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Article ; Online: First respiratory transmitted food borne outbreak?

Jalava, Katri

International journal of hygiene and environmental health

2020 Volume 226, Page(s) 113490

Abstract: The world is faced with a remarkable coronavirus outbreak with epicentre in Wuhan, China. Altogether 40554 cases have been confirmed globally with novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) until February 10, 2020. Rigorous surveillance in other countries is ... ...

Abstract	The world is faced with a remarkable coronavirus outbreak with epicentre in Wuhan, China. Altogether 40554 cases have been confirmed globally with novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) until February 10, 2020. Rigorous surveillance in other countries is required to prevent further global expansion of the outbreak, but resolving the exact mechanism of the initial transmission events is crucial. Most initial cases had visited Huanan South Seafood Market in Wuhan selling also various exotic live animals. Based on the limited initial human-to-human transmission and timely clustering of cases in Huanan market among elderly men, coupled with knowledge that coronaviruses are derived from animals and relationship of SARS-CoV-2 to bat coronavirus, zoonotic transmission in the first instance is probable. To target the actions, similar epidemiological actions to human cases are needed with animal or food exposures. According to current information, an exceptionally wide contamination of seafood market might explain the initiation of the SARS-CoV-2 outbreak. Seafood tanks, air contamination by live animals or rodents are possibilities, but sold animals normally come from various sources. The mode of transmission may become clearer in future: usually in outbreak investigations, hindsight is easy, but for now information about the initial source of this outbreak is limited.
MeSH term(s)	Aged ; Animals ; Betacoronavirus/genetics ; Betacoronavirus/pathogenicity ; COVID-19 ; China/epidemiology ; Chiroptera ; Commerce ; Coronavirus Infections/epidemiology ; Coronavirus Infections/transmission ; Disease Outbreaks ; Foodborne Diseases ; Humans ; Pandemics ; Pneumonia, Viral/epidemiology ; Pneumonia, Viral/transmission ; Rodentia ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Seafood ; Zoonoses
Keywords	covid19
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-02-20
Publishing country	Germany
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2009176-X
ISSN	1618-131X ; 1438-4639
ISSN (online)	1618-131X
ISSN	1438-4639
DOI	10.1016/j.ijheh.2020.113490
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Article: First respiratory transmitted food borne outbreak?

Jalava, Katri

Int J Hyg Environ Health

Abstract	The world is faced with a remarkable coronavirus outbreak with epicentre in Wuhan, China. Altogether 40554 cases have been confirmed globally with novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) until February 10, 2020. Rigorous surveillance in other countries is required to prevent further global expansion of the outbreak, but resolving the exact mechanism of the initial transmission events is crucial. Most initial cases had visited Huanan South Seafood Market in Wuhan selling also various exotic live animals. Based on the limited initial human-to-human transmission and timely clustering of cases in Huanan market among elderly men, coupled with knowledge that coronaviruses are derived from animals and relationship of SARS-CoV-2 to bat coronavirus, zoonotic transmission in the first instance is probable. To target the actions, similar epidemiological actions to human cases are needed with animal or food exposures. According to current information, an exceptionally wide contamination of seafood market might explain the initiation of the SARS-CoV-2 outbreak. Seafood tanks, air contamination by live animals or rodents are possibilities, but sold animals normally come from various sources. The mode of transmission may become clearer in future: usually in outbreak investigations, hindsight is easy, but for now information about the initial source of this outbreak is limited.
Keywords	covid19
Publisher	WHO
Document type	Article
Note	WHO #Covidence: #32088598
Database	COVID19

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Article ; Online: Increased incidence of listeriosis among pregnant women belonging to ethnic minorities in England.

Jalava, Katri / Amar, Corinne / McLauchlin, Jim / Godbole, Gauri

The Journal of infection

2021 Volume 82, Issue 6, Page(s) 276–316

Language	English
Publishing date	2021-04-02
Publishing country	England
Document type	Letter ; Comment
ZDB-ID	424417-5
ISSN	1532-2742 ; 0163-4453
ISSN (online)	1532-2742
ISSN	0163-4453
DOI	10.1016/j.jinf.2021.03.024
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Article ; Online: Sustained transmission of Ebola in new locations: more likely than previously thought.

Thompson, Robin N / Jalava, Katri / Obolski, Uri

The Lancet. Infectious diseases

2019 Volume 19, Issue 10, Page(s) 1058–1059

MeSH term(s)	Disease Outbreaks ; Ebolavirus ; Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola/epidemiology ; Humans
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-09-26
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Letter ; Comment
ZDB-ID	2061641-7
ISSN	1474-4457 ; 1473-3099
ISSN (online)	1474-4457
ISSN	1473-3099
DOI	10.1016/S1473-3099(19)30483-9
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Article: Assessment of Food and Waterborne Viral Outbreaks by Using Field Epidemiologic, Modern Laboratory and Statistical Methods-Lessons Learnt from Seven Major Norovirus Outbreaks in Finland.

Polkowska, Aleksandra / Räsänen, Sirpa / Nuorti, Pekka / Maunula, Leena / Jalava, Katri

Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland)

2021 Volume 10, Issue 12

Abstract: Seven major food- and waterborne norovirus outbreaks in Western Finland during 2014-2018 were re-analysed. The aim was to assess the effectiveness of outbreak investigation tools and evaluate the Kaplan criteria. We summarised epidemiological and ... ...

Abstract	Seven major food- and waterborne norovirus outbreaks in Western Finland during 2014-2018 were re-analysed. The aim was to assess the effectiveness of outbreak investigation tools and evaluate the Kaplan criteria. We summarised epidemiological and microbiological findings from seven outbreaks. To evaluate the Kaplan criteria, a one-stage meta-analysis of data from seven cohort studies was performed. The case was defined as a person attending an implicated function with diarrhoea, vomiting or two other symptoms. Altogether, 22% (386/1794) of persons met the case definition. Overall adjusted, 73% of norovirus patients were vomiting, the mean incubation period was 44 h (4 h to 4 days) and the median duration of illness was 46 h. As vomiting was a more common symptom in children (96%, 143/149) and diarrhoea among the elderly (92%, 24/26), symptom and age presentation should drive hypothesis formulation. The Kaplan criteria were useful in initial outbreak assessments prior to faecal results. Rapid food control inspections enabled evidence-based, public-health-driven risk assessments. This led to probability-based vehicle identification and aided in resolving the outbreak event mechanism rather than implementing potentially ineffective, large-scale public health actions such as the withdrawal of extensive food lots. Asymptomatic food handlers should be ideally withdrawn from high-risk work for five days instead of the current two days. Food and environmental samples often remain negative with norovirus, highlighting the importance of research collaborations. Electronic questionnaire and open-source novel statistical programmes provided time and resource savings. The public health approach proved useful within the environmental health area with shoe leather field epidemiology, combined with statistical analysis and mathematical reasoning.
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-12-14
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2695572-6
ISSN	2076-0817
ISSN	2076-0817
DOI	10.3390/pathogens10121624
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Article ; Online: Assessment of Food and Waterborne Viral Outbreaks by Using Field Epidemiologic, Modern Laboratory and Statistical Methods—Lessons Learnt from Seven Major Norovirus Outbreaks in Finland

Aleksandra Polkowska / Sirpa Räsänen / Pekka Nuorti / Leena Maunula / Katri Jalava

Pathogens, Vol 10, Iss 1624, p

2021 Volume 1624

Abstract: Seven major food- and waterborne norovirus outbreaks in Western Finland during 2014–2018 were re-analysed. The aim was to assess the effectiveness of outbreak investigation tools and evaluate the Kaplan criteria. We summarised epidemiological and ... ...

Abstract	Seven major food- and waterborne norovirus outbreaks in Western Finland during 2014–2018 were re-analysed. The aim was to assess the effectiveness of outbreak investigation tools and evaluate the Kaplan criteria. We summarised epidemiological and microbiological findings from seven outbreaks. To evaluate the Kaplan criteria, a one-stage meta-analysis of data from seven cohort studies was performed. The case was defined as a person attending an implicated function with diarrhoea, vomiting or two other symptoms. Altogether, 22% (386/1794) of persons met the case definition. Overall adjusted, 73% of norovirus patients were vomiting, the mean incubation period was 44 h (4 h to 4 days) and the median duration of illness was 46 h. As vomiting was a more common symptom in children (96%, 143/149) and diarrhoea among the elderly (92%, 24/26), symptom and age presentation should drive hypothesis formulation. The Kaplan criteria were useful in initial outbreak assessments prior to faecal results. Rapid food control inspections enabled evidence-based, public-health-driven risk assessments. This led to probability-based vehicle identification and aided in resolving the outbreak event mechanism rather than implementing potentially ineffective, large-scale public health actions such as the withdrawal of extensive food lots. Asymptomatic food handlers should be ideally withdrawn from high-risk work for five days instead of the current two days. Food and environmental samples often remain negative with norovirus, highlighting the importance of research collaborations. Electronic questionnaire and open-source novel statistical programmes provided time and resource savings. The public health approach proved useful within the environmental health area with shoe leather field epidemiology, combined with statistical analysis and mathematical reasoning.
Keywords	norovirus ; statistics ; mathematics ; disease outbreaks ; cohort studies ; fresh produce ; Medicine ; R
Subject code	360
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-12-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	MDPI AG
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Rigorous surveillance is necessary for high confidence in end-of-outbreak declarations for Ebola and other infectious diseases.

Thompson, Robin N / Morgan, Oliver W / Jalava, Katri

Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences

2019 Volume 374, Issue 1776, Page(s) 20180431

Abstract: The World Health Organization considers an Ebola outbreak to have ended once 42 days have passed since the last possible exposure to a confirmed case. Benefits of a quick end-of-outbreak declaration, such as reductions in trade/travel restrictions, must ... ...

Abstract	The World Health Organization considers an Ebola outbreak to have ended once 42 days have passed since the last possible exposure to a confirmed case. Benefits of a quick end-of-outbreak declaration, such as reductions in trade/travel restrictions, must be balanced against the chance of flare-ups from undetected residual cases. We show how epidemiological modelling can be used to estimate the surveillance level required for decision-makers to be confident that an outbreak is over. Results from a simple model characterizing an Ebola outbreak suggest that a surveillance sensitivity (i.e. case reporting percentage) of 79% is necessary for 95% confidence that an outbreak is over after 42 days without symptomatic cases. With weaker surveillance, unrecognized transmission may still occur: if the surveillance sensitivity is only 40%, then 62 days must be waited for 95% certainty. By quantifying the certainty in end-of-outbreak declarations, public health decision-makers can plan and communicate more effectively. This article is part of the theme issue 'Modelling infectious disease outbreaks in humans, animals and plants: epidemic forecasting and control'. This issue is linked with the earlier theme issue 'Modelling infectious disease outbreaks in humans, animals and plants: approaches and important themes'.
MeSH term(s)	Disease Outbreaks/statistics & numerical data ; Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola/epidemiology ; Humans ; Models, Biological ; Population Surveillance ; Public Health Administration
Keywords	covid19
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-05-04
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	208382-6
ISSN	1471-2970 ; 0080-4622 ; 0264-3839 ; 0962-8436
ISSN (online)	1471-2970
ISSN	0080-4622 ; 0264-3839 ; 0962-8436
DOI	10.1098/rstb.2018.0431
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Article ; Online: Identification of domestic reservoirs and common exposures in an emerging lineage of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli O157:H7 in England: a genomic epidemiological analysis.

Dallman, Timothy J / Jalava, Katri / Verlander, Neville Q / Gally, David / Jenkins, Claire / Godbole, Gauri / Gharbia, Saheer

The Lancet. Microbe

2022 Volume 3, Issue 8, Page(s) e606–e615

Abstract: Background: The zoonotic pathogen Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) O157:H7 emerged during the 1980s as a causative agent of foodborne outbreaks associated with haemorrhagic colitis and haemolytic uraemic syndrome, which can be fatal. We ... ...

Abstract	Background: The zoonotic pathogen Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) O157:H7 emerged during the 1980s as a causative agent of foodborne outbreaks associated with haemorrhagic colitis and haemolytic uraemic syndrome, which can be fatal. We investigated the emerging lineage IIc that was causing outbreaks of STEC O157:H7, identified and quantified the domestic and non-domestic reservoirs, and quantified patient exposures across the population of England. Methods: In this genomic epidemiological analysis study, all human STEC O157:H7 lineage IIc (n=925) isolates cultured from faecal specimens submitted to the UK Health Security Agency between June 1, 2015, and Dec 31, 2020, from patients in England in the community or in hospital, were whole-genome sequenced and the genomic population structure was described. Explanatory variables were obtained from microbiological surveillance data and STEC Enhanced Surveillance Questionnaire responses. Ancestral-state reconstruction using patient travel information was used to define domestic and non-domestic clades and transmission dynamics. Exposures for patients infected with isolates from domestic clades were assessed using mixed-effects multinomial univariable and multivariable regression. Findings: Lineage IIc emerged 50 years ago, and subsequent clonal expansions have resolved into six major extant clades. We defined two English domestic clades that emerged during the past 30 years, and four non-domestic clades comprising isolates that infected or were transmitted to patients in England via international travel or the consumption or handling of imported food. Throughout the study period, non-domestic clades contributed approximately twice the number of infections as domestic clades did. Patients infected with domestic IIc clade strains reported more frequent exposure to fresh produce (raw vegetables p=0·012; prepackaged salad p=0·0009), contact with animals (cattle p=0·021), and visits to farms (p=0·0053) than patients infected with strains from other STEC O157:H7 lineages. A multivariable mixed-effects multinomial model confirmed that within the domestic clades, the major risk factors for infection were prepackaged salad (clade 2.3.3, relative risk ratio [RRR] 1·72, 95% CI 1·09-2·72; p=0·019) and visits to farms (clade 2.5.2, RRR 1·98, 1·12-3·52; p=0·020) as fixed effects. Local authority district as a random variable had a strong but variable effect for clades 2.3.3 and 2.5.2. Interpretation: Lineage IIc has emerged as the most prevalent lineage of STEC O157:H7 in England, with a sizeable domestic reservoir. Human infection is associated with the consumption of contaminated fresh produce and contact with domestic livestock. The collection of routine, detailed exposure data on patients who are infected, integrated with high-resolution microbiological typing, enables powerful reframing of our understanding of foodborne disease risk within a One Health context. Funding: National Institute for Health and Care Research Health and UK Health Security Agency.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Cattle ; Escherichia coli Infections/epidemiology ; Escherichia coli O157/genetics ; Genomics ; Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome/microbiology ; Humans ; Shiga-Toxigenic Escherichia coli/genetics
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-06-24
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ISSN	2666-5247
ISSN (online)	2666-5247
DOI	10.1016/S2666-5247(22)00089-1
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article: Assessment of Food and Waterborne Viral Outbreaks by Using Field Epidemiologic, Modern Laboratory and Statistical Methods—Lessons Learnt from Seven Major Norovirus Outbreaks in Finland

Polkowska, Aleksandra / Räsänen, Sirpa / Nuorti, Pekka / Maunula, Leena / Jalava, Katri

Pathogens. 2021 Dec. 14, v. 10, no. 12

2021

Abstract	Seven major food- and waterborne norovirus outbreaks in Western Finland during 2014–2018 were re-analysed. The aim was to assess the effectiveness of outbreak investigation tools and evaluate the Kaplan criteria. We summarised epidemiological and microbiological findings from seven outbreaks. To evaluate the Kaplan criteria, a one-stage meta-analysis of data from seven cohort studies was performed. The case was defined as a person attending an implicated function with diarrhoea, vomiting or two other symptoms. Altogether, 22% (386/1794) of persons met the case definition. Overall adjusted, 73% of norovirus patients were vomiting, the mean incubation period was 44 h (4 h to 4 days) and the median duration of illness was 46 h. As vomiting was a more common symptom in children (96%, 143/149) and diarrhoea among the elderly (92%, 24/26), symptom and age presentation should drive hypothesis formulation. The Kaplan criteria were useful in initial outbreak assessments prior to faecal results. Rapid food control inspections enabled evidence-based, public-health-driven risk assessments. This led to probability-based vehicle identification and aided in resolving the outbreak event mechanism rather than implementing potentially ineffective, large-scale public health actions such as the withdrawal of extensive food lots. Asymptomatic food handlers should be ideally withdrawn from high-risk work for five days instead of the current two days. Food and environmental samples often remain negative with norovirus, highlighting the importance of research collaborations. Electronic questionnaire and open-source novel statistical programmes provided time and resource savings. The public health approach proved useful within the environmental health area with shoe leather field epidemiology, combined with statistical analysis and mathematical reasoning.
Keywords	Norovirus ; diarrhea ; elderly ; environmental health ; food safety ; leather ; meta-analysis ; outbreak investigation ; questionnaires ; risk ; statistical analysis ; Finland
Language	English
Dates of publication	2021-1214
Publishing place	Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	2695572-6
ISSN	2076-0817
ISSN	2076-0817
DOI	10.3390/pathogens10121624
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article: Mitä opimme eläinten koronaviruksista?

Jalava, Katri

Duodecim; laaketieteellinen aikakauskirja

2003 Volume 119, Issue 17, Page(s) 1609–1610

Title translation	What have we learned about the coronaviruses in animals?.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Coronavirus/genetics ; Coronavirus/pathogenicity ; Coronavirus Infections/epidemiology ; Coronavirus Infections/prevention & control ; Coronavirus Infections/transmission ; Disease Outbreaks ; Disease Reservoirs/veterinary ; Ecosystem ; Humans ; Public Health ; SARS Virus/genetics ; SARS Virus/pathogenicity ; Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome/prevention & control ; Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome/transmission
Language	Finnish
Publishing date	2003
Publishing country	Finland
Document type	Editorial
ZDB-ID	127604-9
ISSN	0012-7183
ISSN	0012-7183
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