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  1. Article ; Online: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Diagnostic Accuracy of the Advanced Clinical Solutions Word Choice Test as a Performance Validity Test.

    Bernstein, Matthew T / Resch, Zachary J / Ovsiew, Gabriel P / Soble, Jason R

    Neuropsychology review

    2021  Volume 31, Issue 2, Page(s) 349–359

    Abstract: Thorough assessment of performance validity has become an established standard of practice in neuropsychological assessment. While there has been a large focus on the development and cross-validation of embedded performance validity tests (PVTs) in ... ...

    Abstract Thorough assessment of performance validity has become an established standard of practice in neuropsychological assessment. While there has been a large focus on the development and cross-validation of embedded performance validity tests (PVTs) in recent years, new freestanding PVTs have also been developed, including the Word Choice Test (WCT) as part of the Advanced Clinical Solutions Effort System. And, while the WCT's general utility for identifying invalid performance has been demonstrated in the ensuing decade since its initial publication, optimal cut-scores and associated psychometric properties have varied widely across studies. This study sought to synthesize the existing diagnostic accuracy literature regarding the WCT via a systematic review and to conduct a meta-analysis to determine the performance validity cut-score that best maximizes sensitivity while maintaining acceptable specificity. A systematic search of the literature resulted in 14 studies for synthesis, with eight of those available for meta-analysis. Meta-analytic results revealed an optimal cut-score of ≤ 42 with 54% sensitivity and 93% specificity for identifying invalid neuropsychological test performance. Collectively, the WCT demonstrated adequate diagnostic accuracy as a PVT across a variety of populations. Recommendations for future studies are also provided.
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Neuropsychological Tests ; Psychometrics ; Reproducibility of Results ; Research Design
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-01-15
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Meta-Analysis ; Review ; Systematic Review
    ZDB-ID 1062572-0
    ISSN 1573-6660 ; 1040-7308
    ISSN (online) 1573-6660
    ISSN 1040-7308
    DOI 10.1007/s11065-020-09468-y
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  2. Article ; Online: Victoria Symptom Validity Test: A Systematic Review and Cross-Validation Study.

    Resch, Zachary J / Webber, Troy A / Bernstein, Matthew T / Rhoads, Tasha / Ovsiew, Gabriel P / Soble, Jason R

    Neuropsychology review

    2021  Volume 31, Issue 2, Page(s) 331–348

    Abstract: The Victoria Symptom Validity Test (VSVT) is a performance validity test (PVT) with over two decades of empirical backing, although methodological limitations within the extant literature restrict its clinical and research generalizability. Chief among ... ...

    Abstract The Victoria Symptom Validity Test (VSVT) is a performance validity test (PVT) with over two decades of empirical backing, although methodological limitations within the extant literature restrict its clinical and research generalizability. Chief among these constraints includes limited consensus on the most accurate index within the VSVT and the most appropriate cut-scores within each VSVT validity index. The current systematic review synthesizes existing VSVT validation studies and provides additional cross-validation in an independent sample using a known-groups design. We completed a systematic search of the literature, identifying 17 peer-reviewed studies for synthesis (7 simulation designs, 7 differential prevalence designs, and 3 known-groups designs). The independent cross-validation sample consisted of 200 mixed clinical neuropsychiatric patients referred for outpatient neuropsychological evaluation. Across all indices, Total item accuracy produced the strongest psychometric properties at an optimal cut-score of ≤ 40 (62% sensitivity/88% specificity). However, ROC curve analyses for all VSVT indices yielded statistically significant areas under the curve (AUCs; .73-81), suggestive of moderate classification accuracy. Cut-scores derived using the independent cross-validation sample converged with some previous findings supporting cut-scores of ≤ 22 for Easy item accuracy and ≤ 40 for Total item accuracy, although divergent findings were noted for Difficult item accuracy. Overall, VSVT validity indicators have adequate diagnostic accuracy across populations, with the current study providing additional support for its use as a psychometrically sound PVT in clinical settings. However, caution is recommended among patients with certain verified clinical conditions (e.g., dementia) and those with pronounced working memory deficits due to concerns for increased risk of false positives.
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Memory Disorders ; Memory, Short-Term ; Neuropsychological Tests ; Reproducibility of Results ; Sensitivity and Specificity
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-01-12
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Review ; Systematic Review
    ZDB-ID 1062572-0
    ISSN 1573-6660 ; 1040-7308
    ISSN (online) 1573-6660
    ISSN 1040-7308
    DOI 10.1007/s11065-021-09477-5
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  3. Article ; Online: Myogenesis defects in a patient-derived iPSC model of hereditary GNE myopathy.

    Schmitt, Rebecca E / Smith, Douglas Y / Cho, Dong Seong / Kirkeby, Lindsey A / Resch, Zachary T / Liewluck, Teerin / Niu, Zhiyv / Milone, Margherita / Doles, Jason D

    NPJ Regenerative medicine

    2022  Volume 7, Issue 1, Page(s) 48

    Abstract: Hereditary muscle diseases are disabling disorders lacking effective treatments. UDP-N-acetylglucosamine-2-epimerase/N-acetylmannosamine kinase (GNE) myopathy (GNEM) is an autosomal recessive distal myopathy with rimmed vacuoles typically manifesting in ... ...

    Abstract Hereditary muscle diseases are disabling disorders lacking effective treatments. UDP-N-acetylglucosamine-2-epimerase/N-acetylmannosamine kinase (GNE) myopathy (GNEM) is an autosomal recessive distal myopathy with rimmed vacuoles typically manifesting in late adolescence/early adulthood. GNE encodes the rate-limiting enzyme in sialic acid biosynthesis, which is necessary for the proper function of numerous biological processes. Outside of the causative gene, very little is known about the mechanisms contributing to the development of GNE myopathy. In the present study, we aimed to address this knowledge gap by querying the underlying mechanisms of GNE myopathy using a patient-derived induced pluripotent stem-cell (iPSC) model. Control and patient-specific iPSCs were differentiated down a skeletal muscle lineage, whereby patient-derived GNEM iPSC clones were able to recapitulate key characteristics of the human pathology and further demonstrated defects in myogenic progression. Single-cell RNA sequencing time course studies revealed clear differences between control and GNEM iPSC-derived muscle precursor cells (iMPCs), while pathway studies implicated altered stress and autophagy signaling in GNEM iMPCs. Treatment of GNEM patient-derived iMPCs with an autophagy activator improved myogenic differentiation. In summary, we report an in vitro, iPSC-based model of GNE myopathy and implicate defective myogenesis as a contributing mechanism to the etiology of GNE myopathy.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-09-09
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ISSN 2057-3995
    ISSN (online) 2057-3995
    DOI 10.1038/s41536-022-00238-3
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  4. Article ; Online: Impaired or invalid? Limitations of assessing performance validity using the Boston Naming Test.

    Abramson, Dayna A / Resch, Zachary J / Ovsiew, Gabriel P / White, Daniel J / Bernstein, Matthew T / Basurto, Karen S / Soble, Jason R

    Applied neuropsychology. Adult

    2020  Volume 29, Issue 4, Page(s) 486–491

    Abstract: The Boston Naming Test (BNT) has been proposed as an embedded performance validity test (PVT), though replication is needed to provide further empirical support of its simultaneous use as a cognitive ability measure and embedded PVT. This cross-sectional ...

    Abstract The Boston Naming Test (BNT) has been proposed as an embedded performance validity test (PVT), though replication is needed to provide further empirical support of its simultaneous use as a cognitive ability measure and embedded PVT. This cross-sectional study examined BNT performance in a mixed neuropsychiatric sample of 137 patients with/without cognitive impairment. Four independent criterion PVTs classified 109 (80%) as valid and 28 (20%) as invalid. BNT raw and demographically-corrected
    MeSH term(s) Cognitive Dysfunction/diagnosis ; Cognitive Dysfunction/psychology ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Humans ; Language Tests ; Neuropsychological Tests ; Reproducibility of Results
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-06-13
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2673736-X
    ISSN 2327-9109 ; 2327-9095
    ISSN (online) 2327-9109
    ISSN 2327-9095
    DOI 10.1080/23279095.2020.1774378
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  5. Article ; Online: Establishing the base rate of performance invalidity in a clinical electrical injury sample: Implications for neuropsychological test performance.

    Resch, Zachary J / Paxton, Jessica L / Obolsky, Maximillian A / Lapitan, Franchezka / Cation, Bailey / Schulze, Evan T / Calderone, Veroly / Fink, Joseph W / Lee, Raphael C / Pliskin, Neil H / Soble, Jason R

    Journal of clinical and experimental neuropsychology

    2021  Volume 43, Issue 2, Page(s) 213–223

    Abstract: ... ...

    Abstract Objective
    MeSH term(s) Cognition ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Humans ; Neuropsychological Tests ; Reproducibility of Results
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-04-16
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 605982-x
    ISSN 1744-411X ; 0168-8634 ; 1380-3395
    ISSN (online) 1744-411X
    ISSN 0168-8634 ; 1380-3395
    DOI 10.1080/13803395.2021.1914002
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  6. Article ; Online: Out of sight, out of mind: The impact of material-specific memory impairment on Rey 15-Item Test performance.

    Soble, Jason R / Rhoads, Tasha / Carter, Dustin A / Bernstein, Matthew T / Ovsiew, Gabriel P / Resch, Zachary J

    Psychological assessment

    2020  Volume 32, Issue 11, Page(s) 1087–1093

    Abstract: This study examined the effect of increasing material-specific verbal and visual memory impairment severity on Rey 15-Item Test (RFIT) and RFIT/Recognition Trial performance. Data from 146 clinically referred patients (109 valid/37 invalid) who completed ...

    Abstract This study examined the effect of increasing material-specific verbal and visual memory impairment severity on Rey 15-Item Test (RFIT) and RFIT/Recognition Trial performance. Data from 146 clinically referred patients (109 valid/37 invalid) who completed the RFIT, Brief Visuospatial Memory Test-Revised, and Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test were analyzed. Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test/BVMT memory impairment was operationalized as ≥40T (no memory impairment), 30T-39T (mild memory impairment), or ≤29T (severe memory impairment). Medium-to-large correlations emerged between the RFIT and memory measures. Significantly more patients with impaired visual memory, and to a lesser extent verbal memory, failed the RFIT and RFIT/Recognition. RFIT and RFIT/Recognition produced areas under the curve = .80-.90 for detecting invalidity and strong associated psychometric properties among patients without memory impairment, but both yielded low and largely unacceptable accuracy (areas under the curve = .57-.71) when verbal or visual memory impairment of any severity was present. In sum, RFIT performance was significantly affected by increasing material-specific memory deficits, such that it produced acceptable accuracy among unimpaired patients, but accuracy greatly diminished with memory impairment, which is antithetical to a sound performance validity test. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
    MeSH term(s) Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Memory ; Memory Disorders/diagnosis ; Memory Disorders/psychology ; Memory and Learning Tests ; Middle Aged ; Neuropsychological Tests ; Recognition, Psychology ; Reproducibility of Results ; Young Adult
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-08-27
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 1000939-5
    ISSN 1939-134X ; 1040-3590
    ISSN (online) 1939-134X
    ISSN 1040-3590
    DOI 10.1037/pas0000854
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  7. Article ; Online: Cross-validation of non-memory-based embedded performance validity tests for detecting invalid performance among patients with and without neurocognitive impairment.

    White, Daniel J / Korinek, Dale / Bernstein, Matthew T / Ovsiew, Gabriel P / Resch, Zachary J / Soble, Jason R

    Journal of clinical and experimental neuropsychology

    2020  Volume 42, Issue 5, Page(s) 459–472

    Abstract: Introduction: Embedded performance validity tests (PVTs) allow for continuous and economical validity assessment during neuropsychological evaluations; however, similar to their freestanding counterparts, a limitation of well-validated embedded PVTs is ... ...

    Abstract Introduction: Embedded performance validity tests (PVTs) allow for continuous and economical validity assessment during neuropsychological evaluations; however, similar to their freestanding counterparts, a limitation of well-validated embedded PVTs is that the majority are memory-based. This study cross-validated several previously identified non-memory-based PVTs derived from language, processing speed, and executive functioning tests within a single mixed clinical neuropsychiatric sample with and without cognitive impairment.
    Method: This cross-sectional study included data from 124 clinical patients who underwent outpatient neuropsychological evaluation. Validity groups were determined by four independent criterion PVTs (failing ≤1 or ≥2), resulting in 98 valid (68% cognitively impaired) and 26 invalid performances. In total, 23 previously identified embedded PVTs derived from Verbal Fluency (VF), Trail Making Test (TMT), Stroop (SCWT), and Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) were examined.
    Results: All VF, SCWT, and TMT PVTs, along with WCST Categories, significantly differed between validity groups (
    Conclusion: VF, TMT, and SCWT embedded PVTs generally demonstrated moderate accuracy for identifying invalid neuropsychological performance. However, performance on these non-memory-based PVTs from processing speed and executive functioning tests are not immune to the effects of cognitive impairment, such that alternate cut-scores (with reduced sensitivity if adequate specificity is maintained) are indicated in cases where the clinical history is consistent with cognitive impairment. In contrast, WCST indices generally had poor accuracy.
    MeSH term(s) Adult ; Cognitive Dysfunction/diagnosis ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Executive Function/physiology ; Female ; Humans ; Language Tests/standards ; Male ; Malnutrition/diagnosis ; Middle Aged ; Neuropsychological Tests/standards ; Outpatients ; Psychomotor Performance/physiology ; Reproducibility of Results ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Stroop Test/standards ; Trail Making Test/standards ; Wisconsin Card Sorting Test/standards
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-05-13
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Validation Study
    ZDB-ID 605982-x
    ISSN 1744-411X ; 0168-8634 ; 1380-3395
    ISSN (online) 1744-411X
    ISSN 0168-8634 ; 1380-3395
    DOI 10.1080/13803395.2020.1758634
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  8. Article ; Online: Concordance between the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2-Restructured Form (MMPI-2-RF) and Clinical Assessment of Attention Deficit-Adult (CAT-A) over-reporting validity scales for detecting invalid ADHD symptom reporting.

    Leib, Sophie I / Schieszler-Ockrassa, Christine / White, Daniel J / Gallagher, Virginia T / Carter, Dustin A / Basurto, Karen S / Ovsiew, Gabriel P / Resch, Zachary J / Jennette, Kyle J / Soble, Jason R

    Applied neuropsychology. Adult

    2021  Volume 29, Issue 6, Page(s) 1522–1529

    Abstract: This study investigated the relationship between symptom validity scales on the Clinical Assessment of Attention Deficit-Adult (CAT-A) and the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2-Restructured Form (MMPI-2-RF) in the context of Attention-Deficit/ ...

    Abstract This study investigated the relationship between symptom validity scales on the Clinical Assessment of Attention Deficit-Adult (CAT-A) and the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2-Restructured Form (MMPI-2-RF) in the context of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) evaluation. The sample comprised 140 consecutive patients referred for a neuropsychological evaluation of ADHD and were administered the CAT-A and the MMPI-2-RF and a battery of performance-based neurocognitive tests. Results indicated CAT-A/MMPI-2-RF symptom validity concordance of 51% between measures, with 38% concordant valid and 13% concordant invalid responses. Among those with discordance symptom validity results, rates of valid CAT-A/invalid MMPI-2-RF responding (41%) were more common than invalid CAT-A/valid MMPI-2-RF responding (8%). Results also indicated higher levels of ADHD symptoms among invalid responding within the CAT-A, whereas the MMPI-2-RF Cognitive Complaints scale did not differ by CAT-A validity status. Finally, symptom validity scales on both the CAT-A and MMPI-2-RF were largely discordant from neuropsychological test validity status per performance validity tests. Findings highlight the need for symptom validity testing when assessing ADHD and indicate that validity indices on broad personality assessments may assess different constructs than embedded validity indices in ADHD-specific measures.
    MeSH term(s) Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity/diagnosis ; Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity/psychology ; Humans ; MMPI ; Neuropsychological Tests ; Reproducibility of Results
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-03-14
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2673736-X
    ISSN 2327-9109 ; 2327-9095
    ISSN (online) 2327-9109
    ISSN 2327-9095
    DOI 10.1080/23279095.2021.1894150
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  9. Article ; Online: Masking effect of high IQ on the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test in an adult sample with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder.

    Keezer, Richard D / Leib, Sophie I / Scimeca, Lauren M / Smith, Justin T / Holbrook, Lindsey R / Sharp, Dillon W / Jennette, Kyle J / Ovsiew, Gabriel P / Resch, Zachary J / Soble, Jason R

    Applied neuropsychology. Adult

    2021  Volume 31, Issue 1, Page(s) 1–9

    Abstract: Objective: High intelligence (IQ) adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) often perform better on neuropsychological tests relative to average IQ adults with ADHD, despite commensurate functional impairment. This study compared ... ...

    Abstract Objective: High intelligence (IQ) adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) often perform better on neuropsychological tests relative to average IQ adults with ADHD, despite commensurate functional impairment. This study compared adults with ADHD and high versus average IQ on the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT) to specifically assess this proposed masking effect of IQ on verbal learning/memory performance among those undergoing neuropsychological evaluation.
    Method: RAVLT performance between patients with ADHD and average versus high Test of Premorbid Function-estimated IQ were compared. Latent growth curve modeling (LGCM) evaluated learning acquisition across trials.
    Results: RAVLT total learning, immediate, and delayed free recall performances were significantly better in the high IQ relative to the average IQ group. LGCM showed similar quadradic growth trajectories for both IQ groups. Both groups reported equivalent symptom severity and functional complaints in childhood and adulthood.
    Conclusions: Adults with ADHD and high IQ performed normally on a verbal learning/memory test compared to adults with average IQ, who scored 0.5-1.0 standard deviations below the mean. These results suggest a masking of performance-based memory deficits in the context of higher IQ in adults with ADHD, supporting growing evidence that higher IQ masks neurocognitive deficits during the assessment of adults with ADHD.
    MeSH term(s) Adult ; Humans ; Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity/complications ; Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity/diagnosis ; Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity/psychology ; Memory ; Memory Disorders ; Cognition ; Memory and Learning Tests ; Neuropsychological Tests ; Verbal Learning
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-10-08
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2673736-X
    ISSN 2327-9109 ; 2327-9095
    ISSN (online) 2327-9109
    ISSN 2327-9095
    DOI 10.1080/23279095.2021.1983575
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  10. Article ; Online: A Known-Groups Validation of the Medical Symptom Validity Test and Analysis of the Genuine Memory Impairment Profile.

    Resch, Zachary J / Rhoads, Tasha / Ovsiew, Gabriel P / Soble, Jason R

    Assessment

    2020  Volume 29, Issue 3, Page(s) 455–466

    Abstract: This study cross-validated the Medical Symptom Validity Test (MSVT) in a mixed neuropsychiatric sample and examined its accuracy for identifying invalid neuropsychological performance using a known-groups design. Cross-sectional data from 129 clinical ... ...

    Abstract This study cross-validated the Medical Symptom Validity Test (MSVT) in a mixed neuropsychiatric sample and examined its accuracy for identifying invalid neuropsychological performance using a known-groups design. Cross-sectional data from 129 clinical patients who completed the MSVT were examined. Validity groups were established using six, independent criterion performance validity tests, which yielded 98 patients in the valid group and 31 in the invalid group. All MSVT subtest scores were significantly lower in the invalid group (η
    MeSH term(s) Activities of Daily Living ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Humans ; Malingering/diagnosis ; Memory Disorders/diagnosis ; Neuropsychological Tests ; Reproducibility of Results ; Sensitivity and Specificity
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-12-29
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 1362144-0
    ISSN 1552-3489 ; 1073-1911
    ISSN (online) 1552-3489
    ISSN 1073-1911
    DOI 10.1177/1073191120983919
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