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  1. Book ; Online: Factors Influencing Mammalian Kidney Development: Implications for Health in Adult Life

    Moritz, Karen M. / Bertram, John F. / Black, M. Jane / Caruana, Georgina / Wintour-Coghlan, Marelyn

    2008  

    Author's details by Karen M. Moritz, Marelyn Wintour-Coghlan, M. Jane Black, John F. Bertram, Georgina Caruana
    Keywords Human genetics ; Human physiology ; Nephrology
    Language English
    Publisher Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
    Publishing place Berlin, Heidelberg
    Document type Book ; Online
    HBZ-ID TT050387826
    ISBN 978-3-540-77767-0 ; 978-3-540-77768-7 ; 3-540-77767-9 ; 3-540-77768-7
    DOI 10.1007/978-3-540-77768-7
    Database ZB MED Catalogue: Medicine, Health, Nutrition, Environment, Agriculture

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  2. Article ; Online: Congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract genetics in mice and men.

    Caruana, Georgina / Bertram, John F

    Nephrology (Carlton, Vic.)

    2015  Volume 20, Issue 5, Page(s) 309–311

    Abstract: The most common cause of paediatric end-stage kidney disease results from congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract (CAKUT). Genetic manipulation in mice has provided insight into the developmental events that give rise to the broad spectrum ... ...

    Abstract The most common cause of paediatric end-stage kidney disease results from congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract (CAKUT). Genetic manipulation in mice has provided insight into the developmental events that give rise to the broad spectrum of malformations associated with CAKUT. Despite the increase in the number of identified CAKUT-causing genes, the underlying genetic cause for the majority of patients with CAKUT remains unknown. In this mini-review, we provide an overview of the genetic causes of CAKUT based on current mouse mutant models, as well as next-generation sequencing approaches in humans that are helping to bridge the gaps in our understanding.
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Disease Models, Animal ; Humans ; Kidney/abnormalities ; Mice ; Mutation/genetics ; Urogenital Abnormalities/genetics
    Language English
    Publishing date 2015-05
    Publishing country Australia
    Document type Journal Article ; Review
    ZDB-ID 1303661-0
    ISSN 1440-1797 ; 1320-5358
    ISSN (online) 1440-1797
    ISSN 1320-5358
    DOI 10.1111/nep.12402
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  3. Article: Genetic studies define MAGUK proteins as regulators of epithelial cell polarity.

    Caruana, Georgina

    The International journal of developmental biology

    2002  Volume 46, Issue 4, Page(s) 511–518

    Abstract: Polarized epithelial cells play critical roles during early embryonic development and organogenesis. Multi-domain scaffolding proteins belonging to the membrane associated guanylate kinase (MAGUK) family are commonly found at the plasma membrane of ... ...

    Abstract Polarized epithelial cells play critical roles during early embryonic development and organogenesis. Multi-domain scaffolding proteins belonging to the membrane associated guanylate kinase (MAGUK) family are commonly found at the plasma membrane of polarized epithelial cells. Genetic studies in Drosophila melanogaster and Caenorhabditis elegans have revealed that MAGUK proteins regulate various aspects of the polarized epithelial phenotype, including cell junction assembly, targeting of proteins to the plasma membrane and the organisation of polarized signalling complexes. This review will focus on the genetic studies that have contributed to our understanding of the MAGUK family members, Dlg and Lin-2/CASK, in controlling these processes. In addition, our recent genetic analysis of mouse Dlg, in combination with genetic and biochemical studies of Lin-2/CASK by others suggests a model placing Dlg and Lin-2/CASK within the same developmental pathway.
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Caenorhabditis elegans/embryology ; Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases ; Drosophila Proteins ; Drosophila melanogaster/embryology ; Epithelial Cells/cytology ; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental ; Genetic Linkage ; Guanylate Kinases ; Helminth Proteins/physiology ; Insect Proteins/genetics ; Insect Proteins/physiology ; Membrane Proteins/physiology ; Mice ; Models, Biological ; Models, Genetic ; Nucleoside-Phosphate Kinase/genetics ; Nucleoside-Phosphate Kinase/physiology ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Proteins/genetics ; Proteins/physiology ; Signal Transduction ; Tumor Suppressor Proteins/genetics ; Tumor Suppressor Proteins/physiology ; src Homology Domains
    Chemical Substances Drosophila Proteins ; Helminth Proteins ; Insect Proteins ; Lin-2 protein, C elegans ; Membrane Proteins ; Proteins ; Tumor Suppressor Proteins ; dlg1 protein, Drosophila (143513-41-1) ; CASK kinases (EC 2.7.11.1) ; Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases (EC 2.7.11.17) ; Nucleoside-Phosphate Kinase (EC 2.7.4.4) ; Guanylate Kinases (EC 2.7.4.8)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2002-04-18
    Publishing country Spain
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Review
    ZDB-ID 1036070-0
    ISSN 1696-3547 ; 0214-6282
    ISSN (online) 1696-3547
    ISSN 0214-6282
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  4. Article ; Online: The origin of renal fibroblasts/myofibroblasts and the signals that trigger fibrosis.

    Sun, Yu Bo Yang / Qu, Xinli / Caruana, Georgina / Li, Jinhua

    Differentiation; research in biological diversity

    2016  Volume 92, Issue 3, Page(s) 102–107

    Abstract: Renal fibrosis is a common characteristic of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Aberrant and excessive depositions of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins in both glomeruli and interstitial regions are typical hallmarks of renal fibrosis and amplify the ... ...

    Abstract Renal fibrosis is a common characteristic of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Aberrant and excessive depositions of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins in both glomeruli and interstitial regions are typical hallmarks of renal fibrosis and amplify the severity of kidney injury. To date, an approved therapy specifically targeted to renal fibrosis is needed to mitigate or even retard renal fibrosis. Recent findings have identified a unique population of myofibroblasts as a primary source of ECM in scar tissue formation. However, the origin of myofibroblasts in renal fibrosis remains the subject of controversial debates. The advancement in lineage tracing and immunofluorescent microscopy technologies have suggested that myofibroblasts may arise from a number of sources such as activated renal fibroblasts, pericytes, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndoMT), bone marrow derived cells and fibrocytes. Recent studies also indicate that multiple ligands of TGF-β/Smads are the direct mediators for renal fibrosis. Consistently, inhibition of the TGF-β/Smads signaling pathway using various strategies significantly reduce renal fibrotic lesions and ameliorate kidney injury, suggesting that targeting the TGF-β/Smads signaling pathway could be a new strategy for effective therapies. In this review, we will briefly discuss the diverse origins of myofibroblasts and molecular pathways triggering renal fibrosis. Prospective therapeutic approaches based on those molecular mechanisms will hopefully offer exciting insights in the development of new therapeutic interventions for patients in the near future.
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition/physiology ; Fibroblasts/metabolism ; Fibrosis/diagnosis ; Fibrosis/pathology ; Humans ; Kidney/metabolism ; Kidney/pathology ; Kidney Diseases/metabolism ; Kidney Diseases/pathology ; Myofibroblasts/pathology
    Language English
    Publishing date 2016-09
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Review
    ZDB-ID 184540-8
    ISSN 1432-0436 ; 0301-4681
    ISSN (online) 1432-0436
    ISSN 0301-4681
    DOI 10.1016/j.diff.2016.05.008
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  5. Article ; Online: Glomerular endothelial cell injury and damage precedes that of podocytes in adriamycin-induced nephropathy.

    Sun, Yu Bo Yang / Qu, Xinli / Zhang, Xueming / Caruana, Georgina / Bertram, John F / Li, Jinhua

    PloS one

    2013  Volume 8, Issue 1, Page(s) e55027

    Abstract: The role of podocytes in the development and progression of glomerular disease has been extensively investigated in the past decade. However, the importance of glomerular endothelial cells in the pathogenesis of proteinuria and glomerulosclerosis has ... ...

    Abstract The role of podocytes in the development and progression of glomerular disease has been extensively investigated in the past decade. However, the importance of glomerular endothelial cells in the pathogenesis of proteinuria and glomerulosclerosis has been largely ignored. Recent studies have demonstrated that endothelial nitric oxide synthatase (eNOS) deficiency exacerbates renal injury in anti-GBM and remnant kidney models and accelerates diabetic kidney damage. Increasing evidence also demonstrates the importance of the glomerular endothelium in preventing proteinuria. We hypothesize that endothelial dysfunction can initiate and promote the development and progression of glomerulopathy. Administration of adriamycin (ADR) to C57BL/6 mice, normally an ADR resistant strain, with an eNOS deficiency induced overt proteinuria, severe glomerulosclerosis, interstitial fibrosis and inflammation. We also examined glomerular endothelial cell and podocyte injury in ADR-induced nephropathy in Balb/c mice, an ADR susceptible strain, by immunostaining, TUNEL and Western blotting. Interestingly, down-regulation of eNOS and the appearance of apoptotic glomerular endothelial cells occurred as early as 24 hours after ADR injection, whilst synaptopodin, a functional podocyte marker, was reduced 7 days after ADR injection and coincided with a significant increase in the number of apoptotic podocytes. Furthermore, conditioned media from mouse microvascular endothelial cells over-expressing GFP-eNOS protected podocytes from TNF-α-induced loss of synaptopodin. In conclusion, our study demonstrated that endothelial dysfunction and damage precedes podocyte injury in ADR-induced nephropathy. Glomerular endothelial cells may protect podocytes from inflammatory insult. Understanding the role of glomerular endothelial dysfunction in the development of kidney disease will facilitate in the design of novel strategies to treat kidney disease.
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Blotting, Western ; Culture Media, Conditioned ; Doxorubicin/toxicity ; Endothelium, Vascular/enzymology ; Endothelium, Vascular/pathology ; In Situ Nick-End Labeling ; Kidney/drug effects ; Kidney Glomerulus/pathology ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred BALB C ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Microscopy, Confocal ; Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III/metabolism ; Podocytes/pathology
    Chemical Substances Culture Media, Conditioned ; Doxorubicin (80168379AG) ; Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III (EC 1.14.13.39)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2013-01-24
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ISSN 1932-6203
    ISSN (online) 1932-6203
    DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0055027
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  6. Article ; Online: Imaging the embryonic kidney.

    Caruana, Georgina / Young, Richard J / Bertram, John F

    Nephron. Experimental nephrology

    2006  Volume 103, Issue 2, Page(s) e62–8

    Abstract: The structural and functional development of the permanent mammalian kidney or metanephros is a complex process involving the actions of thousands of gene products, complex cell movements and tissue patterning in three dimensions (3D). This review ... ...

    Abstract The structural and functional development of the permanent mammalian kidney or metanephros is a complex process involving the actions of thousands of gene products, complex cell movements and tissue patterning in three dimensions (3D). This review focuses on the recent advances made in imaging technology, processing and analysis combined with mouse genetics and the generation of protein-reporter mice which has enabled us to monitor the development and movement of defined cell populations within the developing kidney in 3D and over time (4D).
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Databases as Topic ; Diagnostic Imaging ; Embryonic Development ; Imaging, Three-Dimensional ; Kidney/embryology ; Microscopy, Electron ; Microscopy, Fluorescence, Multiphoton ; Microscopy, Phase-Contrast
    Language English
    Publishing date 2006
    Publishing country Switzerland
    Document type Journal Article ; Review
    ZDB-ID 207121-6
    ISSN 1660-2129 ; 1423-0186 ; 2235-3186 ; 1660-8151 ; 0028-2766
    ISSN (online) 1660-2129 ; 1423-0186 ; 2235-3186
    ISSN 1660-8151 ; 0028-2766
    DOI 10.1159/000090618
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  7. Article ; Online: High nephron endowment protects against salt-induced hypertension.

    Walker, Kenneth A / Cai, Xiaochu / Caruana, Georgina / Thomas, Merlin C / Bertram, John F / Kett, Michelle M

    American journal of physiology. Renal physiology

    2012  Volume 303, Issue 2, Page(s) F253–8

    Abstract: While low nephron number is associated with increased risk of developing cardiovascular and renal disease, the functional consequences of a high nephron number are unknown. We tested the hypothesis that a high nephron number provides protection against ... ...

    Abstract While low nephron number is associated with increased risk of developing cardiovascular and renal disease, the functional consequences of a high nephron number are unknown. We tested the hypothesis that a high nephron number provides protection against hypertensive and renal insults. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) and renal function were characterized in male wild-type (WT) and transforming growth factor-β2 heterozygous (Tgfb2(+/-)) mice under basal conditions and following a chronic high-salt diet. Kidneys were collected for unbiased stereological analysis. Baseline MAP and renal function were indistinguishable between genotypes. The chronic high-salt diet (5% NaCl for 4 wk followed by 8% NaCl for 4 wk) led to similar step-wise increases in urine volume, Na(+) excretion, and albuminuria in the genotypes. The 5% NaCl diet induced modest and similar increases in MAP (3.5 ± 1.6 and 3.4 ± 0.8 mmHg in WT and Tgfb2(+/-), respectively). After the step up to the 8% NaCl diet, MAP increased further in WT (+15.9 ± 5.1 mmHg), but not Tgfb2(+/-) (-0.1 ± 1.0 mmHg), mice. Nephron number was 30% greater in Tgfb2(+/-) than WT mice and was not affected by the chronic high-salt diet. Mean glomerular volume was lower in Tgfb2(+/-) than WT mice, and the chronic high-salt diet induced significant glomerular hypertrophy. In a separate cohort of mice, an acute, 7-day, 8% NaCl diet induced similar rises in MAP in the genotypes. This is the first study to examine the physiological characteristics of a model of high nephron number, and the findings are consistent with this phenotype providing protection against chronic, but not acute, hypertensive insults.
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Blood Pressure/drug effects ; Blood Pressure/physiology ; Cell Count ; Disease Models, Animal ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Genotype ; Heterozygote ; Hypertension/chemically induced ; Hypertension/pathology ; Hypertension/prevention & control ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Mutant Strains ; Nephrons/cytology ; Nephrons/drug effects ; Nephrons/physiology ; Phenotype ; Sodium Chloride/adverse effects ; Sodium Chloride/pharmacology ; Transforming Growth Factor beta2/genetics ; Transforming Growth Factor beta2/physiology
    Chemical Substances Tgfb2 protein, mouse ; Transforming Growth Factor beta2 ; Sodium Chloride (451W47IQ8X)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2012-07-15
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 603837-2
    ISSN 1522-1466 ; 0363-6127
    ISSN (online) 1522-1466
    ISSN 0363-6127
    DOI 10.1152/ajprenal.00028.2012
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  8. Article ; Online: Regulation of renal fibrosis by Smad3 Thr388 phosphorylation.

    Qu, Xinli / Li, Xueling / Zheng, Yaowu / Ren, Yi / Puelles, Victor G / Caruana, Georgina / Nikolic-Paterson, David J / Li, Jinhua

    The American journal of pathology

    2014  Volume 184, Issue 4, Page(s) 944–952

    Abstract: Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) promotes tissue fibrosis via receptor-mediated phosphorylation of the receptor-activated Smad2/3, together with Smad4. Of these, Smad3 plays a major profibrotic role in mouse models of tissue fibrosis. Transcriptional ...

    Abstract Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) promotes tissue fibrosis via receptor-mediated phosphorylation of the receptor-activated Smad2/3, together with Smad4. Of these, Smad3 plays a major profibrotic role in mouse models of tissue fibrosis. Transcriptional activity of the Smad3 protein is regulated by phosphorylation of residues in the C-terminal domain and the linker region. Herein, we examined the role of a novel phosphorylation site within the MH2 domain (T388) in the regulation of Smad3 activity. Confocal microscopy using an Smad3 phosphorylated T388-specific antibody identified phosphorylation of Smad3 T388 in myofibroblasts and tubular epithelial cells in human focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis and mouse models of unilateral ureteric obstruction and diabetic nephropathy, whereas phosphorylated T388 was largely absent in normal kidney. In vitro, TGF-β1 induced phosphorylation of Smad3 T388 in a biphasic pattern. A point mutation of T388/V in an Smad3 construct demonstrated that phosphorylation of T388 promotes Smad3 binding to Smad4 and CDK8, but was not necessary for nuclear translocation. Furthermore, T388 phosphorylation was required for TGF-β-induced collagen I gene promoter activity and extracellular matrix production in cultured fibroblasts. In conclusion, our study identifies phosphorylation of T388 in the Smad3 MH2 domain as an important mechanism that regulates the profibrotic TGF-β/Smad3 signaling pathway, which has direct relevance to human and experimental fibrotic kidney disease.
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Blotting, Western ; Fibrosis/metabolism ; Humans ; Immunoprecipitation ; Kidney Diseases/metabolism ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Mice, Knockout ; Microscopy, Confocal ; Phosphorylation ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Signal Transduction/physiology ; Smad3 Protein/metabolism ; Transforming Growth Factor beta/metabolism
    Chemical Substances SMAD3 protein, human ; Smad3 Protein ; Smad3 protein, mouse ; Transforming Growth Factor beta
    Language English
    Publishing date 2014-04
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 2943-9
    ISSN 1525-2191 ; 0002-9440
    ISSN (online) 1525-2191
    ISSN 0002-9440
    DOI 10.1016/j.ajpath.2013.12.003
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  9. Article ; Online: Copy-number variation associated with congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract.

    Caruana, Georgina / Wong, Milagros N / Walker, Amanda / Heloury, Yves / Webb, Nathalie / Johnstone, Lilian / James, Paul A / Burgess, Trent / Bertram, John F

    Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany)

    2014  Volume 30, Issue 3, Page(s) 487–495

    Abstract: Background: The most common cause of end-stage renal disease in children can be attributed to congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract (CAKUT). Despite this high incidence of disease, the genetic mutations responsible for the majority of ... ...

    Abstract Background: The most common cause of end-stage renal disease in children can be attributed to congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract (CAKUT). Despite this high incidence of disease, the genetic mutations responsible for the majority of CAKUT cases remain unknown.
    Methods: To identify novel genomic regions associated with CAKUT, we screened 178 children presenting with the entire spectrum of structural anomalies associated with CAKUT for submicroscopic chromosomal imbalances (deletions or duplications) using single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) microarrays.
    Results: Copy-number variation (CNV) was detected in 10.1 % (18/178) of the patients; in 6.2 % of the total cohort, novel duplications or deletions of unknown significance were identified, and the remaining 3.9 % harboured CNV of known pathogenicity. CNVs were inherited in 90 % (9/10) of the families tested. In this cohort, patients diagnosed with multicystic dysplastic kidney (30 %) and posterior urethral valves (24 %) had a higher incidence of CNV.
    Conclusions: The genes contained in the altered genomic regions represent novel candidates for CAKUT. This study has demonstrated that a significant proportion of patients with CAKUT harbour submicroscopic chromosomal imbalances, warranting screening in clinics for CNV.
    MeSH term(s) Adolescent ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; DNA Copy Number Variations ; Female ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn ; Male ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ; Urogenital Abnormalities/genetics ; Vesico-Ureteral Reflux/genetics
    Language English
    Publishing date 2014-10-01
    Publishing country Germany
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 631932-4
    ISSN 1432-198X ; 0931-041X
    ISSN (online) 1432-198X
    ISSN 0931-041X
    DOI 10.1007/s00467-014-2962-9
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  10. Article ; Online: The Smad3/Smad4/CDK9 complex promotes renal fibrosis in mice with unilateral ureteral obstruction.

    Qu, Xinli / Jiang, Mengjie / Sun, Yu Bo Yang / Jiang, Xiaoyun / Fu, Ping / Ren, Yi / Wang, Die / Dai, Lie / Caruana, Georgina / Bertram, John F / Nikolic-Paterson, David J / Li, Jinhua

    Kidney international

    2015  Volume 88, Issue 6, Page(s) 1323–1335

    Abstract: Transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1)/Smad signaling has a central role in the pathogenesis of renal fibrosis. Smad3 and Smad4 are pro-fibrotic, while Smad2 is anti-fibrotic. However, these Smads form heterogeneous complexes, the functions of which are ... ...

    Abstract Transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1)/Smad signaling has a central role in the pathogenesis of renal fibrosis. Smad3 and Smad4 are pro-fibrotic, while Smad2 is anti-fibrotic. However, these Smads form heterogeneous complexes, the functions of which are poorly understood. Here we studied Smad complex function in renal fibrosis using the mouse model of unilateral ureteric obstruction. Mice heterozygous for Smad3/4 (Smad3/4
    Language English
    Publishing date 2015-12
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 120573-0
    ISSN 1523-1755 ; 0085-2538
    ISSN (online) 1523-1755
    ISSN 0085-2538
    DOI 10.1038/ki.2015.235
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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