) cases by histopathology; however, polymerase chain reaction detected ILT virus (ILTV) in 128 (22.85%). Immu-nohistochemistry of representative PCR positive tissues (n=30) from trachea, lungs and conjunctiva detected viral antigen in the lining or denuded epithelial cells in 76.66% (23/30) cases. Analysis of age wise occurrence of ILT cases in our study revealed 47.65% in adult birds over 18 weeks of age, 35.15% in grower birds aged between 7 and18 weeks of age, 17.18% in chicks aged less than 6 weeks. Nucleotide sequence of gene encoding viral thymidine kinase revealed involvement of vaccine and virulent strains of ILTV in the investigated cases. Based on our findings and recent publications, we conclude that there is resurgence or re-emergence of ILT in the chicken flocks in different parts of India, indicating a possible biosecurity breach. Further genetic characterization of virus by whole genome sequencing technologies would decipher the genotype circulating in India, and help to design suitable native vaccine candidate(s).
Keywords	Gallid alphaherpesvirus 1 ; adults ; animal pathology ; biosecurity ; chickens ; conjunctiva ; conjunctivitis ; epithelium ; genes ; genotype ; histopathology ; immunohistochemistry ; molecular epidemiology ; necropsy ; nucleotide sequences ; polymerase chain reaction ; thymidine kinase ; tracheitis ; vaccines ; viral antigens ; virulence ; viruses ; India
Language	English
Dates of publication	2021-0312
Size	p. 7-14.
Publishing place	Indian Association of Veterinary Pathologists
Document type	Article
ISSN	0973-970X
DOI	10.5958/0973-970X.2021.00002.X
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Article ; Online: Etiology, epidemiology, pathology, and advances in diagnosis, vaccine development, and treatment of

Narasinakuppe Krishnegowda, Dharanesha / Dhama, Kuldeep / Kumar Mariappan, Asok / Munuswamy, Palanivelu / Iqbal Yatoo, Mohd / Tiwari, Ruchi / Karthik, Kumaragurubaran / Bhatt, Prakash / Reddy, Maddula Ramakoti

The veterinary quarterly

2020 Volume 40, Issue 1, Page(s) 16–34

Abstract: Gallibacterium ... ...

Abstract	Gallibacterium anatis
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use ; Bacterial Vaccines ; Pasteurellaceae/immunology ; Pasteurellaceae/pathogenicity ; Pasteurellaceae Infections/diagnosis ; Pasteurellaceae Infections/drug therapy ; Pasteurellaceae Infections/epidemiology ; Pasteurellaceae Infections/veterinary ; Poultry ; Poultry Diseases/diagnosis ; Poultry Diseases/drug therapy ; Poultry Diseases/epidemiology ; Poultry Diseases/pathology
Chemical Substances	Anti-Bacterial Agents ; Bacterial Vaccines
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-01-04
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	754161-2
ISSN	1875-5941 ; 0165-2176
ISSN (online)	1875-5941
ISSN	0165-2176
DOI	10.1080/01652176.2020.1712495
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Article ; Online: First description of natural concomitant infection of avian nephritis virus and infectious bronchitis virus reveals exacerbated inflammatory response and renal damage in broiler chicks.

Munuswamy, Palanivelu / Ramakrishnan, Saravanan / Latheef, Shyma K / Kappala, Deepthi / Mariappan, Asok Kumar / Kaore, Megha / Anbazhagan, Karthikeyan / Puvvala, Bhavani / Singh, Karam Pal / Dhama, Kuldeep

Microbial pathogenesis

2021 Volume 154, Page(s) 104830

Abstract: We describe the first report on spontaneous Avian Nephritis Virus (ANV) and Infectious Bronchitis Virus (IBV) concurrent infection in broiler chicks. On necropsy, the kidneys were found swollen with its parenchyma and ureters stuffed with urate flakes. ... ...

Abstract	We describe the first report on spontaneous Avian Nephritis Virus (ANV) and Infectious Bronchitis Virus (IBV) concurrent infection in broiler chicks. On necropsy, the kidneys were found swollen with its parenchyma and ureters stuffed with urate flakes. Histopathologically, the renal tubular damage and inflammatory response were severe in concurrently infected birds compared to the cases infected only with ANV, which had direct correlation with significantly (p < 0.001) increased expression of IL-1 β, IL-4, IL-12, IL-13, iNOS and IFN-γ transcripts in the kidneys of concurrently infected birds. Relative decrease in IFN-β transcript levels in the concurrently infected birds indicates suppression of antiviral response; the iNOS level was manifold increased which can be attributed to the enhanced macrophage response. Nucleotide sequencing of S1-spike glycoprotein gene of IBV and RNA dependent RNA polymerase gene of ANV confirmed etiologies as Igacovirus of Gammacoronavirus and ANV-2 of Avastrovirus 2, respectively. Both ANV and IBV virus affect kidneys. Our findings suggested that concurrent infections of these two viruses might have enhanced the transcripts of Th1, Th2 and proinflammatory cytokines with reduced IFN-β transcripts resulting in decreased host innate antiviral mechanisms leading to exacerbated renal lesions. Future experimental co-infection studies could throw more lights on pathology and pathogenesis during concurrent infections of ANV and IBV in poultry.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Avastrovirus ; Chickens ; Coronavirus Infections/veterinary ; Infectious bronchitis virus ; Kidney ; Poultry Diseases
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-03-07
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	632772-2
ISSN	1096-1208 ; 0882-4010
ISSN (online)	1096-1208
ISSN	0882-4010
DOI	10.1016/j.micpath.2021.104830
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Article ; Online: Infectious laryngotracheitis: Etiology, epidemiology, pathobiology, and advances in diagnosis and control - a comprehensive review.

Gowthaman, Vasudevan / Kumar, Sachin / Koul, Monika / Dave, Urmil / Murthy, T R Gopala Krishna / Munuswamy, Palanivelu / Tiwari, Ruchi / Karthik, Kumaragurubaran / Dhama, Kuldeep / Michalak, Izabela / Joshi, Sunil K

The veterinary quarterly

2020 Volume 40, Issue 1, Page(s) 140–161

Abstract: Infectious laryngotracheitis (ILT) is a highly contagious upper respiratory tract disease of chicken caused by a Gallid herpesvirus 1 (GaHV-1) belonging to the ... ...

Abstract	Infectious laryngotracheitis (ILT) is a highly contagious upper respiratory tract disease of chicken caused by a Gallid herpesvirus 1 (GaHV-1) belonging to the genus
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Chickens ; Communicable Disease Control/methods ; Herpesviridae Infections/epidemiology ; Herpesviridae Infections/physiopathology ; Herpesviridae Infections/prevention & control ; Herpesviridae Infections/veterinary ; Herpesvirus 1, Gallid ; Herpesvirus Vaccines/therapeutic use ; Iltovirus ; Poultry Diseases/diagnosis ; Poultry Diseases/epidemiology ; Poultry Diseases/physiopathology ; Poultry Diseases/prevention & control
Chemical Substances	Herpesvirus Vaccines
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-04-21
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	754161-2
ISSN	1875-5941 ; 0165-2176
ISSN (online)	1875-5941
ISSN	0165-2176
DOI	10.1080/01652176.2020.1759845
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Article ; Online: Molecular epidemiological studies on avian pathogenic Escherichia coli associated with septicemia in chickens in India.

Narasinakuppe Krishnegowda, Dharanesha / Singh, Bhoj Raj / Mariappan, Asok Kumar / Munuswamy, Palanivelu / Singh, Karam Pal / Monalisa Sahoo / Saminathan, Mani / Ramalingam, Rajasekar / Chellappa, Madhan Mohan / Singh, Vidya / Dhama, Kuldeep / Reddy, Maddula Ramakoti

Microbial pathogenesis

2021 Volume 162, Page(s) 105313

Abstract: Bacterial septicemia causes huge economic losses in the poultry industry and there is no systematic research available in India on the connection of various pathogens associated with septicemia. The present molecular epidemiological study was conducted ... ...

Abstract	Bacterial septicemia causes huge economic losses in the poultry industry and there is no systematic research available in India on the connection of various pathogens associated with septicemia. The present molecular epidemiological study was conducted to investigate the association of different bacterial and immunosuppressive viral pathogens in septicemia suspected chickens. A total of 443 chicken carcasses with septicemic conditions from 71 different flocks were included in this study. Heart blood swabs were subjected to bacterial culture for Salmonella spp., Pasteurella multocida, Escherichia coli, and Gallibacterium anatis. Of these 51 flocks tested for E. coli, 49 (96.1%) flocks were found positive. Among flocks tested for Salmonella spp., 2 flocks were found positive. All tested flocks were found negative for G. anatis and P. multocida as well as air sac swabs tested negative for Mycoplasma spp. Bacterial cultural examination revealed that majority of septicemic chickens were found to be infected with E. coli and these E. coli isolates showed the highest resistance to vancomycin (60%), followed by erythromycin (50%) and cefotaxime (38%) and maximum sensitivity to cefotaxime and clavulanic acid combinations (81.5%), followed by chloramphenicol (69.6%) and ertapenem (67.2%). Among the 5 avian pathogenic E. coli (APEC) virulence genes were detected in 36 flocks and highest frequency of iss (100%), followed by ompT or iutA (97.2%), hly (61.1%) and iroN (47.2%) genes. On polymerase chain reaction (PCR) screening, 10.5, 4.5, 52.2, 19.4, 9.0, 4.5, 20.1 and 19.4% of the flocks were positive for G. anatis, Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale, APEC, Salmonella spp., Mycoplasma gallisepticum, Mycoplasma synoviae, chicken infectious anemia virus and Marek's disease virus, respectively. To our knowledge, the present study is first on the etiology of septicemia in chicken flocks in India. The present study infers that the majority of septicemic deaths in broiler chickens less than 8 weeks have been connected with APEC and majority of E. coli isolates are multidrug resistance, suggesting the need for surveillance and intervention to curb the inadvertent use of antibiotics. Although, incidence of G. anatis association with septicemia was reported, still requires a rigorous epidemiological study to determine the actual prevalence. However, more detailed studies encompassing vast geographical area with large sample size and long duration of the studies are necessary to provide a clear picture of the interaction of different pathogens causing septicemia in chicken.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Chickens ; Escherichia coli/genetics ; Escherichia coli Infections/epidemiology ; Escherichia coli Infections/veterinary ; Poultry Diseases/epidemiology ; Sepsis/epidemiology ; Sepsis/veterinary
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-12-11
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	632772-2
ISSN	1096-1208 ; 0882-4010
ISSN (online)	1096-1208
ISSN	0882-4010
DOI	10.1016/j.micpath.2021.105313
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Article ; Online: Pathological and molecular studies of the renal trematode Paratanaisia bragai in Indian peafowls (Pavo cristatus).

Asok Kumar, M / Kumar, Deepak / Palanivelu, Munuswamy / Annamalai, Latchumikanthan / Mathesh, Karikalan / Singh, Rajendra / Sharma, Anil Kumar / Dhama, Kuldeep

Acta parasitologica

2018 Volume 63, Issue 1, Page(s) 214–219

Abstract: Endoparasitic diseases are commonly encountered in free-ranging birds. Although not all endoparasites cause disease, persistent infection with large numbers of parasites almost always affects normal physiological functions, leading to deleterious effects ...

Abstract	Endoparasitic diseases are commonly encountered in free-ranging birds. Although not all endoparasites cause disease, persistent infection with large numbers of parasites almost always affects normal physiological functions, leading to deleterious effects on the host. This paper describes the anatomopathological alterations caused by the renal trematode Paratanaisia bragai in Indian peafowl (n = 3) and examines the phylogeny of these and related parasites. Peafowl from forests in and around the Bareilly region, Uttar Pradesh, India, were necropsied, and microscopic and molecular investigations were performed. The peafowl were confirmed to be infected with P. bragai. Significant gross pathological lesions suggested nephrosis, and microscopic findings indicated a mild-to-moderate degree of nephrosis caused by the parasites in the tissue. The parasites were identified as P. bragai by histomorphological analysis of adult and eggs in the ureters, and the identification was confirmed by PCR and phylogenetic analysis. Nucleotide sequencing of the PCR products from the renal trematodes recovered from Indian peafowl revealed a close association with P. bragai from Columbiformes in the United Kingdom and Spain. The pathology and molecular epidemiology of parasitic diseases affecting peafowl is not well understood in India. This is the first report from India and the second report worldwide to document P. bragai infection in peafowl.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Bird Diseases/epidemiology ; Bird Diseases/parasitology ; Bird Diseases/pathology ; Galliformes/parasitology ; Histocytochemistry ; India ; Kidney/parasitology ; Kidney/pathology ; Molecular Epidemiology ; Nephrosis/epidemiology ; Nephrosis/parasitology ; Nephrosis/pathology ; Nephrosis/veterinary ; Phylogeny ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Trematoda/classification ; Trematoda/genetics ; Trematoda/isolation & purification ; Trematode Infections/epidemiology ; Trematode Infections/parasitology ; Trematode Infections/pathology ; Trematode Infections/veterinary
Language	English
Publishing date	2018-01-19
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1132735-2
ISSN	1896-1851 ; 0065-1478 ; 1230-2821
ISSN (online)	1896-1851
ISSN	0065-1478 ; 1230-2821
DOI	10.1515/ap-2018-0025
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Article: Molecular epidemiological studies on avian pathogenic Escherichia coli associated with septicemia in chickens in India

Narasinakuppe Krishnegowda, Dharanesha / Singh, Bhoj Raj / Mariappan, Asok Kumar / Munuswamy, Palanivelu / Singh, Karam Pal / Monalisa sahoo / Saminathan, Mani / Ramalingam, Rajasekar / Chellappa, Madhan Mohan / Singh, Vidya / Dhama, Kuldeep / Reddy, Maddula Ramakoti

Microbial pathogenesis. 2022 Jan., v. 162

2022

Abstract	Bacterial septicemia causes huge economic losses in the poultry industry and there is no systematic research available in India on the connection of various pathogens associated with septicemia. The present molecular epidemiological study was conducted to investigate the association of different bacterial and immunosuppressive viral pathogens in septicemia suspected chickens. A total of 443 chicken carcasses with septicemic conditions from 71 different flocks were included in this study. Heart blood swabs were subjected to bacterial culture for Salmonella spp., Pasteurella multocida, Escherichia coli, and Gallibacterium anatis. Of these 51 flocks tested for E. coli, 49 (96.1%) flocks were found positive. Among flocks tested for Salmonella spp., 2 flocks were found positive. All tested flocks were found negative for G. anatis and P. multocida as well as air sac swabs tested negative for Mycoplasma spp. Bacterial cultural examination revealed that majority of septicemic chickens were found to be infected with E. coli and these E. coli isolates showed the highest resistance to vancomycin (60%), followed by erythromycin (50%) and cefotaxime (38%) and maximum sensitivity to cefotaxime and clavulanic acid combinations (81.5%), followed by chloramphenicol (69.6%) and ertapenem (67.2%). Among the 5 avian pathogenic E. coli (APEC) virulence genes were detected in 36 flocks and highest frequency of iss (100%), followed by ompT or iutA (97.2%), hly (61.1%) and iroN (47.2%) genes. On polymerase chain reaction (PCR) screening, 10.5, 4.5, 52.2, 19.4, 9.0, 4.5, 20.1 and 19.4% of the flocks were positive for G. anatis, Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale, APEC, Salmonella spp., Mycoplasma gallisepticum, Mycoplasma synoviae, chicken infectious anemia virus and Marek's disease virus, respectively. To our knowledge, the present study is first on the etiology of septicemia in chicken flocks in India. The present study infers that the majority of septicemic deaths in broiler chickens less than 8 weeks have been connected with APEC and majority of E. coli isolates are multidrug resistance, suggesting the need for surveillance and intervention to curb the inadvertent use of antibiotics. Although, incidence of G. anatis association with septicemia was reported, still requires a rigorous epidemiological study to determine the actual prevalence. However, more detailed studies encompassing vast geographical area with large sample size and long duration of the studies are necessary to provide a clear picture of the interaction of different pathogens causing septicemia in chicken.
Keywords	Chicken anemia virus ; Escherichia coli ; Gallibacterium anatis ; Mardivirus ; Mycoplasma gallisepticum ; Mycoplasma synoviae ; Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale ; Pasteurella multocida ; Salmonella ; air sacs ; bacterial culture ; blood ; cefotaxime ; chloramphenicol ; clavulanic acid ; epidemiological studies ; ertapenem ; erythromycin ; heart ; immunosuppression ; monitoring ; multiple drug resistance ; pathogenesis ; polymerase chain reaction ; poultry industry ; sample size ; septicemia ; vancomycin ; virulence ; India
Language	English
Dates of publication	2022-01
Publishing place	Elsevier Ltd
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	632772-2
ISSN	1096-1208 ; 0882-4010
ISSN (online)	1096-1208
ISSN	0882-4010
DOI	10.1016/j.micpath.2021.105313
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Article: Immunomodulatory Potential of

Sachan, Swati / Dhama, Kuldeep / Latheef, Shyma K / Samad, Hari Abdul / Mariappan, Asok Kumar / Munuswamy, Palanivelu / Singh, Rajendra / Singh, Karam Pal / Malik, Yashpal Singh / Singh, Raj Kumar

Vaccines

2019 Volume 7, Issue 3

Abstract: Infectious bursal disease (IBD), caused by infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV), is characterized by severe immunosuppression in young chicks of 3 to 6 week age group. Although vaccines are available to prevent IBD, outbreaks of disease are still ... ...

Abstract	Infectious bursal disease (IBD), caused by infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV), is characterized by severe immunosuppression in young chicks of 3 to 6 week age group. Although vaccines are available to prevent IBD, outbreaks of disease are still noticed in the field among vaccinated flocks. Further, the birds surviving IBD become susceptible to secondary infections caused by various viral and bacterial agents. This study assessed the immunoprophylactic potential of Cytosine-guanosinedeoxynucleotide (CpG) oligodeoxynucleotides (ODN) and
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-09-04
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2703319-3
ISSN	2076-393X
ISSN	2076-393X
DOI	10.3390/vaccines7030106
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Article: Etiology, epidemiology, pathology, and advances in diagnosis, vaccine development, and treatment of Gallibacterium anatis infection in poultry: a review

Veterinary quarterly. 2020 Jan. 1, v. 40, no. 1

2020

Abstract: Gallibacterium anatis is a Gram-negative bacterium of the Pasteurellaceae family that resides normally in the respiratory and reproductive tracts in poultry. It is a major cause of oophoritis, salpingitis, and peritonitis, decreases egg production and ... ...

Abstract	Gallibacterium anatis is a Gram-negative bacterium of the Pasteurellaceae family that resides normally in the respiratory and reproductive tracts in poultry. It is a major cause of oophoritis, salpingitis, and peritonitis, decreases egg production and mortality in hens thereby severely affecting animal welfare and overall productivity by poultry industries across Europe, Asia, America, and Africa. In addition, it has the ability to infect wider host range including domesticated and free-ranging avian hosts as well as mammalian hosts such as cattle, pigs and human. Evaluating the common virulence factors including outer membrane vesicles, fimbriae, capsule, metalloproteases, biofilm formation, hemagglutinin, and determining novel factors such as the RTX–like toxin GtxA, elongation factor-Tu, and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) has pathobiological, diagnostic, prophylactic, and therapeutic significance. Treating this bacterial pathogen with traditional antimicrobial drugs is discouraged owing to the emergence of widespread multidrug resistance, whereas the efficacy of preventing this disease by classical vaccines is limited due to its antigenic diversity. It will be necessary to acquire in-depth knowledge on important virulence factors, pathogenesis and, concerns of rising antibiotic resistance, improvised treatment regimes, and novel vaccine candidates to effectively tackle this pathogen. This review substantially describes the etio-epidemiological aspects of G. anatis infection in poultry, and updates the recent development in understanding the pathogenesis, organism evolution and therapeutic and prophylactic approaches to counter G. anatis infection for safeguarding the welfare and health of poultry.
Keywords	Gallibacterium anatis ; Gram-negative bacteria ; animal welfare ; antibiotic resistance ; antigenic variation ; biofilm ; cattle ; egg production ; evolution ; fimbriae ; hemagglutinins ; host range ; humans ; metalloproteinases ; mortality ; multiple drug resistance ; pathogenesis ; pathogens ; peritonitis ; salpingitis ; therapeutics ; toxins ; vaccine development ; vaccines ; virulence ; Africa ; Asia ; Europe
Language	English
Dates of publication	2020-0101
Size	p. 16-34.
Publishing place	Taylor & Francis
Document type	Article
Note	NAL-AP-2-clean
ZDB-ID	754161-2
ISSN	1875-5941 ; 0165-2176
ISSN (online)	1875-5941
ISSN	0165-2176
DOI	10.1080/01652176.2020.1712495
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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