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  1. Article ; Online: Fluid Dynamics of Respiratory Infectious Diseases.

    Bourouiba, Lydia

    Annual review of biomedical engineering

    2021  Volume 23, Page(s) 547–577

    Abstract: The host-to-host transmission of respiratory infectious diseases is fundamentally enabled by the interaction of pathogens with a variety of fluids (gas or liquid) that shape pathogen encapsulation and emission, transport and persistence in the ... ...

    Abstract The host-to-host transmission of respiratory infectious diseases is fundamentally enabled by the interaction of pathogens with a variety of fluids (gas or liquid) that shape pathogen encapsulation and emission, transport and persistence in the environment, and new host invasion and infection. Deciphering the mechanisms and fluid properties that govern and promote these steps of pathogen transmission will enable better risk assessment and infection control strategies, and may reveal previously underappreciated ways in which the pathogens might actually adapt to or manipulate the physical and chemical characteristics of these carrier fluids to benefit their own transmission. In this article, I review our current understanding of the mechanisms shaping the fluid dynamics of respiratory infectious diseases.
    MeSH term(s) Aerosols ; COVID-19/transmission ; Communicable Diseases/physiopathology ; Communicable Diseases/transmission ; History, 19th Century ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; Humans ; Hydrodynamics ; Infectious Disease Medicine/history ; Physical Distancing ; Respiration Disorders/physiopathology ; Respiratory System/physiopathology ; Respiratory System/virology ; Rheology ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Saliva ; Ventilation
    Chemical Substances Aerosols
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-07-13
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Historical Article ; Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Review
    ZDB-ID 1448425-0
    ISSN 1545-4274 ; 1523-9829
    ISSN (online) 1545-4274
    ISSN 1523-9829
    DOI 10.1146/annurev-bioeng-111820-025044
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  2. Article ; Online: Turbulent Gas Clouds and Respiratory Pathogen Emissions: Potential Implications for Reducing Transmission of COVID-19.

    Bourouiba, Lydia

    JAMA

    2020  Volume 323, Issue 18, Page(s) 1837–1838

    MeSH term(s) Betacoronavirus/isolation & purification ; Biophysical Phenomena ; COVID-19 ; Coronavirus Infections/prevention & control ; Coronavirus Infections/transmission ; Cough ; Disease Transmission, Infectious/history ; Exhalation ; Gases ; Health Personnel ; History, 19th Century ; History, 20th Century ; Humans ; Masks ; Occupational Diseases/prevention & control ; Pandemics/prevention & control ; Pneumonia, Viral/prevention & control ; Pneumonia, Viral/transmission ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Sneezing ; Social Isolation
    Chemical Substances Gases
    Keywords covid19
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-03-23
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Historical Article ; Journal Article ; Video-Audio Media
    ZDB-ID 2958-0
    ISSN 1538-3598 ; 0254-9077 ; 0002-9955 ; 0098-7484
    ISSN (online) 1538-3598
    ISSN 0254-9077 ; 0002-9955 ; 0098-7484
    DOI 10.1001/jama.2020.4756
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  4. Article ; Online: Turbulent Gas Clouds and Respiratory Pathogen Emissions ; Potential Implications for Reducing Transmission of COVID-19

    Bourouiba, Lydia

    JAMA ; ISSN 0098-7484

    2020  

    Keywords General Medicine ; covid19
    Language English
    Publisher American Medical Association (AMA)
    Publishing country us
    Document type Article ; Online
    DOI 10.1001/jama.2020.4756
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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  5. Article ; Online: Airborne or droplet precautions for health workers treating coronavirus disease 2019?

    Bourouiba, Lydia

    Oxford University Press

    2020  

    Abstract: Cases of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) have been reported in more than 200 countries. Thousands of health workers have been infected, and outbreaks have occurred in hospitals, aged care facilities, and prisons. The World Health Organization (WHO) ... ...

    Abstract Cases of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) have been reported in more than 200 countries. Thousands of health workers have been infected, and outbreaks have occurred in hospitals, aged care facilities, and prisons. The World Health Organization (WHO) has issued guidelines for contact and droplet precautions for healthcare workers caring for suspected COVID-19 patients, whereas the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has initially recommended airborne precautions. The 1- to 2-meter (≈3–6 feet) rule of spatial separation is central to droplet precautions and assumes that large droplets do not travel further than 2 meters (≈6 feet). We aimed to review the evidence for horizontal distance traveled by droplets and the guidelines issued by the WHO, CDC, and European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control on respiratory protection for COVID-19. We found that the evidence base for current guidelines is sparse, and the available data do not support the 1- to 2-meter (≈3–6 feet) rule of spatial separation. Of 10 studies on horizontal droplet distance, 8 showed droplets travel more than 2 meters (≈6 feet), in some cases up to 8 meters (≈26 feet). Several studies of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) support aerosol transmission, and 1 study documented virus at a distance of 4 meters (≈13 feet) from the patient. Moreover, evidence suggests that infections cannot neatly be separated into the dichotomy of droplet versus airborne transmission routes. Available studies also show that SARS-CoV-2 can be detected in the air, and remain viable 3 hours after aerosolization. The weight of combined evidence supports airborne precautions for the occupational health and safety of health workers treating patients with COVID-19. ©2020

    NHMRC Centre for Research Excellence (grant no. APP1107393)
    Keywords covid19
    Subject code 360
    Publishing country us
    Document type Article ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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  6. Article ; Online: IMAGES IN CLINICAL MEDICINE. A Sneeze.

    Bourouiba, Lydia

    The New England journal of medicine

    2016  Volume 375, Issue 8, Page(s) e15

    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Sneezing/physiology
    Language English
    Publishing date 2016-08-25
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Video-Audio Media
    ZDB-ID 207154-x
    ISSN 1533-4406 ; 0028-4793
    ISSN (online) 1533-4406
    ISSN 0028-4793
    DOI 10.1056/NEJMicm1501197
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  7. Article ; Online: Modelling disease mitigation at mass gatherings: A case study of COVID-19 at the 2022 FIFA World Cup.

    Grunnill, Martin / Arino, Julien / McCarthy, Zachary / Bragazzi, Nicola Luigi / Coudeville, Laurent / Thommes, Edward W / Amiche, Amine / Ghasemi, Abbas / Bourouiba, Lydia / Tofighi, Mohammadali / Asgary, Ali / Baky-Haskuee, Mortaza / Wu, Jianhong

    PLoS computational biology

    2024  Volume 20, Issue 1, Page(s) e1011018

    Abstract: The 2022 FIFA World Cup was the first major multi-continental sporting Mass Gathering Event (MGE) of the post COVID-19 era to allow foreign spectators. Such large-scale MGEs can potentially lead to outbreaks of infectious disease and contribute to the ... ...

    Abstract The 2022 FIFA World Cup was the first major multi-continental sporting Mass Gathering Event (MGE) of the post COVID-19 era to allow foreign spectators. Such large-scale MGEs can potentially lead to outbreaks of infectious disease and contribute to the global dissemination of such pathogens. Here we adapt previous work and create a generalisable model framework for assessing the use of disease control strategies at such events, in terms of reducing infections and hospitalisations. This framework utilises a combination of meta-populations based on clusters of people and their vaccination status, Ordinary Differential Equation integration between fixed time events, and Latin Hypercube sampling. We use the FIFA 2022 World Cup as a case study for this framework (modelling each match as independent 7 day MGEs). Pre-travel screenings of visitors were found to have little effect in reducing COVID-19 infections and hospitalisations. With pre-match screenings of spectators and match staff being more effective. Rapid Antigen (RA) screenings 0.5 days before match day performed similarly to RT-PCR screenings 1.5 days before match day. Combinations of pre-travel and pre-match testing led to improvements. However, a policy of ensuring that all visitors had a COVID-19 vaccination (second or booster dose) within a few months before departure proved to be much more efficacious. The State of Qatar abandoned all COVID-19 related travel testing and vaccination requirements over the period of the World Cup. Our work suggests that the State of Qatar may have been correct in abandoning the pre-travel testing of visitors. However, there was a spike in COVID-19 cases and hospitalisations within Qatar over the World Cup. Given our findings and the spike in cases, we suggest a policy requiring visitors to have had a recent COVID-19 vaccination should have been in place to reduce cases and hospitalisations.
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Mass Gatherings ; COVID-19 Vaccines ; COVID-19/epidemiology ; COVID-19/prevention & control ; Soccer ; Sports
    Chemical Substances COVID-19 Vaccines
    Language English
    Publishing date 2024-01-18
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2193340-6
    ISSN 1553-7358 ; 1553-734X
    ISSN (online) 1553-7358
    ISSN 1553-734X
    DOI 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1011018
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  8. Article ; Online: Modelling disease mitigation at mass gatherings

    Martin Grunnill / Julien Arino / Zachary McCarthy / Nicola Luigi Bragazzi / Laurent Coudeville / Edward W. Thommes / Amine Amiche / Abbas Ghasemi / Lydia Bourouiba / Mohammadali Tofighi / Ali Asgary / Mortaza Baky-Haskuee / Jianhong Wu

    PLoS Computational Biology, Vol 20, Iss

    A case study of COVID-19 at the 2022 FIFA World Cup

    2024  Volume 1

    Keywords Biology (General) ; QH301-705.5
    Language English
    Publishing date 2024-01-01T00:00:00Z
    Publisher Public Library of Science (PLoS)
    Document type Article ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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  9. Article: Discreteness and resolution effects in rapidly rotating turbulence.

    Bourouiba, Lydia

    Physical review. E, Statistical, nonlinear, and soft matter physics

    2008  Volume 78, Issue 5 Pt 2, Page(s) 56309

    Abstract: Rotating turbulence is characterized by the nondimensional Rossby number Ro, which is a measure of the strength of the Coriolis term relative to that of the nonlinear term. For rapid rotation (Ro-->0) , nonlinear interactions between inertial waves are ... ...

    Abstract Rotating turbulence is characterized by the nondimensional Rossby number Ro, which is a measure of the strength of the Coriolis term relative to that of the nonlinear term. For rapid rotation (Ro-->0) , nonlinear interactions between inertial waves are weak, and the theoretical approaches used for other weak (wave) turbulence problems can be applied. The important interactions in rotating turbulence at small Ro become those between modes satisfying the resonant and near-resonant conditions. Often, discussions comparing theoretical results and numerical simulations are questioned because of a speculated problem regarding the discreteness of the modes in finite numerical domains versus continuous modes in unbounded continuous theoretical domains. This argument finds its origin in a previous study of capillary waves, for which resonant interactions have a very particular property that is not shared by inertial waves. This possible restriction on numerical simulations of rotating turbulence to moderate Ro has never been quantified. In this paper, we inquire whether the discreteness effects observed in capillary wave turbulence are also present in inertial wave turbulence at small Ro. We investigate how the discreteness effects can affect the setup and interpretation of studies of rapidly rotating turbulence in finite domains. In addition, we investigate how the resolution of finite numerical domains can affect the different types of nonlinear interactions relevant for rotating inertial wave turbulence theories. We focus on Rossby numbers ranging from 0 to 1 and on periodic domains due to their relevance to direct numerical simulations of turbulence. We find that discreteness effects are present for the system of inertial waves for Rossby numbers comfortably smaller than those used in the most recent numerical simulations of rotating turbulence. We use a kinematic model of the cascade of energy via selected types of resonant and near-resonant interactions to determine the threshold of Ro below which discreteness effects become important enough to render an energy cascade impossible.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2008-11
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ISSN 1539-3755
    ISSN 1539-3755
    DOI 10.1103/PhysRevE.78.056309
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  10. Article ; Online: Rain-induced ejection of pathogens from leaves: revisiting the hypothesis of splash-on-film using high-speed visualization.

    Gilet, Tristan / Bourouiba, Lydia

    Integrative and comparative biology

    2014  Volume 54, Issue 6, Page(s) 974–984

    Abstract: Plant diseases are a major cause of losses of crops worldwide. Although rainfalls and foliar disease outbreaks are correlated, the detailed mechanism explaining their link remains poorly understood. The common assumption from phytopathology for such link ...

    Abstract Plant diseases are a major cause of losses of crops worldwide. Although rainfalls and foliar disease outbreaks are correlated, the detailed mechanism explaining their link remains poorly understood. The common assumption from phytopathology for such link is that a splash is generated upon impact of raindrops on contaminated liquid films coating sick leaves. We examine this assumption using direct high-speed visualizations of the interactions of raindrops and leaves over a range of plants. We show that films are seldom found on the surface of common leaves. We quantify the leaf-surface's wetting properties, showing that sessile droplets instead of films are predominant on the surfaces of leaves. We find that the presence of sessile drops rather than that of films has important implications when coupled with the compliance of a leaf: it leads to a new physical picture consisting of two dominant rain-induced mechanisms of ejection of pathogens. The first involves a direct interaction between the fluids of the raindrop and the sessile drops via an off-centered splash. The second involves the indirect action of the raindrop that leads to the inertial detachment of the sessile drop via the leaf's motion imparted by the impact of the raindrop. Both mechanisms are distinct from the commonly assumed scenario of splash-on-film in terms of outcome: they result in different fragmentation processes induced by surface tension, and, thus, different size-distributions of droplets ejected. This is the first time that modern direct high-speed visualizations of impacts on leaves are used to examine rain-induced ejection of pathogens at the level of a leaf and identify the inertial detachment and off-center splash ejections as alternatives to the classically assumed splash-on-film ejections of foliar pathogens.
    MeSH term(s) Disease Transmission, Infectious ; Hydrodynamics ; Models, Biological ; Plant Diseases/microbiology ; Plant Leaves/chemistry ; Plant Leaves/microbiology ; Rain ; Surface Tension ; Video Recording ; Wettability
    Language English
    Publishing date 2014-10-17
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 2159110-6
    ISSN 1557-7023 ; 1540-7063
    ISSN (online) 1557-7023
    ISSN 1540-7063
    DOI 10.1093/icb/icu116
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