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  1. Article ; Online: Application of uncertainty quantification to artificial intelligence in healthcare: A review of last decade (2013-2023).

    Seoni, Silvia / Jahmunah, Vicnesh / Salvi, Massimo / Barua, Prabal Datta / Molinari, Filippo / Acharya, U Rajendra

    Computers in biology and medicine

    2023  Volume 165, Page(s) 107441

    Abstract: Uncertainty estimation in healthcare involves quantifying and understanding the inherent uncertainty or variability associated with medical predictions, diagnoses, and treatment outcomes. In this era of Artificial Intelligence (AI) models, uncertainty ... ...

    Abstract Uncertainty estimation in healthcare involves quantifying and understanding the inherent uncertainty or variability associated with medical predictions, diagnoses, and treatment outcomes. In this era of Artificial Intelligence (AI) models, uncertainty estimation becomes vital to ensure safe decision-making in the medical field. Therefore, this review focuses on the application of uncertainty techniques to machine and deep learning models in healthcare. A systematic literature review was conducted using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Our analysis revealed that Bayesian methods were the predominant technique for uncertainty quantification in machine learning models, with Fuzzy systems being the second most used approach. Regarding deep learning models, Bayesian methods emerged as the most prevalent approach, finding application in nearly all aspects of medical imaging. Most of the studies reported in this paper focused on medical images, highlighting the prevalent application of uncertainty quantification techniques using deep learning models compared to machine learning models. Interestingly, we observed a scarcity of studies applying uncertainty quantification to physiological signals. Thus, future research on uncertainty quantification should prioritize investigating the application of these techniques to physiological signals. Overall, our review highlights the significance of integrating uncertainty techniques in healthcare applications of machine learning and deep learning models. This can provide valuable insights and practical solutions to manage uncertainty in real-world medical data, ultimately improving the accuracy and reliability of medical diagnoses and treatment recommendations.
    MeSH term(s) Artificial Intelligence ; Bayes Theorem ; Reproducibility of Results ; Uncertainty ; Delivery of Health Care
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-09-01
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Systematic Review ; Journal Article ; Review
    ZDB-ID 127557-4
    ISSN 1879-0534 ; 0010-4825
    ISSN (online) 1879-0534
    ISSN 0010-4825
    DOI 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2023.107441
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  2. Article: Automated recognition of major depressive disorder from cardiovascular and respiratory physiological signals.

    Zitouni, M Sami / Lih Oh, Shu / Vicnesh, Jahmunah / Khandoker, Ahsan / Acharya, U Rajendra

    Frontiers in psychiatry

    2022  Volume 13, Page(s) 970993

    Abstract: Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) is a neurohormonal disorder that causes persistent negative thoughts, mood and feelings, often accompanied with suicidal ideation (SI). Current clinical diagnostic approaches are solely based on psychiatric interview ... ...

    Abstract Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) is a neurohormonal disorder that causes persistent negative thoughts, mood and feelings, often accompanied with suicidal ideation (SI). Current clinical diagnostic approaches are solely based on psychiatric interview questionnaires. Thus, a computational intelligence tool for the automated detection of MDD with and without suicidal ideation is presented in this study. Since MDD is proven to affect cardiovascular and respiratory systems, the aim of the study is to automatically identify the disorder severity in MDD patients using corresponding multi-modal physiological signals, including electrocardiogram (ECG), finger photoplethysmography (PPG) and respiratory signals (RSP). Data from 88 subjects were used in this study, out of which 25 were MDD patients without SI (MDDSI-), 18 MDD patients with SI (MDDSI+), and 45 normal subjects. Multi-modal physiological signals were acquired from each subject, including ECG, RSP, and PPG signals, and then pre-processed. Discrete wavelet transform (DWT) was applied to the signals, which were decomposed up to six levels, and then eleven nonlinear features were extracted. The features were ranked according to the analysis of variance test and Marginal Fisher Analysis was employed to reduce the feature set, after which the reduced features were ranked again to select the most discriminatory features. Support vector machine with polynomial radial basis function (SVM-RBF) as well as k-nearest neighbor (KNN) classifiers were used to classify the significant features. The performance of the classifiers was evaluated in a 10-fold cross validation scheme. The best performance achieved for the classification of MDDSI+ patients was up to 85.2%, by using selected features from the obtained multi-modal signals with SVM-RBF, while it was up to 96.6% for the detection of MDD patients against healthy subjects. This work is a step toward the utilization of automated tools in diagnostics and monitoring of MDD patients in a personalized and wearable healthcare system.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-12-09
    Publishing country Switzerland
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2564218-2
    ISSN 1664-0640
    ISSN 1664-0640
    DOI 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.970993
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  3. Article ; Online: Artificial Intelligence Enabled Personalised Assistive Tools to Enhance Education of Children with Neurodevelopmental Disorders-A Review.

    Barua, Prabal Datta / Vicnesh, Jahmunah / Gururajan, Raj / Oh, Shu Lih / Palmer, Elizabeth / Azizan, Muhammad Mokhzaini / Kadri, Nahrizul Adib / Acharya, U Rajendra

    International journal of environmental research and public health

    2022  Volume 19, Issue 3

    Abstract: Mental disorders (MDs) with onset in childhood or adolescence include neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) (intellectual disability and specific learning disabilities, such as dyslexia, attention deficit disorder (ADHD), and autism spectrum disorders (ASD) ...

    Abstract Mental disorders (MDs) with onset in childhood or adolescence include neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) (intellectual disability and specific learning disabilities, such as dyslexia, attention deficit disorder (ADHD), and autism spectrum disorders (ASD)), as well as a broad range of mental health disorders (MHDs), including anxiety, depressive, stress-related and psychotic disorders. There is a high co-morbidity of NDDs and MHDs. Globally, there have been dramatic increases in the diagnosis of childhood-onset mental disorders, with a 2- to 3-fold rise in prevalence for several MHDs in the US over the past 20 years. Depending on the type of MD, children often grapple with social and communication deficits and difficulties adapting to changes in their environment, which can impact their ability to learn effectively. To improve outcomes for children, it is important to provide timely and effective interventions. This review summarises the range and effectiveness of AI-assisted tools, developed using machine learning models, which have been applied to address learning challenges in students with a range of NDDs. Our review summarises the evidence that AI tools can be successfully used to improve social interaction and supportive education. Based on the limitations of existing AI tools, we provide recommendations for the development of future AI tools with a focus on providing personalised learning for individuals with NDDs.
    MeSH term(s) Adolescent ; Anxiety Disorders ; Artificial Intelligence ; Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity ; Autism Spectrum Disorder ; Child ; Humans ; Neurodevelopmental Disorders/epidemiology
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-01-21
    Publishing country Switzerland
    Document type Journal Article ; Review
    ZDB-ID 2175195-X
    ISSN 1660-4601 ; 1661-7827
    ISSN (online) 1660-4601
    ISSN 1661-7827
    DOI 10.3390/ijerph19031192
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  4. Article: Artificial intelligence assisted tools for the detection of anxiety and depression leading to suicidal ideation in adolescents: a review.

    Barua, Prabal Datta / Vicnesh, Jahmunah / Lih, Oh Shu / Palmer, Elizabeth Emma / Yamakawa, Toshitaka / Kobayashi, Makiko / Acharya, Udyavara Rajendra

    Cognitive neurodynamics

    2022  , Page(s) 1–22

    Abstract: Epidemiological studies report high levels of anxiety and depression amongst adolescents. These psychiatric conditions and complex interplays of biological, social and environmental factors are important risk factors for suicidal behaviours and suicide, ... ...

    Abstract Epidemiological studies report high levels of anxiety and depression amongst adolescents. These psychiatric conditions and complex interplays of biological, social and environmental factors are important risk factors for suicidal behaviours and suicide, which show a peak in late adolescence and early adulthood. Although deaths by suicide have fallen globally in recent years, suicide deaths are increasing in some countries, such as the US. Suicide prevention is a challenging global public health problem. Currently, there aren't any validated clinical biomarkers for suicidal diagnosis, and traditional methods exhibit limitations. Artificial intelligence (AI) is budding in many fields, including in the diagnosis of medical conditions. This review paper summarizes recent studies (past 8 years) that employed AI tools for the automated detection of depression and/or anxiety disorder and discusses the limitations and effects of some modalities. The studies assert that AI tools produce promising results and could overcome the limitations of traditional diagnostic methods. Although using AI tools for suicidal ideation exhibits limitations, these are outweighed by the advantages. Thus, this review article also proposes extracting a fusion of features such as facial images, speech signals, and visual and clinical history features from deep models for the automated detection of depression and/or anxiety disorder in individuals, for future work. This may pave the way for the identification of individuals with suicidal thoughts.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-11-22
    Publishing country Netherlands
    Document type Journal Article ; Review
    ZDB-ID 2276890-7
    ISSN 1871-4099 ; 1871-4080
    ISSN (online) 1871-4099
    ISSN 1871-4080
    DOI 10.1007/s11571-022-09904-0
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  5. Article ; Online: Autism Spectrum Disorder Diagnostic System Using HOS Bispectrum with EEG Signals.

    Pham, The-Hanh / Vicnesh, Jahmunah / Wei, Joel Koh En / Oh, Shu Lih / Arunkumar, N / Abdulhay, Enas W / Ciaccio, Edward J / Acharya, U Rajendra

    International journal of environmental research and public health

    2020  Volume 17, Issue 3

    Abstract: Autistic individuals often have difficulties expressing or controlling emotions and have poor eye contact, among other symptoms. The prevalence of autism is increasing globally, posing a need to address this concern. Current diagnostic systems have ... ...

    Abstract Autistic individuals often have difficulties expressing or controlling emotions and have poor eye contact, among other symptoms. The prevalence of autism is increasing globally, posing a need to address this concern. Current diagnostic systems have particular limitations; hence, some individuals go undiagnosed or the diagnosis is delayed. In this study, an effective autism diagnostic system using electroencephalogram (EEG) signals, which are generated from electrical activity in the brain, was developed and characterized. The pre-processed signals were converted to two-dimensional images using the higher-order spectra (HOS) bispectrum. Nonlinear features were extracted thereafter, and then reduced using locality sensitivity discriminant analysis (LSDA). Significant features were selected from the condensed feature set using Student's
    MeSH term(s) Adolescent ; Autism Spectrum Disorder/diagnosis ; Autism Spectrum Disorder/physiopathology ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Discriminant Analysis ; Electroencephalography ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Neural Networks, Computer ; Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-02-04
    Publishing country Switzerland
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2175195-X
    ISSN 1660-4601 ; 1661-7827
    ISSN (online) 1660-4601
    ISSN 1661-7827
    DOI 10.3390/ijerph17030971
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  6. Article ; Online: Automated classification of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and conduct disorder using entropy features with ECG signals.

    Koh, Joel E W / Ooi, Chui Ping / Lim-Ashworth, Nikki Sj / Vicnesh, Jahmunah / Tor, Hui Tian / Lih, Oh Shu / Tan, Ru-San / Acharya, U Rajendra / Fung, Daniel Shuen Sheng

    Computers in biology and medicine

    2021  Volume 140, Page(s) 105120

    Abstract: Background: The most prevalent neuropsychiatric disorder among children is attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). ADHD presents with a high prevalence of comorbid disorders such as conduct disorder (CD). The lack of definitive confirmatory ... ...

    Abstract Background: The most prevalent neuropsychiatric disorder among children is attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). ADHD presents with a high prevalence of comorbid disorders such as conduct disorder (CD). The lack of definitive confirmatory diagnostic tests for ADHD and CD make diagnosis challenging. The distinction between ADHD, ADHD + CD and CD is important as the course and treatment are different. Electrocardiography (ECG) signals may become altered in behavioral disorders due to brain-heart autonomic interactions. We have developed a software tool to categorize ADHD, ADHD + CD and CD automatically on ECG signals.
    Method: ECG signals from participants were decomposed using empirical wavelet transform into various modes, from which entropy features were extracted. Robust ten-fold cross-validation with adaptive synthetic sampling (ADASYN) and z-score normalization were performed at each fold. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) technique was employed to determine the variability within the three classes, and obtained the most discriminatory features. Highly significant entropy features were then fed to classifiers.
    Results: Our model yielded the best classification results with the bagged tree classifier: 87.19%, 87.71% and 86.29% for accuracy, sensitivity and specificity, respectively.
    Conclusion: The proposed expert system can potentially assist mental health professionals in the stratification of the three classes, for appropriate intervention using accessible ECG signals.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-12-04
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 127557-4
    ISSN 1879-0534 ; 0010-4825
    ISSN (online) 1879-0534
    ISSN 0010-4825
    DOI 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2021.105120
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  7. Article ; Online: Deep Convolutional Neural Network Model for Automated Diagnosis of Schizophrenia Using EEG Signals

    Shu Lih Oh / Jahmunah Vicnesh / Edward J Ciaccio / Rajamanickam Yuvaraj / U Rajendra Acharya

    Applied Sciences, Vol 9, Iss 14, p

    2019  Volume 2870

    Abstract: A computerized detection system for the diagnosis of Schizophrenia (SZ) using a convolutional neural system is described in this study. Schizophrenia is an anomaly in the brain characterized by behavioral symptoms such as hallucinations and disorganized ... ...

    Abstract A computerized detection system for the diagnosis of Schizophrenia (SZ) using a convolutional neural system is described in this study. Schizophrenia is an anomaly in the brain characterized by behavioral symptoms such as hallucinations and disorganized speech. Electroencephalograms (EEG) indicate brain disorders and are prominently used to study brain diseases. We collected EEG signals from 14 healthy subjects and 14 SZ patients and developed an eleven-layered convolutional neural network (CNN) model to analyze the signals. Conventional machine learning techniques are often laborious and subject to intra-observer variability. Deep learning algorithms that have the ability to automatically extract significant features and classify them are thus employed in this study. Features are extracted automatically at the convolution stage, with the most significant features extracted at the max-pooling stage, and the fully connected layer is utilized to classify the signals. The proposed model generated classification accuracies of 98.07% and 81.26% for non-subject based testing and subject based testing, respectively. The developed model can likely aid clinicians as a diagnostic tool to detect early stages of SZ.
    Keywords automated detection system ; schizophrenia ; deep learning ; deep learning algorithm ; Technology ; T ; Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General) ; TA1-2040 ; Biology (General) ; QH301-705.5 ; Physics ; QC1-999 ; Chemistry ; QD1-999
    Subject code 006
    Language English
    Publishing date 2019-07-01T00:00:00Z
    Publisher MDPI AG
    Document type Article ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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  8. Article ; Online: Artificial Intelligence Enabled Personalised Assistive Tools to Enhance Education of Children with Neurodevelopmental Disorders—A Review

    Prabal Datta Barua / Jahmunah Vicnesh / Raj Gururajan / Shu Lih Oh / Elizabeth Palmer / Muhammad Mokhzaini Azizan / Nahrizul Adib Kadri / U. Rajendra Acharya

    International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, Vol 19, Iss 1192, p

    2022  Volume 1192

    Abstract: Mental disorders (MDs) with onset in childhood or adolescence include neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) (intellectual disability and specific learning disabilities, such as dyslexia, attention deficit disorder (ADHD), and autism spectrum disorders (ASD) ...

    Abstract Mental disorders (MDs) with onset in childhood or adolescence include neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) (intellectual disability and specific learning disabilities, such as dyslexia, attention deficit disorder (ADHD), and autism spectrum disorders (ASD)), as well as a broad range of mental health disorders (MHDs), including anxiety, depressive, stress-related and psychotic disorders. There is a high co-morbidity of NDDs and MHDs. Globally, there have been dramatic increases in the diagnosis of childhood-onset mental disorders, with a 2- to 3-fold rise in prevalence for several MHDs in the US over the past 20 years. Depending on the type of MD, children often grapple with social and communication deficits and difficulties adapting to changes in their environment, which can impact their ability to learn effectively. To improve outcomes for children, it is important to provide timely and effective interventions. This review summarises the range and effectiveness of AI-assisted tools, developed using machine learning models, which have been applied to address learning challenges in students with a range of NDDs. Our review summarises the evidence that AI tools can be successfully used to improve social interaction and supportive education. Based on the limitations of existing AI tools, we provide recommendations for the development of future AI tools with a focus on providing personalised learning for individuals with NDDs.
    Keywords neurodevelopmental disorders ; mental disorders ; personalisation ; artificial intelligence ; machine learning ; Medicine ; R
    Subject code 401
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-01-01T00:00:00Z
    Publisher MDPI AG
    Document type Article ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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  9. Article ; Online: Automated diagnosis of celiac disease by video capsule endoscopy using DAISY Descriptors.

    Vicnesh, Jahmunah / Wei, Joel Koh En / Ciaccio, Edward J / Oh, Shu Lih / Bhagat, Govind / Lewis, Suzanne K / Green, Peter H / Acharya, U Rajendra

    Journal of medical systems

    2019  Volume 43, Issue 6, Page(s) 157

    Abstract: Celiac disease is a genetically determined disorder of the small intestine, occurring due to an immune response to ingested gluten-containing food. The resulting damage to the small intestinal mucosa hampers nutrient absorption, and is characterized by ... ...

    Abstract Celiac disease is a genetically determined disorder of the small intestine, occurring due to an immune response to ingested gluten-containing food. The resulting damage to the small intestinal mucosa hampers nutrient absorption, and is characterized by diarrhea, abdominal pain, and a variety of extra-intestinal manifestations. Invasive and costly methods such as endoscopic biopsy are currently used to diagnose celiac disease. Detection of the disease by histopathologic analysis of biopsies can be challenging due to suboptimal sampling. Video capsule images were obtained from celiac patients and controls for comparison and classification. This study exploits the use of DAISY descriptors to project two-dimensional images onto one-dimensional vectors. Shannon entropy is then used to extract features, after which a particle swarm optimization algorithm coupled with normalization is employed to select the 30 best features for classification. Statistical measures of this paradigm were tabulated. The accuracy, positive predictive value, sensitivity and specificity obtained in distinguishing celiac versus control video capsule images were 89.82%, 89.17%, 94.35% and 83.20% respectively, using the 10-fold cross-validation technique. When employing manual methods rather than the automated means described in this study, technical limitations and inconclusive results may hamper diagnosis. Our findings suggest that the computer-aided detection system presented herein can render diagnostic information, and thus may provide clinicians with an important tool to validate a diagnosis of celiac disease.
    MeSH term(s) Algorithms ; Capsule Endoscopy/methods ; Capsule Endoscopy/standards ; Celiac Disease/diagnosis ; Celiac Disease/diagnostic imaging ; Celiac Disease/pathology ; Humans ; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted/methods ; Intestinal Mucosa/pathology ; Sensitivity and Specificity
    Language English
    Publishing date 2019-04-26
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 423488-1
    ISSN 1573-689X ; 0148-5598
    ISSN (online) 1573-689X
    ISSN 0148-5598
    DOI 10.1007/s10916-019-1285-6
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  10. Article ; Online: Automated Detection of Sleep Stages Using Deep Learning Techniques

    Hui Wen Loh / Chui Ping Ooi / Jahmunah Vicnesh / Shu Lih Oh / Oliver Faust / Arkadiusz Gertych / U. Rajendra Acharya

    Applied Sciences, Vol 10, Iss 8963, p

    A Systematic Review of the Last Decade (2010 – 2020)

    2020  Volume 8963

    Abstract: Sleep is vital for one’s general well-being, but it is often neglected, which has led to an increase in sleep disorders worldwide. Indicators of sleep disorders, such as sleep interruptions, extreme daytime drowsiness, or snoring, can be detected with ... ...

    Abstract Sleep is vital for one’s general well-being, but it is often neglected, which has led to an increase in sleep disorders worldwide. Indicators of sleep disorders, such as sleep interruptions, extreme daytime drowsiness, or snoring, can be detected with sleep analysis. However, sleep analysis relies on visuals conducted by experts, and is susceptible to inter- and intra-observer variabilities. One way to overcome these limitations is to support experts with a programmed diagnostic tool (PDT) based on artificial intelligence for timely detection of sleep disturbances. Artificial intelligence technology, such as deep learning (DL), ensures that data are fully utilized with low to no information loss during training. This paper provides a comprehensive review of 36 studies, published between March 2013 and August 2020, which employed DL models to analyze overnight polysomnogram (PSG) recordings for the classification of sleep stages. Our analysis shows that more than half of the studies employed convolutional neural networks (CNNs) on electroencephalography (EEG) recordings for sleep stage classification and achieved high performance. Our study also underscores that CNN models, particularly one-dimensional CNN models, are advantageous in yielding higher accuracies for classification. More importantly, we noticed that EEG alone is not sufficient to achieve robust classification results. Future automated detection systems should consider other PSG recordings, such as electroencephalogram (EEG), electrooculogram (EOG), and electromyogram (EMG) signals, along with input from human experts, to achieve the required sleep stage classification robustness. Hence, for DL methods to be fully realized as a practical PDT for sleep stage scoring in clinical applications, inclusion of other PSG recordings, besides EEG recordings, is necessary. In this respect, our report includes methods published in the last decade, underscoring the use of DL models with other PSG recordings, for scoring of sleep stages.
    Keywords sleep disorder ; obstructive sleep disorder ; overnight polysomnogram ; EEG ; EMG ; ECG ; Technology ; T ; Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General) ; TA1-2040 ; Biology (General) ; QH301-705.5 ; Physics ; QC1-999 ; Chemistry ; QD1-999
    Subject code 006
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-12-01T00:00:00Z
    Publisher MDPI AG
    Document type Article ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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