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Article ; Online: Assumed shared belief about conspiracy theories in social networks protects paranoid individuals against distress.

Suthaharan, Praveen / Corlett, Philip R

2023 Volume 13, Issue 1, Page(s) 6084

Abstract: Paranoia is the belief that others intend you harm. It is related to conspiracy theories, wherein those others represent an organized faction, coordinating the harm against self and others, and violating societal norms. Current psychological studies of ... ...

Abstract	Paranoia is the belief that others intend you harm. It is related to conspiracy theories, wherein those others represent an organized faction, coordinating the harm against self and others, and violating societal norms. Current psychological studies of paranoid conspiracy theorizing focus either on the individual or their broader social network. Likewise, theories of belief formation and updating often contain individual level processes as well as broader interpersonal and organizational factors. Here we examine paranoia and conspiracy theorizing in terms of individual behavioral predictors (performance on a probabilistic reversal learning task which assays belief updating) as well as social sensing: we ask participants to report the features of their social network, including whether their friends and acquaintances share their paranoid conspiratorial beliefs. We find that people who believe paranoid conspiracy theories expect more volatility during the task. They also assume that members of their social network share their paranoid beliefs. Critically, those participants with larger social networks and greater assumed shared belief tend to harbor their conspiratorial beliefs with less emotional distress and expect less volatility in the task. This is evidence that, like political and religious beliefs, conspiracy theories may flourish under a sacred canopy of belief consensus. These data suggest that friends and acquaintances may serve as sources of credulity and moving between them may sustain conspiracy beliefs when there is detraction. This hybrid individual/social account may shed light on clinical paranoia and persecutory delusion, wherein disability is defined normatively, and social supports are fewer.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Delusions ; Paranoid Disorders
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-04-13
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2615211-3
ISSN	2045-2322 ; 2045-2322
ISSN (online)	2045-2322
ISSN	2045-2322
DOI	10.1038/s41598-023-33305-w
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Article ; Online: Ageing with HIV: Medicine Optimisation Challenges and Support Needs for Older People Living with HIV: A Systematic Review.

Sarma, Priya / Cassidy, Rebecca / Corlett, Sarah / Katusiime, Barbra

Drugs & aging

2023 Volume 40, Issue 3, Page(s) 179–240

Abstract: Background: Older people living with HIV (PLWH) are at increased risks of co-morbidities and polypharmacy. However, little is known about factors affecting their needs and concerns about medicines. This systematic review aims to describe these and to ... ...

Abstract	Background: Older people living with HIV (PLWH) are at increased risks of co-morbidities and polypharmacy. However, little is known about factors affecting their needs and concerns about medicines. This systematic review aims to describe these and to identify interventions to improve medicine optimisation outcomes in older PLWH. Methods and data sources: Multiple databases and grey literature were searched from inception to February 2022 including MEDLINE, CINAHL, PsycInfo, PsychArticles, the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews and the Cochrane Controlled Register of Trials, Abstracts in Social Gerontology, and Academic Search Complete. Eligibility criteria: Studies reporting interventions/issues affecting older PLWH (sample populations with mean/median age ≥ 50 years; any aspect of medicine optimisation, or concerns). Quality assessments were completed by means of critical appraisal checklists for each study design. Title and abstract screening was led by one reviewer and a sample reviewed independently by two reviewers. Full-paper reviews were completed by one author and a 20% sample was reviewed independently by two reviewers. Synthesis: Data were extracted by three independent reviewers using standardised data extraction forms and synthesised according to outcomes or interventions reported. Data were summarised to include key themes, outcomes or concerns, and summary of intervention. Results: Seventy-nine (n = 79) studies met the eligibility criteria, most of which originated from the USA (n = 36). A few studies originated from Australia (n = 5), Canada (n = 5), Spain (n = 9), and the UK (n = 5). Ten studies originated from Sub-Saharan Africa (Kenya n = 1, South Africa n = 6, Tanzania n = 1, Uganda n = 1, Zimbabwe n = 1). The rest of the studies were from China (n = 1), France (n = 1), Germany (n = 1), Italy (n = 1), the Netherlands (n = 1), Pakistan (n = 1), Switzerland (n = 1), Saudi Arabia (n = 1) and Ukraine (n = 1). Publication dates ranged from 2002 to 2022. Sample sizes ranged from 10 to 15,602 across studies. The factors affecting older PLWH's experience of and issues with medicines were co-morbidities, health-related quality of life, polypharmacy, drug interactions, adverse drug reactions, adherence, medicine burden, treatment burden, stigma, social support, and patient-healthcare provider relationships. Nine interventions were identified to target older persons, five aimed at improving medication adherence, two to reduce drug interactions, and two for medicine self-management initiatives. Conclusion: Further in-depth research is needed to understand older PLWH's experiences of medicines and their priority issues. Adherence-focused interventions are predominant, but there is a scarcity of interventions aimed at improving medicine experiences for this population. Multi-faceted interventions are needed to achieve medicine optimisation outcomes for PLWH. Trial registration: This study is registered with PROSPERO registration number: CRD42020188448.
MeSH term(s)	Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Humans ; Aging ; HIV Infections/drug therapy ; Medication Adherence ; Quality of Life
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-01-20
Publishing country	New Zealand
Document type	Journal Article ; Systematic Review
ZDB-ID	1075770-3
ISSN	1179-1969 ; 1170-229X
ISSN (online)	1179-1969
ISSN	1170-229X
DOI	10.1007/s40266-022-01003-3
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Article ; Online: Modelling delusions as temporally-evolving beliefs.

Corlett, Philip R / Fletcher, Paul

Cognitive neuropsychiatry

2021 Volume 26, Issue 4, Page(s) 231–241

Abstract: ... ...

Abstract	Introduction
MeSH term(s)	Delusions ; Humans ; Uncertainty
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-06-08
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	1324282-9
ISSN	1464-0619 ; 1354-6805
ISSN (online)	1464-0619
ISSN	1354-6805
DOI	10.1080/13546805.2021.1938984
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Article ; Online: Psychedelics and the Neurobiology of Meaningfulness.

Krystal, John H / Preller, Katrin H / Corlett, Philip R / Anticevic, Alan / Kaye, Alfred P

Biological psychiatry. Cognitive neuroscience and neuroimaging

2023

Language	English
Publishing date	2023-09-19
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2879089-3
ISSN	2451-9030 ; 2451-9022
ISSN (online)	2451-9030
ISSN	2451-9022
DOI	10.1016/j.bpsc.2023.09.003
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Article ; Online: Oculomics in Schizophrenia Research.

Silverstein, Steven M / Keane, Brian P / Corlett, Philip R

Schizophrenia bulletin

2021 Volume 47, Issue 3, Page(s) 577–579

MeSH term(s)	Biomedical Research ; Eye Diseases/epidemiology ; Hallucinations/epidemiology ; Humans ; Retinal Diseases/epidemiology ; Schizophrenia/epidemiology ; Vision Disorders/epidemiology
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-02-19
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Editorial
ZDB-ID	439173-1
ISSN	1745-1701 ; 0586-7614
ISSN (online)	1745-1701
ISSN	0586-7614
DOI	10.1093/schbul/sbab011
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Article ; Online: Embodied Predictions, Agency, and Psychosis.

Leptourgos, Pantelis / Corlett, Philip R

Frontiers in big data

2020 Volume 3, Page(s) 27

Abstract: Psychotic symptoms, i.e., hallucinations and delusions, involve gross departures from conscious apprehension of consensual reality; respectively, perceiving and believing things that, according to same culture peers, do not obtain. In schizophrenia, ... ...

Abstract	Psychotic symptoms, i.e., hallucinations and delusions, involve gross departures from conscious apprehension of consensual reality; respectively, perceiving and believing things that, according to same culture peers, do not obtain. In schizophrenia, those experiences are often related to abnormal sense of control over one's own actions, often expressed as a distorted sense of agency (i.e., passivity symptoms). Cognitive and computational neuroscience have furnished an account of these experiences and beliefs in terms of the brain's generative model of the world, which underwrites inferences to the best explanation of current and future states, in order to behave adaptively. Inference then involves a reliability-based trade off of predictions and prediction errors, and psychotic symptoms may arise as departures from this inference process, either an over- or under-weighting of priors relative to prediction errors. Surprisingly, there is empirical evidence in favor of both positions. Relatedly, there is evidence for both an enhanced and a diminished sense of agency in schizophrenia. How can this be? We argue that there is more than one generative model in the brain, and that ego- and allo-centric models operate in tandem. In brief, ego-centric models implement corollary discharge signals that cancel out the effects of self-generated actions while allo-centric models compare several hypothesis regarding the causes of sensory inputs (including the self among the potential causes). The two parallel hierarchies give rise to different levels of agency, with ego-centric models subserving "feelings of agency" and allo-centric predictions giving rise to "judgements of agency." Those two components are weighted according to their reliability and combined, generating a higher-level "sense of agency." We suggest that in schizophrenia a failure of corollary discharges to suppress self-generated inputs results in the absence of a "feeling of agency" and in a compensatory enhancement of allo-centric priors, which might underlie hallucinations, delusions of control but also, under certain circumstances, the enhancement of "judgments of agency." We discuss the consequences of such a model, and potential courses of action that could lead to its falsification.
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-08-14
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	2624-909X
ISSN (online)	2624-909X
DOI	10.3389/fdata.2020.00027
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Article ; Online: Relationships between cognitive biases, decision-making, and delusions.

Sheffield, Julia M / Smith, Ryan / Suthaharan, Praveen / Leptourgos, Pantelis / Corlett, Philip R

Scientific reports

2023 Volume 13, Issue 1, Page(s) 9485

Abstract: Multiple measures of decision-making under uncertainty (e.g. jumping to conclusions (JTC), bias against disconfirmatory evidence (BADE), win-switch behavior, random exploration) have been associated with delusional thinking in independent studies. Yet, ... ...

Abstract	Multiple measures of decision-making under uncertainty (e.g. jumping to conclusions (JTC), bias against disconfirmatory evidence (BADE), win-switch behavior, random exploration) have been associated with delusional thinking in independent studies. Yet, it is unknown whether these variables explain shared or unique variance in delusional thinking, and whether these relationships are specific to paranoia or delusional ideation more broadly. Additionally, the underlying computational mechanisms require further investigation. To investigate these questions, task and self-report data were collected in 88 individuals (46 healthy controls, 42 schizophrenia-spectrum) and included measures of cognitive biases and behavior on probabilistic reversal learning and explore/exploit tasks. Of those, only win-switch rate significantly differed between groups. In regression, reversal learning performance, random exploration, and poor evidence integration during BADE showed significant, independent associations with paranoia. Only self-reported JTC was associated with delusional ideation, controlling for paranoia. Computational parameters increased the proportion of variance explained in paranoia. Overall, decision-making influenced by strong volatility and variability is specifically associated with paranoia, whereas self-reported hasty decision-making is specifically associated with other themes of delusional ideation. These aspects of decision-making under uncertainty may therefore represent distinct cognitive processes that, together, have the potential to worsen delusional thinking across the psychosis spectrum.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Delusions ; Thinking ; Psychotic Disorders ; Decision Making ; Bias ; Cognition
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-06-10
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
ZDB-ID	2615211-3
ISSN	2045-2322 ; 2045-2322
ISSN (online)	2045-2322
ISSN	2045-2322
DOI	10.1038/s41598-023-36526-1
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Article ; Online: Do psychedelics change beliefs?

McGovern, H T / Leptourgos, P / Hutchinson, B T / Corlett, P R

Psychopharmacology

2022 Volume 239, Issue 6, Page(s) 1809–1821

Abstract: Renewed interest in psychedelics has reignited the debate about whether and how they change human beliefs. In both the clinical and social-cognitive domains, psychedelic consumption may be accompanied by profound, and sometimes lasting, belief changes. ... ...

Abstract	Renewed interest in psychedelics has reignited the debate about whether and how they change human beliefs. In both the clinical and social-cognitive domains, psychedelic consumption may be accompanied by profound, and sometimes lasting, belief changes. We review these changes and their possible underlying mechanisms. Rather than inducing de novo beliefs, we argue psychedelics may instead change the impact of affect and of others' suggestions on how beliefs are imputed. Critically, we find that baseline beliefs (in the possible effects of psychedelics, for example) might color the acute effects of psychedelics as well as longer-term changes. If we are to harness the apparent potential of psychedelics in the clinic and for human flourishing more generally, these possibilities must be addressed empirically.
MeSH term(s)	Hallucinogens/pharmacology ; Hallucinogens/therapeutic use ; Humans
Chemical Substances	Hallucinogens
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-05-04
Publishing country	Germany
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	130601-7
ISSN	1432-2072 ; 0033-3158
ISSN (online)	1432-2072
ISSN	0033-3158
DOI	10.1007/s00213-022-06153-1
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Article ; Online: Belief Updating and Paranoia in Individuals With Schizophrenia.

Sheffield, Julia M / Suthaharan, Praveen / Leptourgos, Pantelis / Corlett, Philip R

Biological psychiatry. Cognitive neuroscience and neuroimaging

2022 Volume 7, Issue 11, Page(s) 1149–1157

Abstract: Background: Persecutory delusions are among the most common delusions in schizophrenia and represent the extreme end of the paranoia continuum. Paranoia is accompanied by significant worry and distress. Identifying cognitive mechanisms underlying ... ...

Abstract	Background: Persecutory delusions are among the most common delusions in schizophrenia and represent the extreme end of the paranoia continuum. Paranoia is accompanied by significant worry and distress. Identifying cognitive mechanisms underlying paranoia is critical for advancing treatment. We hypothesized that aberrant belief updating, which is related to paranoia in human and animal models, would also contribute to persecutory beliefs in individuals with schizophrenia. Methods: Belief updating was assessed in 42 participants with schizophrenia and 44 healthy control participants using a 3-option probabilistic reversal learning task. Hierarchical Gaussian Filter was used to estimate computational parameters of belief updating. Paranoia was measured using the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale and the revised Green et al. Paranoid Thoughts Scale. Unusual thought content was measured with the Psychosis Symptom Rating Scale and the Peters et al. Delusions Inventory. Worry was measured using the Dunn Worry Questionnaire. Results: Paranoia was significantly associated with elevated win-switch rate and prior beliefs about volatility both in schizophrenia and across the whole sample. These relationships were specific to paranoia and did not extend to unusual thought content or measures of anxiety. We observed a significant indirect effect of paranoia on the relationship between prior beliefs about volatility and worry. Conclusions: This work provides evidence that relationships between belief updating parameters and paranoia extend to schizophrenia, may be specific to persecutory beliefs, and contribute to theoretical models implicating worry in the maintenance of persecutory delusions.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Paranoid Disorders/diagnosis ; Paranoid Disorders/psychology ; Paranoid Disorders/therapy ; Schizophrenia/complications ; Schizophrenia/diagnosis ; Delusions ; Anxiety/psychology ; Surveys and Questionnaires
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-04-14
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2879089-3
ISSN	2451-9030 ; 2451-9022
ISSN (online)	2451-9030
ISSN	2451-9022
DOI	10.1016/j.bpsc.2022.03.013
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Article: Editorial: Predictive mechanisms in action, perception, cognition, and clinical disorders.

D'Mello, Anila M / Bach, Patric / Corlett, Philip R / Rozenkrantz, Liron

Frontiers in human neuroscience

2022 Volume 16, Page(s) 1005905

Language	English
Publishing date	2022-08-31
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Editorial
ZDB-ID	2425477-0
ISSN	1662-5161
ISSN	1662-5161
DOI	10.3389/fnhum.2022.1005905
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