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Article ; Online: Information content of note transitions in the music of J. S. Bach.

Kulkarni, Suman / David, Sophia U / Lynn, Christopher W / Bassett, Dani S

ArXiv

2023

Abstract: ... we analyze music composed by J. S. Bach through the lens of network science and information theory. Regarded ...

Abstract	Music has a complex structure that expresses emotion and conveys information. Humans process that information through imperfect cognitive instruments that produce a gestalt, smeared version of reality. How can we quantify the information contained in a piece of music? Further, what is the information inferred by a human, and how does that relate to (and differ from) the true structure of a piece? To tackle these questions quantitatively, we present a framework to study the information conveyed in a musical piece by constructing and analyzing networks formed by notes (nodes) and their transitions (edges). Using this framework, we analyze music composed by J. S. Bach through the lens of network science and information theory. Regarded as one of the greatest composers in the Western music tradition, Bach's work is highly mathematically structured and spans a wide range of compositional forms, such as fugues and choral pieces. Conceptualizing each composition as a network of note transitions, we quantify the information contained in each piece and find that different kinds of compositions can be grouped together according to their information content and network structure. Moreover, we find that the music networks communicate large amounts of information while maintaining small deviations of the inferred network from the true network, suggesting that they are structured for efficient communication of information. We probe the network structures that enable this rapid and efficient communication of information--namely, high heterogeneity and strong clustering. Taken together, our findings shed new light on the information and network properties of Bach's compositions. More generally, our framework serves as a stepping stone for exploring musical complexities, creativity and the structure of information in a range of complex systems.
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-09-05
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Preprint
ISSN	2331-8422
ISSN (online)	2331-8422
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Gathering the Stakeholder’s Perspective: Experiences and Opportunities in Rare Genetic Disease Research

White, Lauren K. / Crowley, T. Blaine / Finucane, Brenda / McClellan, Emily J. / Donoghue, Sarah / Garcia-Minaur, Sixto / Repetto, Gabriela M. / Fischer, Matthias / Jacquemont, Sebastien / Gur, Raquel E. / Maillard, Anne M. / Donald, Kirsten A. / Bassett, Anne S. / Swillen, Ann / McDonald-McGinn, Donna M.

Genes (Basel). 2023 Jan. 07, v. 14, no. 1

2023

Abstract: Background: Research participant feedback is rarely collected; therefore, investigators have limited understanding regarding stakeholders’ (affected individuals/caregivers) motivation to participate. Members of the Genes to Mental Health Network (G2MH) ... ...

Abstract	Background: Research participant feedback is rarely collected; therefore, investigators have limited understanding regarding stakeholders’ (affected individuals/caregivers) motivation to participate. Members of the Genes to Mental Health Network (G2MH) surveyed stakeholders affected by copy number variants (CNVs) regarding perceived incentives for study participation, opinions concerning research priorities, and the necessity for future funding. Respondents were also asked about feelings of preparedness, research burden, and satisfaction with research study participation. Methods: Modified validated surveys were used to assess stakeholders´ views across three domains: (1) Research Study Enrollment, Retainment, Withdrawal, and Future Participation; (2) Overall Research Experience, Burden, and Preparedness; (3) Research Priorities and Obstacles. Top box score analyses were performed. Results: A total of 704 stakeholders´ responded from 29 countries representing 55 CNVs. The top reasons for initial participation in the research included reasons related to education and altruism. The top reasons for leaving a research study included treatment risks and side effects. The importance of sharing research findings and laboratory results with stakeholders was underscored by participants. Most stakeholders reported positive research experiences. Conclusions: This study provides important insight into how individuals and families affected with a rare CNV feel toward research participation and their overall experience in rare disease research. There are clear targets for areas of improvement for study teams, although many stakeholders reported positive research experiences. Key findings from this international survey may help advance collaborative research and improve the experience of participants, investigators, and other stakeholders moving forward.
Keywords	altruism ; caregivers ; cooperative research ; education ; genetic disorders ; mental health ; motivation ; stakeholders ; surveys
Language	English
Dates of publication	2023-0107
Publishing place	Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
Document type	Article ; Online
ZDB-ID	2527218-4
ISSN	2073-4425
ISSN	2073-4425
DOI	10.3390/genes14010169
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Book ; Online: Information content of note transitions in the music of J. S. Bach

Kulkarni, Suman / David, Sophia U. / Lynn, Christopher W. / Bassett, Dani S.

2023

Abstract: ... we analyze music composed by J. S. Bach through the lens of network science and information theory. Regarded ...

Abstract	Music has a complex structure that expresses emotion and conveys information. Humans process that information through imperfect cognitive instruments that produce a gestalt, smeared version of reality. How can we quantify the information contained in a piece of music? Further, what is the information inferred by a human, and how does that relate to (and differ from) the true structure of a piece? To tackle these questions quantitatively, we present a framework to study the information conveyed in a musical piece by constructing and analyzing networks formed by notes (nodes) and their transitions (edges). Using this framework, we analyze music composed by J. S. Bach through the lens of network science and information theory. Regarded as one of the greatest composers in the Western music tradition, Bach's work is highly mathematically structured and spans a wide range of compositional forms, such as fugues and choral pieces. Conceptualizing each composition as a network of note transitions, we quantify the information contained in each piece and find that different kinds of compositions can be grouped together according to their information content and network structure. Moreover, we find that the music networks communicate large amounts of information while maintaining small deviations of the inferred network from the true network, suggesting that they are structured for efficient communication of information. We probe the network structures that enable this rapid and efficient communication of information--namely, high heterogeneity and strong clustering. Taken together, our findings shed new light on the information and network properties of Bach's compositions. More generally, our framework serves as a stepping stone for exploring musical complexities, creativity and the structure of information in a range of complex systems. Comment: 22 pages, 13 figure; discussion in section IV and VII expanded, references added, results unchanged
Keywords	Physics - Physics and Society ; Condensed Matter - Statistical Mechanics ; Quantitative Biology - Neurons and Cognition
Subject code	780
Publishing date	2023-01-02
Publishing country	us
Document type	Book ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article: Rapid qualitative analysis approach to stakeholder and client interviews to inform mobile-based HIV testing in the U.S. Deep South.

Pratt, Madeline C / Isehunwa, Oluwaseyi O / Bassett, Ingrid V / Kempf, Mirjam-Colette / Gordon, Bretia / Matthews, Lynn T

Archives of public health = Archives belges de sante publique

2023 Volume 81, Issue 1, Page(s) 24

Abstract: Background: The severity of the HIV epidemic in the United States' rural South highlights geographic, socioeconomic, and racial disparities that disproportionately affect poor Black Americans. Approximately 16% of Alabamians living with HIV remain ... ...

Abstract	Background: The severity of the HIV epidemic in the United States' rural South highlights geographic, socioeconomic, and racial disparities that disproportionately affect poor Black Americans. Approximately 16% of Alabamians living with HIV remain undiagnosed and just 37% of rural Alabamians have ever been tested for HIV. Methods: We conducted in-depth interviews with 22 key stakeholders involved in HIV prevention, testing, treatment, or community health initiatives, and 10 adults living in rural communities across Alabama to explore HIV testing challenges and opportunities. We utilized a rapid qualitative analysis approach and engaged community partners for feedback and discussion. This analysis will inform the implementation of a mobile HIV testing service in rural Alabama. Results: The following themes were identified: (1) Cultural norms, racism, poverty, and rurality impair access to healthcare. (2) Lack of sex education, low knowledge of HIV and perception of risk reinforce stigmas. (3) Messaging about "Undetectable = Untransmissible" (U = U) is not well understood in communities. (4) Community involvement may promote communication and trust between communities and testing advocates. (5) Novel testing strategies are acceptable and may diminish barriers. Conclusions: Working with community "gatekeepers" may be a key strategy to understand and promote acceptability of interventions new to rural Alabama and ameliorate stigma within communities. The implementation of new HIV testing strategies requires building and maintaining relationships with advocates, especially faith-based leaders, who engage people across many demographics.
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-02-15
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1117688-x
ISSN	2049-3258 ; 0778-7367 ; 0003-9578
ISSN (online)	2049-3258
ISSN	0778-7367 ; 0003-9578
DOI	10.1186/s13690-023-01039-w
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Article ; Online: Urbanisation’s contribution to climate warming in Great Britain

R Bassett / P J Young / G S Blair / X-M Cai / L Chapman

Environmental Research Letters, Vol 15, Iss 11, p

2020 Volume 114014

Abstract: ... the Earth’s surface: the urban heat island (UHI) effect. Standard estimates of temperature changes do not ... Despite this climate contribution appearing small (94% of GB’s land cover for the time-being is still ... rural), we show that half of GB’s population currently live in areas with average daily-mean warming ∼0 ...

Abstract	Urbanisation is changing the climate of the world we live in. In Great Britain (GB) 5.8% of the total land area is covered by artificial surfaces, increasing from 4.3% in 1975. Aside from associated loss of farmland, biodiversity and a range of ecosystem services, changing to urban form warms the Earth’s surface: the urban heat island (UHI) effect. Standard estimates of temperature changes do not account for urbanisation (i.e. use of rural-only stations or removal of urban bias in observations), meaning that anthropogenic modifications to the land surface may be causing the surface-level atmosphere to warm quicker than those estimates suggest. Using observations from a high-density urban monitoring network, we show that locally this warming (instantaneously) may be over 8 °C. Based on the relationships between UHI intensity, urban fraction and wind speed in this network, we create a statistical model and use it to estimate the current daily-mean urban warming across GB to be 0.04 °C [0.02 °C –0.06 °C]. Despite this climate contribution appearing small (94% of GB’s land cover for the time-being is still rural), we show that half of GB’s population currently live in areas with average daily-mean warming ∼0.4 °C. Under heatwave conditions our high estimates show 40% of GB’s population may experience over a 1 °C daily-mean UHI. Furthermore, simply due to urbanisation (1975–2014) we estimate GB is warming at a rate equivalent and in addition to 3.4% [1.9%–5.0%] of the observed surface-level warming calculated from background stations. In the fastest urbanising region, South East GB, we find that these warming rates are up to three times faster. The methodology is straightforward and can be readily extended to other countries or updated as future land cover data becomes available.
Keywords	Climate ; heatwave ; land-use change ; urban heat island ; urbanisation ; Environmental technology. Sanitary engineering ; TD1-1066 ; Environmental sciences ; GE1-350 ; Science ; Q ; Physics ; QC1-999
Subject code	910
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-01-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	IOP Publishing
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article: Review of median stable distributions and Schröder’s equation

Bassett, Gib

Journal of econometrics. 2019 Nov., v. 213, no. 1

2019

Abstract: ... on the sampling distribution of an estimator. For the traditional (mean) stable distribution, the sample mean’s ... in light of its connection to Schröder’s functional equation. ...

Abstract	Median stable distributions are an extension of traditional (mean) stable distributions. The traditional definition of stability (in terms of sums of iid random variables) is recast as a condition on the sampling distribution of an estimator. For the traditional (mean) stable distribution, the sample mean’s (rescaled) sampling distribution is identical to the distribution of the iid data. Median stable distributions are defined similarly by replacing the sample mean with the sample median. Since the sampling distribution of the median is a functional its stable distribution is the solution to a functional equation. It turns out that this defining functional equation is an instance of a famous equation due to Schröder from 1870. The fame of the equation is due to the way it incorporates iteration of functions, a key feature of what many years later would become dynamic systems analysis. The current paper reviews median stable distributions in light of its connection to Schröder’s functional equation.
Keywords	econometric models ; economic analysis ; economic theory ; equations ; systems analysis
Language	English
Dates of publication	2019-11
Size	p. 289-295.
Publishing place	Elsevier B.V.
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	1460617-3
ISSN	0304-4076
ISSN	0304-4076
DOI	10.1016/j.jeconom.2019.04.016
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article ; Online: How Structural Racism Works - Racist Policies as a Root Cause of U.S. Racial Health Inequities.

Bailey, Zinzi D / Feldman, Justin M / Bassett, Mary T

The New England journal of medicine

2020 Volume 384, Issue 8, Page(s) 768–773

MeSH term(s)	African Americans ; Civil Rights/history ; Civil Rights/legislation & jurisprudence ; History, 18th Century ; History, 20th Century ; Housing/history ; Housing/legislation & jurisprudence ; Humans ; Public Policy/history ; Racism/history ; Schools, Medical ; United States
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-12-16
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Historical Article ; Journal Article
ZDB-ID	207154-x
ISSN	1533-4406 ; 0028-4793
ISSN (online)	1533-4406
ISSN	0028-4793
DOI	10.1056/NEJMms2025396
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Article ; Online: Reparations for Black American descendants of persons enslaved in the U.S. and their potential impact on SARS-CoV-2 transmission.

Richardson, Eugene T / Malik, Momin M / Darity, William A / Mullen, A Kirsten / Morse, Michelle E / Malik, Maya / Maybank, Aletha / Bassett, Mary T / Farmer, Paul E / Worden, Lee / Jones, James Holland

Social science & medicine (1982)

2021 Volume 276, Page(s) 113741

Abstract: Background: In the United States, Black Americans are suffering from a significantly disproportionate incidence of COVID-19. Going beyond mere epidemiological tallying, the potential for racial-justice interventions, including reparations payments, to ... ...

Abstract	Background: In the United States, Black Americans are suffering from a significantly disproportionate incidence of COVID-19. Going beyond mere epidemiological tallying, the potential for racial-justice interventions, including reparations payments, to ameliorate these disparities has not been adequately explored. Methods: We compared the COVID-19 time-varying R Results: Once their respective epidemics begin to propagate, Louisiana displays R Discussion: While there are compelling moral and historical arguments for racial-injustice interventions such as reparations, our study considers potential health benefits in the form of reduced SARS-CoV-2 transmission risk. A restitutive program targeted towards Black individuals would not only decrease COVID-19 risk for recipients of the wealth redistribution; the mitigating effects would also be distributed across racial groups, benefiting the population at large.
MeSH term(s)	Black or African American ; COVID-19 ; Humans ; Louisiana ; Republic of Korea ; SARS-CoV-2 ; United States/epidemiology
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-02-09
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
ZDB-ID	4766-1
ISSN	1873-5347 ; 0037-7856 ; 0277-9536
ISSN (online)	1873-5347
ISSN	0037-7856 ; 0277-9536
DOI	10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.113741
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Article ; Online: A type III effectiveness-implementation hybrid evaluation of a multicomponent patient navigation strategy for advanced-stage Kaposi’s sarcoma

Sigrid Collier / Aggrey Semeere / Helen Byakwaga / Miriam Laker-Oketta / Linda Chemtai / Anjuli D. Wagner / Ingrid V. Bassett / Kara Wools-Kaloustian / Toby Maurer / Jeffrey Martin / Samson Kiprono / Esther E. Freeman

Implementation Science Communications, Vol 3, Iss 1, Pp 1-

protocol

2022 Volume 15

Abstract: Abstract Background For people with advanced-stage Kaposi’s sarcoma (KS), a common HIV-associated ...

Abstract	Abstract Background For people with advanced-stage Kaposi’s sarcoma (KS), a common HIV-associated malignancy in sub-Saharan Africa, mortality is estimated to be 45% within 2 years after KS diagnosis, despite increasingly wide-spread availability of antiretroviral therapy and chemotherapy. For advanced-stage KS, chemotherapy in addition to antiretroviral therapy improves outcomes and saves lives, but currently, only ~50% of people with KS in western Kenya who have an indication for chemotherapy actually receive it. This protocol describes the evaluation of a multicomponent patient navigation strategy that addresses common barriers to service penetration of and fidelity to evidence-based chemotherapy among people with advanced-stage KS in Kenya. Methods This is a hybrid type III effectiveness-implementation study using a non-randomized, pre- post-design nested within a longitudinal cohort. We will compare the delivery of evidence-based chemotherapy for advanced-stage KS during the period before (2016–2020) to the period after (2021–2024), the rollout of a multicomponent patient navigation strategy. The multicomponent patient navigation strategy was developed in a systematic process to address key determinants of service penetration of and fidelity to chemotherapy in western Kenya and includes (1) physical navigation and care coordination, (2) video-based education, (3) travel stipend, (4) health insurance enrollment assistance, (5) health insurance stipend, and (6) peer mentorship. We will compare the pre-navigation period to the post-navigation period to assess the impact of this multicomponent patient navigation strategy on (1) implementation outcomes: service penetration (chemotherapy initiation) and fidelity (chemotherapy completion) and (2) service and client outcomes: timeliness of cancer care, mortality, quality of life, stigma, and social support. We will also describe the implementation process and the determinants of implementation success for the multicomponent patient navigation strategy. Discussion ...
Keywords	Effectiveness-implementation hybrid ; Kaposi’s sarcoma ; HIV-associated malignancies ; Low- and middle-income countries ; Medicine (General) ; R5-920
Subject code	360
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-05-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	BMC
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article: Reparations for Black American Descendants of Persons Enslaved in the U.S. and Their Estimated Impact on SARS-CoV-2 Transmission.

Richardson, Eugene T / Malik, Momin M / Darity, William A / Mullen, A Kirsten / Malik, Maya / Benton, Adia / Bassett, Mary T / Farmer, Paul E / Worden, Lee / Jones, James Holland

medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences

2020

Abstract: Background In the United States, Black Americans are suffering from significantly disproportionate incidence and mortality rates of COVID-19. The potential for racial-justice interventions, including reparations payments, to ameliorate these disparities ... ...

Abstract	Background In the United States, Black Americans are suffering from significantly disproportionate incidence and mortality rates of COVID-19. The potential for racial-justice interventions, including reparations payments, to ameliorate these disparities has not been adequately explored. Methods We compared the COVID-19 time-varying
Keywords	covid19
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-06-05
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Preprint
DOI	10.1101/2020.06.04.20112011
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