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Book ; Online: U-Calibration

Kleinberg, Robert / Leme, Renato Paes / Schneider, Jon / Teng, Yifeng

Forecasting for an Unknown Agent

2023

Abstract: ... Motivated by this, we present a new metric for evaluating forecasts that we call U-calibration, equal ... that sublinear U-calibration error is a necessary and sufficient condition for all agents to achieve sublinear ... regret guarantees. We additionally demonstrate how to compute the U-calibration error efficiently and ...

Abstract	We consider the problem of evaluating forecasts of binary events whose predictions are consumed by rational agents who take an action in response to a prediction, but whose utility is unknown to the forecaster. We show that optimizing forecasts for a single scoring rule (e.g., the Brier score) cannot guarantee low regret for all possible agents. In contrast, forecasts that are well-calibrated guarantee that all agents incur sublinear regret. However, calibration is not a necessary criterion here (it is possible for miscalibrated forecasts to provide good regret guarantees for all possible agents), and calibrated forecasting procedures have provably worse convergence rates than forecasting procedures targeting a single scoring rule. Motivated by this, we present a new metric for evaluating forecasts that we call U-calibration, equal to the maximal regret of the sequence of forecasts when evaluated under any bounded scoring rule. We show that sublinear U-calibration error is a necessary and sufficient condition for all agents to achieve sublinear regret guarantees. We additionally demonstrate how to compute the U-calibration error efficiently and provide an online algorithm that achieves $O(\sqrt{T})$ U-calibration error (on par with optimal rates for optimizing for a single scoring rule, and bypassing lower bounds for the traditionally calibrated learning procedures). Finally, we discuss generalizations to the multiclass prediction setting. Comment: Accepted for presentation at the Conference on Learning Theory (COLT) 2023
Keywords	Computer Science - Machine Learning ; Computer Science - Computer Science and Game Theory
Subject code	006
Publishing date	2023-06-30
Publishing country	us
Document type	Book ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Conference proceedings: UplusE: U-Untersuchung für Kinder PLUS Eltern beim Pädiater zur Förderung der kindlichen Entwicklung

Kittel-Schneider, Sarah / Kuscher, Katharina / Berg, Neeltje van den / Stentzel, Ulrike / Simen, Susanne

Zeitschrift für Geburtshilfe und Neonatologie

2023 Volume 227, Issue 03

Event/congress	Abstracts zur 49. Jahrestagung der Gesellschaft für Neonatologie und Pädiatrische Intensivmedizin (GNPI), Hamburg, 2023-06-15
Language	German
Publishing date	2023-06-01
Publisher	Georg Thieme Verlag KG
Publishing place	Stuttgart ; New York
Document type	Article ; Conference proceedings
ZDB-ID	1226748-x
ISSN	1439-1651 ; 0948-2393 ; 0300-967X ; 1615-5300
ISSN (online)	1439-1651
ISSN	0948-2393 ; 0300-967X ; 1615-5300
DOI	10.1055/s-0043-1769409
Database	Thieme publisher's database

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Article ; Online: Comparative analysis of gender disparity in academic positions based on U.S. region and STEM discipline.

Galvin, Danielle J / Anderson, Susan C / Marolf, Chelsi J / Schneider, Nikole G / Liebl, Andrea L

PloS one

2024 Volume 19, Issue 3, Page(s) e0298736

Abstract: Despite a move toward gender parity in the United States (U.S.) workforce, a large gender gap ... departments across the U.S. to evaluate whether and how the geographic region of a university might determine ... However, variation existed regionally within the U.S., with the Mountain region employing the lowest proportion ...

Abstract	Despite a move toward gender parity in the United States (U.S.) workforce, a large gender gap persists in the fields of science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM); this is particularly true for academic (i.e., instructor and tenure track) STEM positions. This gap increases as women advance through the traditional steps of academia, with the highest degree of gender disparity in tenured positions. As policies, politics, and culture, which all contribute to gender equity across the world, vary across regions in the United States, we expect that the gender gap in STEM might also vary across geographic regions. Here, we evaluated over 20,000 instructor and tenure track positions in university STEM departments across the U.S. to evaluate whether and how the geographic region of a university might determine its proportion of women in STEM academic positions. Similar to previous research, regardless of geographic region, more men were employed in both tenure track and instructor positions across STEM fields. However, variation existed regionally within the U.S., with the Mountain region employing the lowest proportion of women in tenure track positions and the East North Central and Pacific regions employing the greatest proportion. We expect this regional variation could be caused by differences in state and local policies, regional representation, and mentorship, resulting in inconsistent support for women, leading to differences in work environments, hiring, and job retention rates across the country. A better understanding of which geographic areas within the U.S. have more equal distributions of women in the STEM field will help us to identify the specific mechanisms that facilitate more equal and inclusive opportunities for women and other underrepresented groups across all levels of STEM academia.
MeSH term(s)	Male ; Humans ; United States ; Female ; Engineering ; Technology ; Faculty, Medical ; Organizations ; Educational Personnel
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-03-20
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2267670-3
ISSN	1932-6203 ; 1932-6203
ISSN (online)	1932-6203
ISSN	1932-6203
DOI	10.1371/journal.pone.0298736
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Conference proceedings: U-Untersuchung für Kinder PLUS Eltern beim Pädiater zur Förderung der kindlichen Entwicklung mit Impuls aus frauenärztlicher Schwangerenvorsorge/UPlusE – Evaluation einer neuen Versorgungsform

Stentzel, Ulrike / van den Berg, Neeltje / Kittel-Schneider, Sarah / Friedmann, Anna / Nehring, Ina / Kuscher, Katharina / Simen, Susanne

2023 , Page(s) 23dkvf273

Event/congress	22. Deutscher Kongress für Versorgungsforschung (DKVF); Berlin; Deutsches Netzwerk Versorgungsforschung; 2023
Keywords	Medizin, Gesundheit
Publishing date	2023-10-02
Publisher	German Medical Science GMS Publishing House; Düsseldorf
Document type	Conference proceedings
DOI	10.3205/23dkvf273
Database	German Medical Science

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Article ; Online: Infant locomotion shapes proximity to adults during everyday play in the U.S.

Chen, Qi / Schneider, Joshua L / West, Kelsey L / Iverson, Jana M

Infancy : the official journal of the International Society on Infant Studies

2022 Volume 28, Issue 2, Page(s) 190–205

Abstract: Learning to walk expands infants' access to the physical environment and prompts changes in their communicative behaviors. However, little is known about whether walking also shapes infants' proximity to their adult social partners during everyday ... ...

Abstract	Learning to walk expands infants' access to the physical environment and prompts changes in their communicative behaviors. However, little is known about whether walking also shapes infants' proximity to their adult social partners during everyday activities at home. Here we followed 89 infants (42 boys, 47 girls; 92% White, not Hispanic or Latino) longitudinally and documented connections between infant locomotion and infant-adult proximity on two timescales: (1) across developmental time, by comparing data from a session when infants could only crawl to a later session when they could walk (M walk onset = 12.15 months, range = 8-15); and (2) in real time, by testing whether the amount of time that infants spent in motion (regardless of their locomotor status) related to their interpersonal distance to adults. The developmental transition to walking corresponded to a significant, but modest, decrease in infant-adult proximity. Infants' moment-to-moment locomotion, however, was strongly related to patterns of interpersonal distance: infants who spent more time in motion spent less time near adults and instigated more proximity transitions, resulting in shorter and more dispersed bouts of proximity throughout sessions. Findings shed new light on how infants' motor achievements can reverberate across other domains of development, and how changes in infant development that researchers often observe over months arise from infants' moment-to-moment experiences.
MeSH term(s)	Male ; Female ; Child ; Humans ; Adult ; Infant ; Locomotion ; Walking ; Child Development ; Learning ; Men
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-09-30
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2020049-3
ISSN	1532-7078 ; 1525-0008
ISSN (online)	1532-7078
ISSN	1525-0008
DOI	10.1111/infa.12503
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Article ; Online: Predictors of mental health among U.S. adults during COVID-19 early pandemic, mid- pandemic, and post-vaccine eras.

Ramezani, Niloofar / Taylor, Bruce G / Balawajder, Elizabeth Flanagan / MacLean, Kai / Pollack, Harold A / Schneider, John A / Taxman, Faye S

BMC public health

2024 Volume 24, Issue 1, Page(s) 643

Abstract: ... mental health changes during this pandemic need further exploration.: Methods: In a study of 8,612 U.S ...

Abstract	Background: A collective trauma like COVID-19 impacts individuals differently due to socio-contextual and individual characteristics. Younger adults, minorities, affiliates of certain political parties, and residents of some regions of the United States reported experiencing poorer mental health during the pandemic. Being diagnosed with COVID-19, or losing a friend/family to it, was related to more adverse mental health symptoms. While the negative impact of COVID-19 on health outcomes has been studied, mental health changes during this pandemic need further exploration. Methods: In a study of 8,612 U.S. households, using three surveys collected from a nationally representative panel between May 2020 and October 2021, using a repeated cross-sectional design, a linear mixed effect regression model was performed to investigate factors associated with the mental health status, based on the Mental Health Inventory-5, of individuals throughout different phases of the COVID-19 pandemic, and whether an improvement over time, especially after vaccines became available, was observed. Results: An overall improvement in mental health was observed after vaccines became available. Individuals with no COVID-related death in their household, those not wearing masks, those identifying as members of the Republican Party, race/ethnicities other than Asian, men, older adults, and residents of the South were less likely than others to report mental health challenges. Conclusions: Our results highlight the need for widespread mental health interventions and health promotion to address challenges during the COVID-19 pandemic and beyond. Due to the worse mental health observed among Asians, younger adults, women, low-income families, those with a higher level of concern for COVID-19, people who lost someone to COVID-19, and/or individuals with histories of opioid use disorder and criminal legal involvement, over the period of this study, targeted attention needs to be given to the mental health of these groups.
MeSH term(s)	Female ; Humans ; Male ; COVID-19/epidemiology ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Mental Health ; Pandemics ; COVID-19 Vaccines ; Sociodemographic Factors
Chemical Substances	COVID-19 Vaccines
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-02-29
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2041338-5
ISSN	1471-2458 ; 1471-2458
ISSN (online)	1471-2458
ISSN	1471-2458
DOI	10.1186/s12889-024-17781-x
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Article ; Online: Remediating and Reusing Abandoned Mining Sites in U.S. Metropolitan Areas

Dona Schneider / Michael R. Greenberg

Sustainability, Vol 15, Iss 7080, p

Raising Visibility and Value

2023 Volume 7080

Abstract: ... redevelopment more likely. We abstracted data on 143 abandoned mine sites from the U.S. EPA’s Superfund list ...

Abstract	Abandoned mining-related sites present threats to human health and the environment, while also being potentially valuable places for redevelopment. This paper examines whether successful sustainable redevelopment is more likely in metropolitan areas, and identifies site and population characteristics that make redevelopment more likely. We abstracted data on 143 abandoned mine sites from the U.S. EPA’s Superfund list, including information on site history and characteristics, remediation efforts and any continued contamination risk. Forty-one sites were located in metropolitan areas, and these underwent further document review. The EPA’s updated 2002 EJScreen database was used to identify populations at risk. Data were analyzed using matched pairs and discriminant analysis statistical tests. Follow-up studies of selected sites confirmed cleanup status and plans for sustainable re-use. We found that sites located in metropolitan areas were more likely than those in non-metropolitan ones to have undergone remediation and redevelopment. Multi-use sites were more likely to have completed remediation compared to single-use sites. A combination of site and population characteristics predicted the extent and type of redevelopment at most sites. It is likely that public pressure related to human and environmental health risks and high land values serve as an impetus for the remediation and re-use of abandoned mine sites in metropolitan areas.
Keywords	abandoned mines ; contamination ; redevelopment ; remediation ; sustainable re-use ; Environmental effects of industries and plants ; TD194-195 ; Renewable energy sources ; TJ807-830 ; Environmental sciences ; GE1-350
Subject code	333
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-04-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	MDPI AG
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article: Stigma towards persons who use methamphetamine: Results from a nationally representative survey of U.S. Adults.

Flores, John / Taylor, Bruce / Hazra, Aniruddha / Pollack, Harold / Pho, Mai T / Schneider, John

Preventive medicine reports

2023 Volume 36, Page(s) 102496

Abstract: ... 000 households representative of the U.S. household population. We developed a 10-item social stigma ... respondents with a history of methamphetamine use. Given the scope of methamphetamine use in the U.S ...

Abstract	This study seeks to understand the general adult population's knowledge, attitudes, and stigma towards methamphetamine use and people with a history of methamphetamine use utilizing a cross-sectional national survey. We analyzed data from a cross-sectional survey drawn from AmeriSpeak®, a probability-based ongoing panel of over 35,000 households representative of the U.S. household population. We developed a 10-item social stigma scale, and estimated a multivariable generalized linear regression model for public stigma towards methamphetamine use as our dependent variable and a series of covariates. Six adjusted independent variables were noted to be significantly associated with higher stigma towards methamphetamine use: older age, higher household income, married status, Republican party affiliation, no history of methamphetamine use, and higher racism score. Sex assigned at birth, race (with Black as reference category), education level, and history of arrest or incarceration showed no statistical significance in stigma scores. In a separate regression model limited to people with a history of methamphetamine use (n = 727), notably White respondents had lower stigma compared to Black respondents. Our large population-based survey identified several factors associated with higher stigma towards those who use methamphetamines, including higher racist attitudes which was associated with a higher stigma score and higher internalized stigma amongst Black respondents with a history of methamphetamine use. Given the scope of methamphetamine use in the U.S., addressing stigma, in particular in regard to race, may impact the nation's public health efforts to reduce methamphetamine-associated adverse outcomes.
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-11-07
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2785569-7
ISSN	2211-3355
ISSN	2211-3355
DOI	10.1016/j.pmedr.2023.102496
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article: Validity and Reliability of the Occupational Balance Questionnaire (OBQ11) in a U.S. Sample of Adults With Type 1 Diabetes.

Hernandez, Raymond / Schneider, Stefan / Wagman, Petra / Håkansson, Carita / Spruijt-Metz, Donna / Pyatak, Elizabeth A

The American journal of occupational therapy : official publication of the American Occupational Therapy Association

2023 Volume 77, Issue 4

Abstract: ... OBQ11) in U.S. adults with Type 1 diabetes.: Design: Data were analyzed from adults with Type 1 ... Participants: Data from 208 U.S. adults with Type 1 diabetes were included in the analyses (42% Latino, 29 ...

Abstract	Importance: Although occupational balance (OB) is a construct of importance to occupational therapy, existing OB assessments have not been validated in clinical populations. Objective: To examine the validity and reliability of the 11-item version of the Occupational Balance Questionnaire (OBQ11) in U.S. adults with Type 1 diabetes. Design: Data were analyzed from adults with Type 1 diabetes enrolled in a larger longitudinal study examining the relationships among blood glucose, emotion, and functioning. Dimensionality of the OBQ11 was assessed with item response theory (IRT); convergent validity was tested by examining whether associations between the OBQ11 and other constructs were consistent with a priori hypotheses. Setting: Three outpatient clinical sites in the United States. Participants: Data from 208 U.S. adults with Type 1 diabetes were included in the analyses (42% Latino, 29% White, 14% African American, 7% multiethnic, and 8% other). Outcomes and measures: Assessments administered include the OBQ11, Patient Health Questionnaire (depression), and Diabetes Self-Management Questionnaire. Results: Overall, results from IRT models and correlational tests supported the reliability and validity of the OBQ11. For instance, higher scores on the OBQ11 were significantly associated with better self-ratings of diabetes management behaviors (r = .28, p < .001), lower depression symptoms (r = -.53, p < .001), and greater positive affect (r = .32, p < .001). A single-factor generalized partial credit model fit the OBQ11 acceptably well, supporting its unidimensionality. Conclusions and relevance: The OBQ11 may be a reliable and valid measure of OB appropriate for use in clinical populations such as adults with diabetes. What This Article Adds: OB is not often formally assessed by occupational therapists in the United States, even though the contributions of OB to health and well-being are core components of the philosophy of occupational therapy. The current evidence supports the validity of the OBQ11 in a clinical population of adults with Type 1 diabetes and demonstrates significant associations between OB and health management behaviors. Study results may encourage greater consideration and assessment of OB in occupational therapy clinical practice in the United States.
MeSH term(s)	Adult ; Humans ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 ; Longitudinal Studies ; Reproducibility of Results ; Emotions ; Surveys and Questionnaires
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-08-24
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	219403-x
ISSN	1943-7676 ; 0272-9490 ; 0161-326X
ISSN (online)	1943-7676
ISSN	0272-9490 ; 0161-326X
DOI	10.5014/ajot.2023.050173
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Article ; Online: Cognitive impairment in the U.S.

Jo Mhairi Hale, PhD / Daniel C. Schneider, PhD / Neil K. Mehta, PhD / Mikko Myrskylä, PhD

SSM: Population Health, Vol 11, Iss , Pp 100577- (2020)

Lifetime risk, age at onset, and years impaired

2020

Abstract: ... of cognitive impairment for the U.S. population age 50 and older. Approximately two out of three Americans ...

Abstract	Prior studies have analyzed the burden of cognitive impairment, but often use potentially biased prevalence-based methods or measure only years lived with impairment, without estimating other relevant metrics. We use the Health and Retirement Study (1998–2014; n = 29,304) and the preferred incidence-based Markov-chain models to assess three key measures of the burden of cognitive impairment: lifetime risk, mean age at onset, and number of years lived impaired. We analyze both mild and severe cognitive impairment (dementia) and gender, racial/ethnic, and educational variation in impairment. Our results paint a multi-dimensional picture of cognitive health, presenting the first comprehensive analysis of the burden of cognitive impairment for the U.S. population age 50 and older. Approximately two out of three Americans experience some level of cognitive impairment at an average age of approximately 70 years. For dementia, lifetime risk for women (men) is 37% (24%) and mean age at onset 83 (79) years. Women can expect to live 4.2 years with mild impairment and 3.2 with dementia, men 3.5 and 1.8 years. A critical finding is that for the most advantaged groups (i.e., White and/or higher educated), cognitive impairment is both delayed and compressed toward the very end of life. In contrast, despite the shorter lives of disadvantaged subgroups (Black and/or lower educated), they experience a younger age of onset, higher lifetime risk, and more years cognitively impaired. For example, men with at least an Associate degree have 21% lifetime dementia risk, compared to 35% among men with less than high school education. White women have 6 years of cognitively-impaired life expectancy, compared to 12 and 13 years among Black women and Latinas. These educational and racial/ethnic gradients highlight the very uneven burden of cognitive impairment. Further research is required to identify the mechanisms driving these disparities in cognitive impairment.
Keywords	Cognitive impairment ; Dementia ; Health disparities ; Race/ethnicity ; Education ; Public aspects of medicine ; RA1-1270 ; Social sciences (General) ; H1-99
Subject code	616
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-08-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Elsevier
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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