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Book ; Online: An Optimal Multiple-Class Encoding Scheme for a Graph of Bounded Hadwiger Number

Lu, Hsueh-I

2023

Abstract: Since Jacobson [FOCS89] initiated the investigation of succinct graph encodings 35 years ago, there has been a long list of results on balancing the generality of the class, the speed, the succinctness of the encoding, and the query support. Let Cn ... ...

Abstract	Since Jacobson [FOCS89] initiated the investigation of succinct graph encodings 35 years ago, there has been a long list of results on balancing the generality of the class, the speed, the succinctness of the encoding, and the query support. Let Cn denote the set consisting of the graphs in a class C that with at most n vertices. A class C is nontrivial if the information-theoretically min number log \|Cn\| of bits to distinguish the members of Cn is Omega(n). An encoding scheme based upon a single class C is C-opt if it takes a graph G of Cn and produces in deterministic O(n) time an encoded string of at most log \|Cn\| + o(log \|Cn\|) bits from which G can be recovered in O(n) time. Despite the extensive efforts in the literature, trees and general graphs were the only nontrivial classes C admitting C-opt encoding schemes that support the degree query in O(1) time. Basing an encoding scheme upon a single class ignores the possibility of a shorter encoded string using additional properties of the graph input. To leverage the inherent structures of individual graphs, we propose to base an encoding scheme upon of multiple classes: An encoding scheme based upon a family F of classes, accepting all graphs in UF, is F-opt if it is C-opt for each C in F. Having a C-opt encoding scheme for each C in F does not guarantee an F-opt encoding scheme. Under this more stringent criterion, we present an F-opt encoding scheme for a family F of an infinite number of classes such that UF comprises all graphs of bounded Hadwiger numbers. F consists of the nontrivial quasi-monotone classes of k-clique-minor-free graphs for each positive integer k. Our F-opt scheme supports queries of degree, adjacency, neighbor-listing, and bounded-distance shortest path in O(1) time per output. We broaden the graph classes admitting opt encoding schemes that also efficiently support fundamental queries. Comment: 35 pages, 6 figures
Keywords	Computer Science - Data Structures and Algorithms ; Mathematics - Combinatorics ; 05C38 ; 05C10 ; 05C85 ; 68P05
Subject code	511
Publishing date	2023-07-04
Publishing country	us
Document type	Book ; Online
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Book ; Online: Improved Algorithms for Recognizing Perfect Graphs and Finding Shortest Odd and Even Holes

Chiu, Yung-Chung / Lai, Kai-Yuan / Lu, Hsueh-I

2022

Abstract: ... of each induced subgraph $H$ of $G$ equals the clique number of $H$. The seminal Strong Perfect Graph Theorem ... algorithm of Cheong and Lu in 2022. We improve the time of finding a shortest even hole to $O(n^{23 ...

Abstract	Various classes of induced subgraphs are involved in the deepest results of graph theory and graph algorithms. A prominent example concerns the {\em perfection} of $G$ that the chromatic number of each induced subgraph $H$ of $G$ equals the clique number of $H$. The seminal Strong Perfect Graph Theorem confirms that the perfection of $G$ can be determined by detecting odd holes in $G$ and its complement. Chudnovsky et al. show in 2005 an $O(n^9)$ algorithm for recognizing perfect graphs, which can be implemented to run in $O(n^{6+\omega})$ time for the exponent $\omega<2.373$ of square-matrix multiplication. We show the following improved algorithms. 1. The tractability of detecting odd holes was open for decades until the major breakthrough of Chudnovsky et al. in 2020. Their $O(n^9)$ algorithm is later implemented by Lai et al. to run in $O(n^8)$ time, leading to the best formerly known algorithm for recognizing perfect graphs. Our first result is an $O(n^7)$ algorithm for detecting odd holes, implying an $O(n^7)$ algorithm for recognizing perfect graphs. 2. Chudnovsky et al. extend in 2021 the $O(n^9)$ algorithms for detecting odd holes (2020) and recognizing perfect graphs (2005) into the first polynomial algorithm for obtaining a shortest odd hole, which runs in $O(n^{14})$ time. We reduce the time for finding a shortest odd hole to $O(n^{13})$. 3. Conforti et al. show in 1997 the first polynomial algorithm for detecting even holes, running in about $O(n^{40})$ time. It then takes a line of intensive efforts in the literature to bring down the complexity to $O(n^{31})$, $O(n^{19})$, $O(n^{11})$, and finally $O(n^9)$. On the other hand, the tractability of finding a shortest even hole has been open for 16 years until the very recent $O(n^{31})$ algorithm of Cheong and Lu in 2022. We improve the time of finding a shortest even hole to $O(n^{23})$. Comment: 29 pages, 5 figures
Keywords	Computer Science - Data Structures and Algorithms ; Mathematics - Combinatorics ; 05C38 ; 05C10 ; 05C85 ; 68P05 ; F.2.2 ; G.2.2
Subject code	511
Publishing date	2022-07-15
Publishing country	us
Document type	Book ; Online
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Book ; Online: A Simple 2-Approximation for Maximum-Leaf Spanning Tree

Liao, I-Cheng / Lu, Hsueh-I

2023

Abstract: ... of $G$ is at most four. Lu and Ravi gave the first known polynomial-time approximation algorithms ...

Abstract	For an $m$-edge connected simple graph $G$, finding a spanning tree of $G$ with the maximum number of leaves is MAXSNP-complete. The problem remains NP-complete even if $G$ is planar and the maximal degree of $G$ is at most four. Lu and Ravi gave the first known polynomial-time approximation algorithms with approximation factors $5$ and $3$. Later, they obtained a $3$-approximation algorithm that runs in near-linear time. The best known result is Solis-Oba, Bonsma, and Lowski's $O(m)$-time $2$-approximation algorithm. We show an alternative simple $O(m)$-time $2$-approximation algorithm whose analysis is simpler. This paper is dedicated to the cherished memory of our dear friend, Professor Takao Nishizeki. Comment: 10 pages, 4 figures
Keywords	Computer Science - Data Structures and Algorithms ; 05C38 ; 05C10 ; 05C85 ; 68P05
Publishing date	2023-03-06
Publishing country	us
Document type	Book ; Online
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Article ; Online: Huge mediastinal ancient schwannoma causing acute respiratory failure: a case report.

Huang, Hsuan-Ying / Lo, Chien-Ming / Lu, Hung-I / Chang, Jen-Ping

Journal of cardiothoracic surgery

2024 Volume 19, Issue 1, Page(s) 131

Abstract: Benign mediastinal tumor is usually asymptomatic and exhibits uncomplicated clinical course. Posterior mediastinal schwannoma is common, but a huge benign tumor causing acute respiratory failure due to mass effect is unusual. We present a patient who ... ...

Abstract	Benign mediastinal tumor is usually asymptomatic and exhibits uncomplicated clinical course. Posterior mediastinal schwannoma is common, but a huge benign tumor causing acute respiratory failure due to mass effect is unusual. We present a patient who suffered from acute respiratory failure due to huge mediastinal mass effect and improved after en bloc surgical resection. A 56-year-old woman had no history of systemic disease, but experienced general discomfort and malaise for several months. She was referred to our emergency department after developing sudden respiratory failure. Intubation was performed with ventilator support and she was admitted to the intensive care unit. Chest radiograph and computed tomography showed a huge mass over the left pleural cavity causing left lung, heart, and mediastinal compression. After en bloc resection, she was weaned off the ventilator successfully and was discharged at 24 days after the operation. Postoperative outpatient follow-up showed no symptoms. Mediastinal ancient schwannoma is a rare posterior mediastinal benign tumor. However, mass effect might lead to lethal complications. En bloc resection is necessary for curative treatment.
MeSH term(s)	Female ; Humans ; Middle Aged ; Mediastinal Neoplasms/complications ; Mediastinal Neoplasms/diagnosis ; Mediastinal Neoplasms/surgery ; Neurilemmoma/complications ; Neurilemmoma/surgery ; Neurilemmoma/pathology ; Mediastinum/pathology ; Respiratory Insufficiency/etiology
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-03-15
Publishing country	England
Document type	Case Reports ; Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2227224-0
ISSN	1749-8090 ; 1749-8090
ISSN (online)	1749-8090
ISSN	1749-8090
DOI	10.1186/s13019-024-02605-1
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Article ; Online: Zero-valent iron (ZVI) facilitated in-situ selenium (Se) immobilization and its recovery by magnetic separation: Mechanisms and implications for microbial ecology.

Wang, Zhongli / Lü, Changwei / Wang, Yanming / Gomes, Rachel L / Clarke, Coby J / Gomes, Helena I

Journal of hazardous materials

2024 Volume 473, Page(s) 134591

Abstract: Selenium (Se(VI)) is environmentally toxic. One of the most popular reducing agents for Se(VI) remediation is zero-valent iron (ZVI). However, most ZVI studies were carried out in water matrices, and the recovery of reduced Se has not been investigated. ... ...

Abstract	Selenium (Se(VI)) is environmentally toxic. One of the most popular reducing agents for Se(VI) remediation is zero-valent iron (ZVI). However, most ZVI studies were carried out in water matrices, and the recovery of reduced Se has not been investigated. A water-sediment system constructed using natural sediment was employed here to study in-situ Se remediation and recovery. A combined effect of ZVI and unacclimated microorganisms from natural sediment was found in Se(VI) removal in the water phase with a removal efficiency of 92.7 ± 1.1% within 7 d when 10 mg L
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-05-14
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1491302-1
ISSN	1873-3336 ; 0304-3894
ISSN (online)	1873-3336
ISSN	0304-3894
DOI	10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134591
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Article ; Online: Discrepancies in dengue burden estimates: A comparative analysis of reported cases and Global Burden of Disease Study, 2010-2019.

Lee, Sin Yee / Shih, Hsin-I / Lo, Wei-Cheng / Lu, Tsung-Hsueh / Chien, Yu-Wen

Journal of travel medicine

2024

Abstract: Background: Dengue is a significant mosquito-borne disease. Several studies have utilized estimates from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study to assess the global, regional, or national burden of dengue over time. However, our recent investigation ... ...

Abstract	Background: Dengue is a significant mosquito-borne disease. Several studies have utilized estimates from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study to assess the global, regional, or national burden of dengue over time. However, our recent investigation suggests that GBD's estimates for dengue cases in Taiwan are unrealistically high. The current study extends the scope to compare reported dengue cases with GBD estimates across 30 high-burden countries and territories, aiming to assess the accuracy and interpretability of the GBD's dengue estimates. Methods: Data for this study were sourced from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2019 study and various national and international databases documenting reported dengue cases. The analysis targeted the top 30 countries and territories with the highest 10-year average of reported cases from 2010 to 2019. Discrepancies were quantified by computing absolute differences and ratios between the 10-year average of reported cases and GBD estimates. Coefficients of variation (CV) and estimated annual percentage changes (EAPCs) were calculated to assess variations and trends in the two data sources. Results: Significant discrepancies were noted between reported data and GBD estimates in the number of dengue cases, incidence rates, and EAPCs. GBD estimates were substantially higher than reported cases for many entities, with the most notable differences found in China (570.0-fold), India (303.0-fold), Bangladesh (115.4-fold), Taiwan (85.5-fold), and Indonesia (23.2-fold). Furthermore, the GBD's estimates did not accurately reflect the extensive yearly fluctuations in dengue outbreaks, particularly in non-endemic regions such as Taiwan, China, and Argentina, as evidenced by high CVs. Conclusions: This study reveals substantial discrepancies between GBD estimates and reported dengue cases, underscoring the imperative for comprehensive analysis in areas with pronounced disparities. The failure of GBD estimates to represent the considerable annual fluctuations in dengue outbreaks highlights the critical need for improvement in disease burden estimation methodologies for dengue.
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-05-02
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1212504-0
ISSN	1708-8305 ; 1195-1982
ISSN (online)	1708-8305
ISSN	1195-1982
DOI	10.1093/jtm/taae069
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Article ; Online: Substantial discrepancies in dengue case estimates between the Global Burden of Disease Study and Taiwan Centers for Disease Control.

Lee, Sin Yee / Shih, Hsin-I / King, Chwan-Chuen / Lu, Tsung-Hsueh / Chien, Yu-Wen

Journal of travel medicine

2024 Volume 31, Issue 2

MeSH term(s)	Humans ; United States ; Global Burden of Disease ; Taiwan/epidemiology ; Dengue/epidemiology ; Dengue/prevention & control ; Global Health ; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S.
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-01-19
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1212504-0
ISSN	1708-8305 ; 1195-1982
ISSN (online)	1708-8305
ISSN	1195-1982
DOI	10.1093/jtm/taae009
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Article ; Online: Quantitative microbial spoilage risk assessment of Aspergillus niger in white bread reveal that retail storage temperature and mold contamination during factory cooling are the main factors to influence spoilage.

Chou, Kelvin / Liu, Jinxin / Lu, Xiaonan / Hsiao, Hsin-I

Food microbiology

2023 Volume 119, Page(s) 104443

Abstract: The present study developed a model for effectively assessing the risk of spoilage caused by Aspergillus niger to identify key control measures employed in bakery supply chains. A white bread supply chain comprising a processing plant and two retail ... ...

Abstract	The present study developed a model for effectively assessing the risk of spoilage caused by Aspergillus niger to identify key control measures employed in bakery supply chains. A white bread supply chain comprising a processing plant and two retail stores in Taiwan was selected in this study. Time-temperature profiles were collected at each processing step in summer and winter. Visual mycelium diameter predictions were validated using a time-lapse camera. Six what-if scenarios were proposed. The mean risk of A. niger contamination per package sold by retailer A was 0.052 in summer and 0.036 in winter, and that for retailer B was 0.037 in summer and 0.022 in winter. Sensitivity analysis revealed that retail storage time, retail temperature, and mold prevalence during factory cooling were the main influencing factors. The what-if scenarios revealed that reducing the retail environmental temperature by 1 °C in summer (from 23.97 °C to 22.97 °C) and winter (from 23.28 °C to 22.28 °C) resulted in a reduction in spoilage risk of 47.0% and 34.7%, respectively. These results indicate that food companies should establish a quantitative microbial risk assessment model that uses real data to evaluate microbial spoilage in food products that can support decision-making processes.
MeSH term(s)	Aspergillus niger ; Temperature ; Bread ; Food Microbiology ; Risk Assessment ; Aspergillus
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-12-03
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	50892-5
ISSN	1095-9998 ; 0740-0020
ISSN (online)	1095-9998
ISSN	0740-0020
DOI	10.1016/j.fm.2023.104443
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Article ; Online: Geometrical Pumping with a Bose-Einstein Condensate.

Lu, H-I / Schemmer, M / Aycock, L M / Genkina, D / Sugawa, S / Spielman, I B

Physical review letters

2016 Volume 116, Issue 20, Page(s) 200402

Abstract: We realized a quantum geometric "charge" pump for a Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC) in the lowest Bloch band of a novel bipartite magnetic lattice. Topological charge pumps in filled bands yield quantized pumping set by the global-topological-properties ... ...

Abstract	We realized a quantum geometric "charge" pump for a Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC) in the lowest Bloch band of a novel bipartite magnetic lattice. Topological charge pumps in filled bands yield quantized pumping set by the global-topological-properties of the bands. In contrast, our geometric charge pump for a BEC occupying just a single crystal momentum state exhibits nonquantized charge pumping set by local-geometrical-properties of the band structure. Like topological charge pumps, for each pump cycle we observed an overall displacement (here, not quantized) and a temporal modulation of the atomic wave packet's position in each unit cell, i.e., the polarization.
Language	English
Publishing date	2016-05-20
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	208853-8
ISSN	1079-7114 ; 0031-9007
ISSN (online)	1079-7114
ISSN	0031-9007
DOI	10.1103/PhysRevLett.116.200402
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Article ; Online: In-Situ Implant Formulation of Laurate and Myristate Prodrugs of Dolutegravir for Ultra-Long Delivery.

Khuroo, Tahir / Mohamed, Eman M / Dharani, Sathish / Immadi, Sujana / Nutan, Mohammad T H / Lu, Dai / Ali, Hamed I / Khan, Mansoor A / Rahman, Ziyaur

Journal of pharmaceutical sciences

2022 Volume 111, Issue 8, Page(s) 2312–2321

Abstract: ... by exposing the powder drugs to 40°C/75% RH for three months and buffer solutions at room temperature for 72 h ...

Abstract	The focus of present work was to synthesize prodrugs of dolutegravir (DTG) for ultra-long delivery purpose. The prodrug was synthesized by esterification of hydroxyl group with carboxyl group of fatty acid (lauric or myristic acid). The prodrugs were characterized by differential scanning calorimetry, X-ray powder diffraction, nuclear magnetic resonance, Fourier transformed infrared, near infrared-chemical imaging, pH-solubility, partition coefficient, and stability (solid and liquid). Stability studies were performed by exposing the powder drugs to 40°C/75% RH for three months and buffer solutions at room temperature for 72 h. The prodrugs and drug were formulated into in-situ implant using biodegradable polymer. Thermal, spectral, and diffractometric data indicated formation of new chemical and solid forms. Formation of prodrugs resulted in lowering of melting point of DTG from 191.1°C to 163.7 and 140.7°C for DTG-Laurate and DTG-Myristate prodrugs, respectively. A decrease in solubility of 18.2-115.9 and 124.5-1594.9 folds was observed for DTG-Laurate and DTG-Myristate, respectively compared to DTG. Similarly, the prodrugs were highly lipophilic compared to DTG. Solid-state and pH-stability profiles of DTG and prodrugs were comparable. Implant formulation released 60.1% in 77 days compared to 95.6% in 35 days in the case of DTG-Myristate and DTG, respectively. In summary, combining prodrug and drug delivery approaches can be utilized for delivering drug for ultra-long period.
MeSH term(s)	Heterocyclic Compounds, 3-Ring ; Laurates ; Myristates ; Myristic Acid ; Oxazines ; Piperazines ; Powders ; Prodrugs/chemistry ; Pyridones ; Solubility
Chemical Substances	Heterocyclic Compounds, 3-Ring ; Laurates ; Myristates ; Oxazines ; Piperazines ; Powders ; Prodrugs ; Pyridones ; Myristic Acid (0I3V7S25AW) ; dolutegravir (DKO1W9H7M1)
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-03-14
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	3151-3
ISSN	1520-6017 ; 0022-3549
ISSN (online)	1520-6017
ISSN	0022-3549
DOI	10.1016/j.xphs.2022.03.007
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