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Article ; Online: Limited transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in schools in Ireland during the 2020-2021 school year.

Kelly, Ciara / White, Philippa / Kennedy, Elizabeth / O'Flynn, Dearbhail / Colgan, Aoife / Ward, Mary / O'Sullivan, Margaret B / Buckley, Claire M / Cosgrove, Breda / Canny, Melissa / Harkin, Katharine / McGuire, Fiona / Lynch, Catherine / Ryan, Aidan / Denyer, Sean / Kelleher, Kevin / Collins, Abigail

Euro surveillance : bulletin Europeen sur les maladies transmissibles = European communicable disease bulletin

2023 Volume 28, Issue 15

Abstract: BackgroundThe role of schools in SARS-CoV-2 transmission has been a debated topic since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic.AimTo examine SARS-CoV-2 transmission in all schools in Ireland during the 2020-21 school year.MethodsIn a national descriptive ...

Abstract	BackgroundThe role of schools in SARS-CoV-2 transmission has been a debated topic since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic.AimTo examine SARS-CoV-2 transmission in all schools in Ireland during the 2020-21 school year.MethodsIn a national descriptive cross-sectional study, we investigated PCR-confirmed cases of COVID-19 among students (aged < 20 years) and staff (aged ≥ 20 years) who attended school during their infectious period to identify school close contacts. SARS-CoV-2 PCR test results of all school close contacts were pooled to obtain an overall positivity rate and to stratify positivity rate by school setting and role (i.e. student or staff).ResultsIn total, 100,474 individuals were tested as close contacts in 1,771 schools during the 2020-21 school year. An overall close contact positivity rate of 2.4% was observed across all schools (n = 2,373 secondary cases). The highest positivity rate was seen in special schools (3.4%), followed by primary (2.5%) and post-primary schools (1.8%) (p < 0.001). Of the close contacts identified, 90.5% (n = 90,953) were students and 9.5% (n = 9,521) were staff. Overall, students had a significantly higher positivity rate than staff (2.4% vs 1.8%, p < 0.001).ConclusionThis study demonstrated that a low level of SARS-CoV-2 transmission occurred in Irish schools during the 2020-21 academic year. In the event of future pandemics, and as the COVID-19 pandemic continues, there is a need to carefully weigh up the harms and benefits associated with disrupted education to mitigate infectious disease transmission before reflexively closing classes or schools.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; SARS-CoV-2 ; COVID-19/epidemiology ; Ireland/epidemiology ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Pandemics ; Schools
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-04-13
Publishing country	Sweden
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1338803-4
ISSN	1560-7917 ; 1025-496X
ISSN (online)	1560-7917
ISSN	1025-496X
DOI	10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2023.28.15.2200554
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Article ; Online: Quantitative background parenchymal enhancement and fibro-glandular density at breast MRI: Association with BRCA status.

Goodburn, Rosie / Kousi, Evanthia / Sanders, Clarrissa / Macdonald, Alison / Scurr, Erica / Bunce, Catey / Khabra, Komel / Reddy, Mamatha / Wilkinson, Louise / O'Flynn, Elizabeth / Allen, Steven / Schmidt, Maria Angélica

European radiology

2023 Volume 33, Issue 9, Page(s) 6204–6212

Abstract: Objectives: To investigate whether MRI-based measurements of fibro-glandular tissue volume, breast density (MRBD), and background parenchymal enhancement (BPE) could be used to stratify two cohorts of healthy women: BRCA carriers and women at population ...

Abstract	Objectives: To investigate whether MRI-based measurements of fibro-glandular tissue volume, breast density (MRBD), and background parenchymal enhancement (BPE) could be used to stratify two cohorts of healthy women: BRCA carriers and women at population risk of breast cancer. Methods: Pre-menopausal women aged 40-50 years old were scanned at 3 T, employing a standard breast protocol including a DCE-MRI (35 and 30 participants in high- and low-risk groups, respectively). The dynamic range of the DCE protocol was characterised and both breasts were masked and segmented with minimal user input to produce measurements of fibro-glandular tissue volume, MRBD, and voxelwise BPE. Statistical tests were performed to determine inter- and intra-user repeatability, evaluate the symmetry between metrics derived from left and right breasts, and investigate MRBD and BPE differences between the high- and low-risk cohorts. Results: Intra- and inter-user reproducibility in estimates of fibro-glandular tissue volume, MRBD, and median BPE estimations were good, with coefficients of variation < 15%. Coefficients of variation between left and right breasts were also low (< 25%). There were no significant correlations between fibro-glandular tissue volume, MRBD, and BPE for either risk group. However, the high-risk group had higher BPE kurtosis, although linear regression analysis did not reveal significant associations between BPE kurtosis and breast cancer risk. Conclusions: This study found no significant differences or correlations in fibro-glandular tissue volume, MRBD, or BPE metrics between the two groups of women with different levels of breast cancer risk. However, the results support further investigation into the heterogeneity of parenchymal enhancement. Key points: • A semi-automated method enabled quantitative measurements of fibro-glandular tissue volume, breast density, and background parenchymal enhancement with minimal user intervention. • Background parenchymal enhancement was quantified over the entire parenchyma, segmented in pre-contrast images, thus avoiding region selection. • No significant differences and correlations in fibro-glandular tissue volume, breast density, and breast background parenchymal enhancement were found between two cohorts of women at high and low levels of breast cancer risk.
MeSH term(s)	Female ; Humans ; Adult ; Middle Aged ; Reproducibility of Results ; Breast/diagnostic imaging ; Breast Neoplasms/diagnostic imaging ; Breast Density ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging/methods ; Retrospective Studies
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-04-05
Publishing country	Germany
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1085366-2
ISSN	1432-1084 ; 0938-7994 ; 1613-3749
ISSN (online)	1432-1084
ISSN	0938-7994 ; 1613-3749
DOI	10.1007/s00330-023-09592-2
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Article ; Online: Correction: Quantitative background parenchymal enhancement and fibro-glandular density at breast MRI: Association with BRCA status.

European radiology

2023 Volume 33, Issue 9, Page(s) 6621

Language	English
Publishing date	2023-06-24
Publishing country	Germany
Document type	Published Erratum
ZDB-ID	1085366-2
ISSN	1432-1084 ; 0938-7994 ; 1613-3749
ISSN (online)	1432-1084
ISSN	0938-7994 ; 1613-3749
DOI	10.1007/s00330-023-09819-2
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Article ; Online: Children's visual acuity tests without professional supervision: a prospective repeated measures study.

Osborne, Daniel / Steele, Aimee / Evans, Megan / Ellis, Helen / Pancholi, Roshni / Harding, Tomos / Dee, Jessica / Leary, Rachel / Bradshaw, Jeremy / O'Flynn, Elizabeth / Self, Jay E

Eye (London, England)

2023 Volume 37, Issue 18, Page(s) 3762–3767

Abstract: Background: Home visual acuity tests could ease pressure on ophthalmic services by facilitating remote review of patients. Home tests may have further utility in giving service users frequent updates of vision outcomes during therapy, identifying vision ...

Abstract	Background: Home visual acuity tests could ease pressure on ophthalmic services by facilitating remote review of patients. Home tests may have further utility in giving service users frequent updates of vision outcomes during therapy, identifying vision problems in an asymptomatic population, and engaging stakeholders in therapy. Methods: Children attending outpatient clinics had visual acuity measured 3 times at the same appointment: Once by a registered orthoptist per clinical protocols, once by an orthoptist using a tablet-based visual acuity test (iSight Test Pro, Kay Pictures), and once by an unsupervised parent/carer using the tablet-based test. Results: In total, 42 children were recruited to the study. The mean age was 5.6 years (range 3.3 to 9.3 years). Median and interquartile ranges (IQR) for clinical standard, orthoptic-led and parent/carer-led iSight Test Pro visual acuity measurements were 0.155 (0.18 IQR), 0.180 (0.26 IQR), and 0.300 (0.33 IQR) logMAR respectively. The iSight Test Pro in the hands of parents/carers was significantly different from the standard of care measurements (P = 0.008). In the hands of orthoptists. There was no significant difference between orthoptists using the iSight Test Pro and standard of care (P = 0.289), nor between orthoptist iSight Test Pro and parents/carer iSight Test Pro measurements (P = 0.108). Conclusion: This technique of unsupervised visual acuity measures for children is not comparable to clinical measures and is unlikely to be valuable to clinical decision making. Future work should focus on improving the accuracy of the test through better training, equipment/software or supervision/support.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Prospective Studies ; Vision Tests/methods ; Visual Acuity ; Research Design
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-06-16
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	91001-6
ISSN	1476-5454 ; 0950-222X
ISSN (online)	1476-5454
ISSN	0950-222X
DOI	10.1038/s41433-023-02597-7
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Article ; Online: Determining the food choice motivations of Irish teens and their association with dietary intakes, using the Food Choice Questionnaire.

Daly, Aisling N / O'Sullivan, Elizabeth J / Walton, Janette / Kehoe, Laura / McNulty, Breige A / Flynn, Albert / Kearney, John M

Appetite

2023 Volume 189, Page(s) 106981

Abstract: During adolescence, teens start making their own food choices. While health and nutrition are important, practical and social concerns are also influential. This study aims to determine factors that motivate the food choices of Irish teens (using Food ... ...

Abstract	During adolescence, teens start making their own food choices. While health and nutrition are important, practical and social concerns are also influential. This study aims to determine factors that motivate the food choices of Irish teens (using Food Choice Questionnaire), using data from the National Teens' Food Survey II (N = 428, 50% male, 13-18 years), and to identify how these motivations relate to dietary intakes (4-day semi-weighed food diaries). Data analysis used PCA to determine the food choice motivation subscales, and correlation and comparative statistical tests (t-test, ANOVA). Eight motivating factors were identified for Irish teens: Sensory Appeal, Price & Availability, Health & Natural Content, Familiarity, Ease of Preparation, Mood, Weight Control, and Ethical Concerns. Health and practical aspects to food choice (Price, Availability, Ease of Preparation) are important for teens, but taste (Sensory Appeal) remains a key influence. Food choice motivations vary by sex and by age, BMI status and weight perception, where girls were more motivated by health, weight control, mood and ethical concerns, and older teens were more influenced by mood and ease of preparation. Both those classified as overweight and those who perceived they were overweight were motivated more by weight control and mood for their food choices, whereas those who perceived their weight to be correct placed more importance on health and natural content. Those motivated by weight control had lower energy and higher protein intakes, and those motivated by health and natural content had more health promoting behaviours, with higher physical activity, lower screen time, and higher protein intakes. Understanding the motivations of teens' food choice can help understand why they struggle to meet dietary recommendations, and help to develop more effective health promotion messages by capitalising on the key motivations in the population.
MeSH term(s)	Female ; Humans ; Male ; Adolescent ; Motivation ; Overweight ; Food Preferences ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Eating
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-07-26
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	1461347-5
ISSN	1095-8304 ; 0195-6663
ISSN (online)	1095-8304
ISSN	0195-6663
DOI	10.1016/j.appet.2023.106981
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Article ; Online: Pre-treatment functional MRI of breast cancer: T2* evaluation at 3 T and relationship to dynamic contrast-enhanced and diffusion-weighted imaging.

Kousi, Evanthia / O'Flynn, Elizabeth A M / Borri, Marco / Morgan, Veronica A / deSouza, Nandita M / Schmidt, Maria A

Magnetic resonance imaging

2018 Volume 52, Page(s) 53–61

Abstract: Purpose: Baseline T2* relaxation time has been proposed as an imaging biomarker in cancer, in addition to Dynamic Contrast-Enhanced (DCE) MRI and diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) parameters. The purpose of the current work is to investigate sources of ... ...

Abstract	Purpose: Baseline T2* relaxation time has been proposed as an imaging biomarker in cancer, in addition to Dynamic Contrast-Enhanced (DCE) MRI and diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) parameters. The purpose of the current work is to investigate sources of error in T2* measurements and the relationship between T2* and DCE and DWI functional parameters in breast cancer. Methods: Five female volunteers and thirty-two women with biopsy proven breast cancer were scanned at 3 T, with Research Ethics Committee approval. T2* values of the normal breast were acquired from high-resolution, low-resolution and fat-suppressed gradient-echo sequences in volunteers, and compared. In breast cancer patients, pre-treatment T2, DCE MRI and DWI were performed at baseline. Pathologically complete responders at surgery and non-responders were identified and compared. Principal component analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis (CA) were performed. Results:* There were no significant differences between T2* values from high-resolution, low-resolution and fat-suppressed datasets (p > 0.05). There were not significant differences between baseline functional parameters in responders and non-responders (p > 0.05). However, there were differences in the relationship between T2* and contrast-agent uptake in responders and non-responders. Voxels of similar characteristics were grouped in 5 clusters, and large intra-tumoural variations of all parameters were demonstrated. Conclusion: Breast T2* measurements at 3 T are robust, but spatial resolution should be carefully considered. T2* of breast tumours at baseline is unrelated to DCE and DWI parameters and contribute towards describing functional heterogeneity of breast tumours.
MeSH term(s)	Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Biopsy ; Breast/diagnostic imaging ; Breast/pathology ; Breast Neoplasms/diagnostic imaging ; Breast Neoplasms/pathology ; Contrast Media ; Diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Female ; Humans ; Image Enhancement/methods ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging/methods ; Middle Aged ; Principal Component Analysis ; Sensitivity and Specificity
Chemical Substances	Contrast Media
Language	English
Publishing date	2018-05-31
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	604885-7
ISSN	1873-5894 ; 0730-725X
ISSN (online)	1873-5894
ISSN	0730-725X
DOI	10.1016/j.mri.2018.05.014
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Article ; Online: A Cross-Machine Comparison of Shear-Wave Speed Measurements Using 2D Shear-Wave Elastography in the Normal Female Breast

Emma Harris / Ruchi Sinnatamby / Elizabeth O’Flynn / Anna M. Kirby / Jeffrey C. Bamber

Applied Sciences, Vol 11, Iss 9391, p

2021 Volume 9391

Abstract: Quantitative measures of radiation-induced breast stiffness are required to support clinical studies of novel breast radiotherapy regimens and exploration of personalised therapy, however, variation between shear-wave elastography (SWE) machines may ... ...

Abstract	Quantitative measures of radiation-induced breast stiffness are required to support clinical studies of novel breast radiotherapy regimens and exploration of personalised therapy, however, variation between shear-wave elastography (SWE) machines may limit the usefulness of shear-wave speed ( c s ) for this purpose. Mean c s measured in four healthy volunteers’ breasts and a phantom using 2D-SWE machines Acuson S2000 (Siemens Medical Solutions) and Aixplorer (Supersonic Imagine) were compared. Shear-wave speed was measured in the skin region, subcutaneous adipose tissue and parenchyma. c s estimates were on average 2.3% greater when using the Aixplorer compared to S2000 in vitro. In vivo, c s estimates were on average 43.7%, 36.3% and 49.9% significantly greater ( p << 0.01) when using the Aixplorer compared to S2000, for skin region, subcutaneous adipose tissue and parenchyma, respectively. In conclusion, despite relatively small differences between machines observed in vitro, large differences in absolute measures of shear wave speed measured were observed in vivo, which may prevent pooling of cross-machine data in clinical studies of the breast.
Keywords	shear-wave elastography ; shear-wave speed ; radiation-induced breast toxicity ; tissue stiffness ; cross-machine comparison ; Technology ; T ; Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General) ; TA1-2040 ; Biology (General) ; QH301-705.5 ; Physics ; QC1-999 ; Chemistry ; QD1-999
Subject code	535
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-10-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	MDPI AG
Document type	Article ; Online
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Article ; Online: Alternative screening for dense breasts: MRI.

O'Flynn, Elizabeth A M / Ledger, Araminta E W / deSouza, Nandita M

AJR. American journal of roentgenology

2015 Volume 204, Issue 2, Page(s) W141–9

Abstract: OBJECTIVE. The purpose of this article is to review the use of MRI in breast density measurement and breast cancer risk estimation and to discuss the role of MRI as an alternative screening to mammography for screening women with dense breasts. ... ...

Abstract	OBJECTIVE. The purpose of this article is to review the use of MRI in breast density measurement and breast cancer risk estimation and to discuss the role of MRI as an alternative screening to mammography for screening women with dense breasts. CONCLUSION. The potential of MRI for screening women with dense breasts remains controversial because of the paucity of clinical evidence, the possibility of overdiagnosis, and the cost-effectiveness of the technique in this population. Although methods of MRI measurement require standardization and automation, future addition of MRI density to risk models may positively impact their value.
MeSH term(s)	Breast/pathology ; Breast Neoplasms/diagnosis ; Early Detection of Cancer/methods ; Female ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Language	English
Publishing date	2015-01-26
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Review
ZDB-ID	82076-3
ISSN	1546-3141 ; 0361-803X ; 0092-5381
ISSN (online)	1546-3141
ISSN	0361-803X ; 0092-5381
DOI	10.2214/AJR.14.13636
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Article ; Online: Functional magnetic resonance: biomarkers of response in breast cancer.

O'Flynn, Elizabeth A M / DeSouza, Nandita M

Breast cancer research : BCR

2011 Volume 13, Issue 1, Page(s) 204

Abstract: Functional magnetic resonance (MR) encompasses a spectrum of techniques that depict physiological and molecular processes before morphological changes are visible on conventional imaging. As understanding of the pathophysiological and biomolecular ... ...

Abstract	Functional magnetic resonance (MR) encompasses a spectrum of techniques that depict physiological and molecular processes before morphological changes are visible on conventional imaging. As understanding of the pathophysiological and biomolecular processes involved in breast malignancies evolves, newer functional MR techniques can be employed that define early predictive and surrogate biomarkers for monitoring response to chemotherapy. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy is increasingly used in women with primary breast malignancies to down-stage the tumour and enable successful breast conservation surgery. It also plays a role in the treatment of undetected micrometastases. Cardinal physiological features of tumours that occur as a result of interactions between cancer cells, stromal cells and secreted factors and cytokines and how they change with treatment provide the opportunity to detect changes in the tumour microenvironment prior to any morphological change. Through sequential imaging, tumour response can be assessed and non-responders can be identified early to enable alternative therapies to be considered. This review summarises the functional magnetic resonance biomarkers of response in patients with breast cancer that are currently available and under development. We describe the current state of each biomarker and explore their potential clinical uses and limitations in assessing treatment response. With the aid of selected interesting cases, biomarkers related to dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI, diffusion-weighted MRI, T2*/BOLD and MR spectroscopy are described and illustrated. The potential of newer approaches, such as MR elastography, are also reviewed.
MeSH term(s)	Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism ; Breast Neoplasms/diagnosis ; Breast Neoplasms/metabolism ; Elasticity Imaging Techniques ; Female ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging/methods ; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy/methods ; Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, Biomolecular ; Prognosis
Chemical Substances	Biomarkers, Tumor
Language	English
Publishing date	2011-02-23
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	2015059-3
ISSN	1465-542X ; 1465-5411
ISSN (online)	1465-542X
ISSN	1465-5411
DOI	10.1186/bcr2815
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Article ; Online: Functional imaging biomarkers for assessing response to treatment in liver and lung metastases.

Bernardin, Livia / O'Flynn, Elizabeth A M / Desouza, Nandita M

Cancer imaging : the official publication of the International Cancer Imaging Society

2013 Volume 13, Issue 4, Page(s) 482–494

Abstract: Management of patients with metastatic cancer and development of new treatments rely on imaging to provide non-invasive biomarkers of tumour response and progression. The widely used size-based criteria have increasingly become inadequate where early ... ...

Abstract	Management of patients with metastatic cancer and development of new treatments rely on imaging to provide non-invasive biomarkers of tumour response and progression. The widely used size-based criteria have increasingly become inadequate where early measures of response are required to avoid toxicity of ineffective treatments, as biological, physiologic, and molecular modifications in tumours occur before changes in gross tumour size. A multiparametric approach with the current range of imaging techniques allows functional aspects of tumours to be simultaneously interrogated. Appropriate use of these imaging techniques and their timing in relation to the treatment schedule, particularly in the context of clinical trials, is fundamental. There is a lack of consensus regarding which imaging parameters are most informative for a particular disease site and the best time to image so that, despite an increasing body of literature, open questions on these aspects remain. In addition, standardization of these new parameters is required. This review summarizes the published literature over the last decade on functional and molecular imaging techniques in assessing treatment response in liver and lung metastases.
MeSH term(s)	Biomarkers, Tumor/analysis ; Fluorodeoxyglucose F18 ; Humans ; Image Enhancement ; Liver Neoplasms/diagnosis ; Liver Neoplasms/pathology ; Liver Neoplasms/secondary ; Liver Neoplasms/therapy ; Lung Neoplasms/diagnosis ; Lung Neoplasms/pathology ; Lung Neoplasms/secondary ; Lung Neoplasms/therapy ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Positron-Emission Tomography ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed
Chemical Substances	Biomarkers, Tumor ; Fluorodeoxyglucose F18 (0Z5B2CJX4D)
Language	English
Publishing date	2013-12-11
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Review
ZDB-ID	2104862-9
ISSN	1470-7330 ; 1470-7330
ISSN (online)	1470-7330
ISSN	1470-7330
DOI	10.1102/1470-7330.2013.0047
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