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Article ; Online: Exhaled breath condensate profiles of U.S. Navy divers following prolonged hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) and nitrogen-oxygen (Nitrox) chamber exposures.

Fothergill, David M / Borras, Eva / McCartney, Mitchell M / Schelegle, Edward S / Davis, Cristina E

2023 Volume 17, Issue 3

Abstract: Prolonged exposure to hyperbaric hyperoxia can lead to pulmonary oxygen toxicity ( ... ...

Abstract	Prolonged exposure to hyperbaric hyperoxia can lead to pulmonary oxygen toxicity (PO
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Breath Tests ; Hyperbaric Oxygenation/adverse effects ; Hyperoxia/drug therapy ; Nitrogen/therapeutic use ; Oxygen ; Cross-Over Studies
Chemical Substances	Nitrogen (N762921K75) ; nitrox (37291-87-5) ; Oxygen (S88TT14065)
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-06-12
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Randomized Controlled Trial ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
ZDB-ID	2381007-5
ISSN	1752-7163 ; 1752-7155
ISSN (online)	1752-7163
ISSN	1752-7155
DOI	10.1088/1752-7163/acd715
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Article ; Online: Comparison of nonparametric and parametric methods for time-frequency heart rate variability analysis in a rodent model of cardiovascular disease.

Wong, Emily M / Tablin, Fern / Schelegle, Edward S

PloS one

2020 Volume 15, Issue 11, Page(s) e0242147

Abstract: The aim of time-varying heart rate variability spectral analysis is to detect and quantify changes in the heart rate variability spectrum components during nonstationary events. Of the methods available, the nonparametric short-time Fourier Transform and ...

Abstract	The aim of time-varying heart rate variability spectral analysis is to detect and quantify changes in the heart rate variability spectrum components during nonstationary events. Of the methods available, the nonparametric short-time Fourier Transform and parametric time-varying autoregressive modeling are the most commonly employed. The current study (1) compares short-time Fourier Transform and autoregressive modeling methods influence on heart rate variability spectral characteristics over time and during an experimental ozone exposure in mature adult spontaneously hypertensive rats, (2) evaluates the agreement between short-time Fourier Transform and autoregressive modeling method results, and (3) describes the advantages and disadvantages of each method. Although similar trends were detected during ozone exposure, statistical comparisons identified significant differences between short-time Fourier Transform and autoregressive modeling analysis results. Significant differences were observed between methods for LF power (p ≤ 0.014); HF power (p ≤ 0.011); total power (p ≤ 0.027); and normalized HF power (p = 0.05). Furthermore, inconsistencies between exposure-related observations accentuated the lack of agreement between short-time Fourier Transform and autoregressive modeling overall. Thus, the short-time Fourier Transform and autoregressive modeling methods for time-varying heart rate variability analysis could not be considered interchangeable for evaluations with or without interventions that are known to affect cardio-autonomic activity.
MeSH term(s)	Algorithms ; Analysis of Variance ; Animals ; Autonomic Nervous System/physiology ; Cardiovascular Diseases/physiopathology ; Disease Models, Animal ; Electrocardiography ; Fourier Analysis ; Heart Rate ; Male ; Ozone ; Rats ; Rats, Inbred SHR ; Regression Analysis ; Statistics, Nonparametric ; Telemetry
Chemical Substances	Ozone (66H7ZZK23N)
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-11-09
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Comparative Study ; Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ISSN	1932-6203
ISSN (online)	1932-6203
DOI	10.1371/journal.pone.0242147
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Article ; Online: Comparison of nonparametric and parametric methods for time-frequency heart rate variability analysis in a rodent model of cardiovascular disease.

Emily M Wong / Fern Tablin / Edward S Schelegle

PLoS ONE, Vol 15, Iss 11, p e

2020 Volume 0242147

Abstract	The aim of time-varying heart rate variability spectral analysis is to detect and quantify changes in the heart rate variability spectrum components during nonstationary events. Of the methods available, the nonparametric short-time Fourier Transform and parametric time-varying autoregressive modeling are the most commonly employed. The current study (1) compares short-time Fourier Transform and autoregressive modeling methods influence on heart rate variability spectral characteristics over time and during an experimental ozone exposure in mature adult spontaneously hypertensive rats, (2) evaluates the agreement between short-time Fourier Transform and autoregressive modeling method results, and (3) describes the advantages and disadvantages of each method. Although similar trends were detected during ozone exposure, statistical comparisons identified significant differences between short-time Fourier Transform and autoregressive modeling analysis results. Significant differences were observed between methods for LF power (p ≤ 0.014); HF power (p ≤ 0.011); total power (p ≤ 0.027); and normalized HF power (p = 0.05). Furthermore, inconsistencies between exposure-related observations accentuated the lack of agreement between short-time Fourier Transform and autoregressive modeling overall. Thus, the short-time Fourier Transform and autoregressive modeling methods for time-varying heart rate variability analysis could not be considered interchangeable for evaluations with or without interventions that are known to affect cardio-autonomic activity.
Keywords	Medicine ; R ; Science ; Q
Subject code	330
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-01-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Document type	Article ; Online
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Article ; Online: Novel LC-MS-TOF method to detect and quantify ascorbic and uric acid simultaneously in different biological matrices.

Borras, Eva / Schrumpf, Leah / Stephens, Noelle / Weimer, Bart C / Davis, Cristina E / Schelegle, Edward S

Journal of chromatography. B, Analytical technologies in the biomedical and life sciences

2021 Volume 1168, Page(s) 122588

Abstract: Ascorbic acid (AA) and uric acid (UA) are known as two of the major antioxidants in biological fluids. We report a novel liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry with time-of-flight (LC-MS-TOF) method for the simultaneous quantification of ascorbic and ... ...

Abstract	Ascorbic acid (AA) and uric acid (UA) are known as two of the major antioxidants in biological fluids. We report a novel liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry with time-of-flight (LC-MS-TOF) method for the simultaneous quantification of ascorbic and uric acids using MPA, antioxidant solution and acetonitrile as a protein precipitating agent. Both compounds were separated from interferences using a reverse phase C18 column with water and acetonitrile gradient elution (both with formic acid) and identified and quantified by MS in the negative ESI mode. Isotope labeled internal standards were also added to ensure the accuracy of the measures. The method was validated for exhaled breath condensate (EBC), nasal lavage (NL) and plasma samples by assessing selectivity, linearity, accuracy and precision, recovery and matrix effect and stability. Sample volumes below 250 µL were used and linear ranges were determined between 1 - 25 and 1 - 40 µg/mL for ascorbic and uric acid, respectively, for plasma samples, and between 0.05 - 5 (AA) and 0.05 - 7.5 (UA) µg/mL for EBC and NL samples. The new method was successfully applied to real samples from subjects that provided each of the studied matrices. Results showed higher amounts determined in plasma samples, with similar profiles for AA and UA in EBC and NL but at much lower concentrations.
MeSH term(s)	Adolescent ; Adult ; Ascorbic Acid/analysis ; Breath Tests ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid/methods ; Female ; Humans ; Linear Models ; Male ; Mass Spectrometry/methods ; Reproducibility of Results ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Uric Acid/analysis ; Young Adult
Chemical Substances	Uric Acid (268B43MJ25) ; Ascorbic Acid (PQ6CK8PD0R)
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-02-16
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1180823-8
ISSN	1873-376X ; 0378-4347 ; 1570-0232 ; 1387-2273
ISSN (online)	1873-376X
ISSN	0378-4347 ; 1570-0232 ; 1387-2273
DOI	10.1016/j.jchromb.2021.122588
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Zs.A 813: Show issues

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Article ; Online: The Organophosphorus Pesticide Chlorpyrifos Induces Sex-Specific Airway Hyperreactivity in Adult Rats.

Shaffo, Frances C / Grodzki, Ana Cristina / Schelegle, Edward S / Lein, Pamela J

Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology

2018 Volume 165, Issue 1, Page(s) 244–253

Abstract: Occupational and environmental exposures to organophosphorus pesticides (OPs) are associated with increased incidence of asthma and other pulmonary diseases. Although the canonical mechanism of OP neurotoxicity is inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) ...

Abstract	Occupational and environmental exposures to organophosphorus pesticides (OPs) are associated with increased incidence of asthma and other pulmonary diseases. Although the canonical mechanism of OP neurotoxicity is inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), it was previously reported that the OP chlorpyrifos (CPF) causes airway hyperreactivity (AHR) in guinea pigs at levels that do not inhibit lung or brain AChE. The guinea pig is considered to have inherently hyperresponsive airways, thus, cross-species validation is needed to confirm relevance to humans. Additionally, sex differences in asthma incidence have been demonstrated in the human population, but whether OP-induced AHR is sex-dependent has not been systematically studied in a preclinical model. In this study, 8-week old male and female Sprague Dawley rats were administered CPF at doses causing comparable AChE inhibition in whole lung homogenate (30 mg/kg in males, 7 mg/kg in females, sc) prior to assessing pulmonary mechanics in response to electrical stimulation of the vagus nerves at 24 h, 48 h, 72 h, 7 d or 14 d post-exposure in males, and 24 h or 7 d post-exposure in females. CPF significantly potentiated vagally induced airway resistance and tissue elastance at 7 d post-exposure in males, and at 24 h and 7 d post-exposure in females. These effects occurred independent of significant AChE inhibition in cerebellum, blood, trachealis, or isolated airway, suggesting that AChE independent OP-induced airway hyperreactivity is a cross-species phenomenon. These findings have significant implications for assessing the risk posed by CPF, and potentially other OPs, to human health and safety.
MeSH term(s)	Acetylcholinesterase/metabolism ; Animals ; Chlorpyrifos/toxicity ; Cholinesterase Inhibitors/toxicity ; Electric Stimulation ; Female ; Lung/drug effects ; Lung/enzymology ; Male ; Pesticides/toxicity ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Respiratory Function Tests ; Respiratory Hypersensitivity/chemically induced ; Sex Factors ; Vagus Nerve
Chemical Substances	Cholinesterase Inhibitors ; Pesticides ; Acetylcholinesterase (EC 3.1.1.7) ; Chlorpyrifos (JCS58I644W)
Language	English
Publishing date	2018-06-01
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	1420885-4
ISSN	1096-0929 ; 1096-6080
ISSN (online)	1096-0929
ISSN	1096-6080
DOI	10.1093/toxsci/kfy158
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Zs.A 1709: Show issues

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Article ; Online: Nonhuman Primate Models of Respiratory Disease: Past, Present, and Future.

Miller, Lisa A / Royer, Christopher M / Pinkerton, Kent E / Schelegle, Edward S

ILAR journal

2017 Volume 58, Issue 2, Page(s) 269–280

Abstract: The respiratory system consists of an integrated network of organs and structures that primarily function for gas exchange. In mammals, oxygen and carbon dioxide are transmitted through a complex respiratory tract, consisting of the nasal passages, ... ...

Abstract	The respiratory system consists of an integrated network of organs and structures that primarily function for gas exchange. In mammals, oxygen and carbon dioxide are transmitted through a complex respiratory tract, consisting of the nasal passages, pharynx, larynx, and lung. Exposure to ambient air throughout the lifespan imposes vulnerability of the respiratory system to environmental challenges that can contribute toward development of disease. The importance of the respiratory system to human health is supported by statistics from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; in 2015, chronic lower respiratory diseases were the third leading cause of death in the United States. In light of the significant mortality associated with respiratory conditions that afflict all ages of the human population, this review will focus on basic and preclinical research conducted in nonhuman primate models of respiratory disease. In comparison with other laboratory animals, the nonhuman primate lung most closely resembles the human lung in structure, physiology, and mucosal immune mechanisms. Studies defining the influence of inhaled microbes, pollutants, or allergens on the nonhuman primate lung have provided insight on disease pathogenesis, with the potential for elucidation of molecular targets leading to new treatment modalities. Vaccine trials in nonhuman primates have been crucial for confirmation of safety and protective efficacy against infectious diseases of the lung in a laboratory animal model that recapitulates pathology observed in humans. In looking to the future, nonhuman primate models of respiratory diseases will continue to be instrumental for translating biomedical research for improvement of human health.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Asthma/metabolism ; Asthma/pathology ; Communicable Diseases/metabolism ; Communicable Diseases/pathology ; Disease Models, Animal ; Humans ; Primates ; Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive/metabolism ; Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive/pathology ; Respiratory Tract Diseases/metabolism ; Respiratory Tract Diseases/pathology
Keywords	covid19
Language	English
Publishing date	2017-12-06
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Review
ZDB-ID	2192062-X
ISSN	1930-6180 ; 1084-2020
ISSN (online)	1930-6180
ISSN	1084-2020
DOI	10.1093/ilar/ilx030
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Article ; Online: Vagal afferents contribute to exacerbated airway responses following ozone and allergen challenge.

Schelegle, Edward S / Walby, William F

Respiratory physiology & neurobiology

2012 Volume 181, Issue 3, Page(s) 277–285

Abstract: Brown-Norway rats (n=113) sensitized and challenged with nDer f 1 allergen were used to examine the contribution of lung sensory nerves to ozone (O(3)) exacerbation of asthma. Prior to their third challenge rats inhaled 1.0ppm O(3) for 8h. There were ... ...

Abstract	Brown-Norway rats (n=113) sensitized and challenged with nDer f 1 allergen were used to examine the contribution of lung sensory nerves to ozone (O(3)) exacerbation of asthma. Prior to their third challenge rats inhaled 1.0ppm O(3) for 8h. There were three groups: (1) control; (2) vagus perineural capsaicin treatment (PCT) with or without hexamethonium; and (3) vagotomy. O(3) inhalation resulted in a significant increase in lung resistance (R(L)) and an exaggerated response to subsequent allergen challenge. PCT abolished the O(3)-induced increase in R(L) and significantly reduced the increase in R(L) induced by a subsequent allergen challenge, while hexamethonium treatment reestablished bronchoconstriction induced by allergen challenge. Vagotomy resulted in a significant increase in the bronchoconstriction induced by O(3) inhalation and subsequent challenge with allergen. In this model of O(3) exacerbation of asthma, vagal C-fibers initiate reflex bronchoconstriction, vagal myelinated fibers initiate reflex bronchodilation, and mediators released within the airway initiate bronchoconstriction.
MeSH term(s)	Air Pollutants/pharmacology ; Airway Resistance ; Allergens/immunology ; Animals ; Asthma/complications ; Asthma/immunology ; Asthma/physiopathology ; Bronchoconstriction/drug effects ; Bronchoconstriction/immunology ; Capsaicin/pharmacology ; Ganglionic Blockers/pharmacology ; Hexamethonium/pharmacology ; Hypersensitivity/complications ; Hypersensitivity/immunology ; Lung/immunology ; Lung/innervation ; Male ; Nerve Fibers, Unmyelinated/drug effects ; Nerve Fibers, Unmyelinated/physiology ; Ozone/pharmacology ; Rats ; Sensory Receptor Cells/drug effects ; Sensory System Agents/pharmacology ; Vagotomy
Chemical Substances	Air Pollutants ; Allergens ; Ganglionic Blockers ; Sensory System Agents ; Hexamethonium (3C9PSP36Z2) ; Ozone (66H7ZZK23N) ; Capsaicin (S07O44R1ZM)
Language	English
Publishing date	2012-04-12
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Comparative Study ; Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2077867-3
ISSN	1878-1519 ; 1569-9048
ISSN (online)	1878-1519
ISSN	1569-9048
DOI	10.1016/j.resp.2012.04.003
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Zs.A 519: Show issues

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Article ; Online: Ultrafine Particulate Matter Combined With Ozone Exacerbates Lung Injury in Mature Adult Rats With Cardiovascular Disease.

Wong, Emily M / Walby, William F / Wilson, Dennis W / Tablin, Fern / Schelegle, Edward S

Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology

2018 Volume 163, Issue 1, Page(s) 140–151

Abstract: Particulate matter (PM) and ozone (O3) are dominant air pollutants that contribute to development and exacerbation of multiple cardiopulmonary diseases. Mature adults with cardiovascular disease (CVD) are particularly susceptible to air pollution-related ...

Abstract	Particulate matter (PM) and ozone (O3) are dominant air pollutants that contribute to development and exacerbation of multiple cardiopulmonary diseases. Mature adults with cardiovascular disease (CVD) are particularly susceptible to air pollution-related cardiopulmonary morbidities and mortalities. The aim was to investigate the biologic potency of ultrafine particulate matter (UFPM) combined with O3 in the lungs of mature adult normotensive and spontaneously hypertensive (SH) Wistar-Kyoto rats. Conscious, mature adult male normal Wistar-Kyoto (NW) and SH rats were exposed to one of the following atmospheres: filtered air (FA); UFPM (∼ 250 μg/m3); O3 (1.0 ppm); or UFPM + O3 (∼ 250 μg/m3 + 1.0 ppm) combined for 6 h, followed by an 8 h FA recovery period. Lung sections were evaluated for lesions in the large airways, terminal bronchiolar/alveolar duct regions, alveolar parenchyma, and vasculature. NW and SH rats were similarly affected by the combined-pollutant exposure, displaying severe injury in both large and small airways. SH rats were particularly susceptible to O3 exposure, exhibiting increased injury scores in terminal bronchioles and epithelial degeneration in large airways. UFPM-exposure groups had minimal histologic changes. The chemical composition of UFPM was altered by the addition of O3, indicating that ozonolysis promoted compound degradation. O3 increased the biologic potency of UFPM, resulting in greater lung injury following exposure. Pathologic manifestations of CVD may confer susceptibility to air pollution by impairing normal lung defenses and responses to exposure.
MeSH term(s)	Air Pollutants/toxicity ; Animals ; Cardiovascular Diseases/complications ; Cardiovascular Diseases/pathology ; Inhalation Exposure ; Lung/drug effects ; Lung/pathology ; Lung Injury/chemically induced ; Lung Injury/complications ; Lung Injury/pathology ; Male ; Ozone/administration & dosage ; Ozone/chemistry ; Ozone/toxicity ; Particle Size ; Particulate Matter/administration & dosage ; Particulate Matter/chemistry ; Particulate Matter/toxicity ; Rats, Inbred SHR ; Rats, Inbred WKY
Chemical Substances	Air Pollutants ; Particulate Matter ; Ozone (66H7ZZK23N)
Language	English
Publishing date	2018-01-02
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
ZDB-ID	1420885-4
ISSN	1096-0929 ; 1096-6080
ISSN (online)	1096-0929
ISSN	1096-6080
DOI	10.1093/toxsci/kfy018
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Zs.A 1709: Show issues

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Article ; Online: Diverse forms of pulmonary hypertension remodel the arterial tree to a high shear phenotype.

Allen, Roblee P / Schelegle, Edward S / Bennett, Stephen H

American journal of physiology. Heart and circulatory physiology

2014 Volume 307, Issue 3, Page(s) H405–17

Abstract: Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is associated with progressive changes in arterial network complexity. An allometric model is derived that integrates diameter branching complexity between pulmonary arterioles of generation n and the main pulmonary artery ( ... ...

Abstract	Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is associated with progressive changes in arterial network complexity. An allometric model is derived that integrates diameter branching complexity between pulmonary arterioles of generation n and the main pulmonary artery (MPA) via a power-law exponent (X) in dn = dMPA2(-n/X) and the arterial area ratio β = 2(1-2/X). Our hypothesis is that diverse forms of PH demonstrate early decrements in X independent of etiology and pathogenesis, which alters the arteriolar shear stress load from a low-shear stress (X > 2, β > 1) to a high-shear stress phenotype (X < 2, β < 1). Model assessment was accomplished by comparing theoretical predictions to retrospective morphometric and hemodynamic measurements made available from a total of 221 PH-free and PH subjects diagnosed with diverse forms (World Health Organization; WHO groups I-IV) of PH: mitral stenosis, congenital heart disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary lung disease, chronic thromboembolism, idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension (IPAH), familial (FPAH), collagen vascular disease, and methamphetamine exposure. X was calculated from pulmonary artery pressure (PPA), cardiac output (Q) and body weight (M), utilizing an allometric power-law prediction of X relative to a PH-free state. Comparisons of X between PAH-free and PAH subjects indicates a characteristic reduction in area that elevates arteriolar shear stress, which may contribute to mechanisms of endothelial dysfunction and injury before clinically defined thresholds of pulmonary vascular resistance and PH. We conclude that the evaluation of X may be of use in identifying reversible and irreversible phases of PH in the early course of the disease process.
MeSH term(s)	Arterioles/pathology ; Arterioles/physiopathology ; Body Weight ; Endothelium, Vascular/pathology ; Endothelium, Vascular/physiopathology ; Hemodynamics ; Humans ; Hypertension, Pulmonary/pathology ; Hypertension, Pulmonary/physiopathology ; Models, Cardiovascular ; Phenotype ; Pulmonary Artery/pathology ; Pulmonary Artery/physiopathology ; Reproducibility of Results ; Retrospective Studies ; Stress, Mechanical ; Vascular Remodeling
Language	English
Publishing date	2014-05-23
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Comparative Study ; Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
ZDB-ID	603838-4
ISSN	1522-1539 ; 0363-6135
ISSN (online)	1522-1539
ISSN	0363-6135
DOI	10.1152/ajpheart.00144.2014
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Article: Functional morphology and physiology of slowly adapting pulmonary stretch receptors.

Schelegle, Edward S

The anatomical record. Part A, Discoveries in molecular, cellular, and evolutionary biology

2003 Volume 270, Issue 1, Page(s) 11–16

Abstract: Since the original work by Hering and Breuer (1868) on slowly adapting pulmonary stretch receptors (SARs), numerous studies have demonstrated that these receptors are the lung vagal afferents responsible for eliciting the reflexes evoked by moderate lung ...

Abstract	Since the original work by Hering and Breuer (1868) on slowly adapting pulmonary stretch receptors (SARs), numerous studies have demonstrated that these receptors are the lung vagal afferents responsible for eliciting the reflexes evoked by moderate lung inflation. SARs play a role in controlling breathing pattern, airway smooth muscle tone, systemic vascular resistance, and heart rate. Both anatomical and physiological studies support the contention that SARs, by their close association with airway smooth muscle, continuously sense the tension within the myoelastic components of the airways caused by lung inflation, smooth muscle contraction, and/or tethering of small intrapulmonary airways to the lung parenchyma. As a result, the receptor field location within the tracheobronchial tree of a SAR plays an important role in its discharge pattern, with variations in airway transluminal pressure and airway smooth muscle orientation being important modulating factors. The disruption of airway myoelastic components in various pulmonary diseases would be expected to alter the discharge pattern of SARs, and contribute to changes in breathing pattern and airway smooth muscle tone.
MeSH term(s)	Adaptation, Physiological ; Animals ; Arachidonic Acids/pharmacology ; Cannabinoid Receptor Modulators/pharmacology ; Capsaicin/pharmacology ; Endocannabinoids ; Humans ; Lung/innervation ; Lung/physiology ; Neural Conduction/drug effects ; Polyunsaturated Alkamides ; Pulmonary Stretch Receptors/anatomy & histology ; Pulmonary Stretch Receptors/drug effects ; Pulmonary Stretch Receptors/physiology ; Receptors, Drug/metabolism ; Reflex ; Vagus Nerve/drug effects ; Vagus Nerve/physiology
Chemical Substances	Arachidonic Acids ; Cannabinoid Receptor Modulators ; Endocannabinoids ; Polyunsaturated Alkamides ; Receptors, Drug ; Capsaicin (S07O44R1ZM) ; anandamide (UR5G69TJKH)
Language	English
Publishing date	2003-01
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	2103089-3
ISSN	1552-4884 ; 0003-276X
ISSN	1552-4884 ; 0003-276X
DOI	10.1002/ar.a.10004
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