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Article ; Online: Bioactivities and Microbial Quality of

Rajkowska, Katarzyna / Simińska, Dorota / Kunicka-Styczyńska, Alina

2022 Volume 27, Issue 22

Abstract: ... high microbial quality (<10 CFU/g) were obtained by extraction in ethyl lactate by the UAE method ...

Abstract	Goji berries, known for their health-promoting properties, are increasingly consumed around the world, often in the form of naturally- or freeze-dried fruits, further unprocessed. The aim of the study was to obtain dried goji berries extracts, characterized by high bioactivity and safety in terms of microbial contamination for the consumer. In the study, various solvents (water, ethanol, acetone, ethyl lactate, sunflower oil) and green extraction methods (heating and ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE)) were used. In goji extracts, antioxidant activity and carotenoids content as bioactivity indicators, as well as total number of microorganisms were determined. Boiling of powdered dried goji fruits in water resulted in extracts with the best features, i.e., with high antioxidant properties (2.75−4.06 μmol of Trolox equivalent (TE)/mL), moderate to high content of carotenoids (0.67−1.86 mg/mL), and a reduced number of microorganisms compared with fruits. Extracts in 50% ethanol and 50% acetone were characterized primarily by very high antioxidant activity (3.09−4.90 μmol TE/mL). The high content of carotenoids (0.98−3.79 mg/mL) and high microbial quality (<10 CFU/g) were obtained by extraction in ethyl lactate by the UAE method. The results could be useful in the development of functional food based on goji berry ingredients.
MeSH term(s)	Lycium ; Fruit ; Solvents ; Antioxidants/pharmacology ; Acetone ; Carotenoids/pharmacology ; Water ; Ethanol
Chemical Substances	ethyl lactate (F3P750VW8I) ; Solvents ; Antioxidants ; Acetone (1364PS73AF) ; Carotenoids (36-88-4) ; Water (059QF0KO0R) ; Ethanol (3K9958V90M)
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-11-14
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1413402-0
ISSN	1420-3049 ; 1431-5165 ; 1420-3049
ISSN (online)	1420-3049
ISSN	1431-5165 ; 1420-3049
DOI	10.3390/molecules27227856
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Article: Health benefits and risks associated with element uptake from grilled fish and fish products

Rajkowska‐Myśliwiec, Monika / Pokorska‐Niewiada, Kamila / Witczak, Agata / Balcerzak, Marta / Ciecholewska‐Juśko, Daria

Journal of the science of food and agriculture. 2022 Feb., v. 102, no. 3

2022

Abstract: ... of Fe, Cu and Mn was found to be fish products in cans and jars, 150 g of which covered the daily ...

Abstract	BACKGROUND: The content of essential and toxic elements in grilled fish (Atlantic salmon, trout) and in 20 assortments of fish products was examined. The aim of this study was to assess the fulfilment of the demand for Zn, Fe, Mn and Cu based on recommended dietary allowances (RDAs) or adequate intakes (AIs) and to assess the health risk associated with the consumption of Al, Pb and Cd. The risk assessment was based on estimated weekly intake (EWI), hazard index (HI), target risk ratio (THQ) and percentage: provisional tolerable weekly intake (PTWI) for Al, tolerable weekly intake (TWI) for Cd and reference dose lower bound (BMDL) for Pb. RESULTS: Taking into account the health benefits, the best source of Fe, Cu and Mn was found to be fish products in cans and jars, 150 g of which covered the daily requirement: Fe 9.39%, Cu 2.91% and Mn 1.21%. Smoked fish covered the RDA for Zn to 5.69%. Moreover, the uptake of toxic elements was as follows: Al 0.45% PTWI: Pb 0.74% BMDL10 and Cd 2.20% TWI. The THQ values for Pb and Cd were significantly lower than 1, whereas for Al it reached as high as 4.0. CONCLUSION: The obtained results indicate that there is no risk related to the intake of Pb and Cd with the consumption of the tested fish products. Low consumption of fish by Poles, however, contributes to their small share in covering the demand for microelements, i.e. Zn, Fe, Mn and Cu. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
Keywords	Salmo salar ; agriculture ; fish consumption ; relative risk ; risk assessment ; toxicity ; trout
Language	English
Dates of publication	2022-02
Size	p. 957-964.
Publishing place	John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Document type	Article
Note	JOURNAL ARTICLE
ZDB-ID	184116-6
ISSN	1097-0010 ; 0022-5142
ISSN (online)	1097-0010
ISSN	0022-5142
DOI	10.1002/jsfa.11429
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article ; Online: Glial Pathology in Major Depressive Disorder: An Approach to Investigate the Coverage of Blood Vessels by Astrocyte Endfeet in Human Postmortem Brain.

Rajkowska, Grazyna / Miguel-Hidalgo, Jose Javier

Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.)

2019 Volume 1938, Page(s) 247–254

Abstract: Double immunohistochemistry and confocal microscopy permits to detect the coverage of blood vessels by astrocytic endfeet in human postmortem brain tissue. Here we describe double immunofluorescent staining for detecting a colocalization of a marker of ... ...

Abstract	Double immunohistochemistry and confocal microscopy permits to detect the coverage of blood vessels by astrocytic endfeet in human postmortem brain tissue. Here we describe double immunofluorescent staining for detecting a colocalization of a marker of astrocytic processes (labeled with an antibody for aquaporin-4 (AQP4) and a marker for blood vessels (labeled with an antibody to collagen IV). Then, we present a microscopic analysis of the coverage of blood vessels by astrocytic processes using Nikon C1 confocal microscope, Photoshop, and ImageJ software.
MeSH term(s)	Astrocytes/metabolism ; Astrocytes/pathology ; Autopsy ; Blood Vessels/metabolism ; Brain/metabolism ; Depressive Disorder, Major/etiology ; Depressive Disorder, Major/metabolism ; Depressive Disorder, Major/pathology ; Fluorescent Antibody Technique ; Humans ; Immunohistochemistry ; Microscopy, Confocal ; Neuroglia/metabolism ; Neuroglia/pathology ; Postmortem Changes
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-01-08
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	1940-6029
ISSN (online)	1940-6029
DOI	10.1007/978-1-4939-9068-9_17
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Article ; Online: Health benefits and risks associated with element uptake from grilled fish and fish products.

Rajkowska-Myśliwiec, Monika / Pokorska-Niewiada, Kamila / Witczak, Agata / Balcerzak, Marta / Ciecholewska-Juśko, Daria

Journal of the science of food and agriculture

2021 Volume 102, Issue 3, Page(s) 957–964

Abstract: ... source of Fe, Cu and Mn was found to be fish products in cans and jars, 150 g of which covered the daily ...

Abstract	Background: The content of essential and toxic elements in grilled fish (Atlantic salmon, trout) and in 20 assortments of fish products was examined. The aim of this study was to assess the fulfilment of the demand for Zn, Fe, Mn and Cu based on recommended dietary allowances (RDAs) or adequate intakes (AIs) and to assess the health risk associated with the consumption of Al, Pb and Cd. The risk assessment was based on estimated weekly intake (EWI), hazard index (HI), target risk ratio (THQ) and percentage: provisional tolerable weekly intake (PTWI) for Al, tolerable weekly intake (TWI) for Cd and reference dose lower bound (BMDL) for Pb. Results: Taking into account the health benefits, the best source of Fe, Cu and Mn was found to be fish products in cans and jars, 150 g of which covered the daily requirement: Fe 9.39%, Cu 2.91% and Mn 1.21%. Smoked fish covered the RDA for Zn to 5.69%. Moreover, the uptake of toxic elements was as follows: Al 0.45% PTWI: Pb 0.74% BMDL10 and Cd 2.20% TWI. The THQ values for Pb and Cd were significantly lower than 1, whereas for Al it reached as high as 4.0. Conclusion: The obtained results indicate that there is no risk related to the intake of Pb and Cd with the consumption of the tested fish products. Low consumption of fish by Poles, however, contributes to their small share in covering the demand for microelements, i.e. Zn, Fe, Mn and Cu. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Cadmium/analysis ; Cadmium/metabolism ; Cooking ; Fish Products/analysis ; Humans ; Lead/analysis ; Lead/metabolism ; Recommended Dietary Allowances ; Salmo salar/metabolism ; Trace Elements/analysis ; Trace Elements/metabolism ; Trout/metabolism ; Zinc/analysis ; Zinc/metabolism
Chemical Substances	Trace Elements ; Cadmium (00BH33GNGH) ; Lead (2P299V784P) ; Zinc (J41CSQ7QDS)
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-08-06
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	184116-6
ISSN	1097-0010 ; 0022-5142
ISSN (online)	1097-0010
ISSN	0022-5142
DOI	10.1002/jsfa.11429
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Article ; Online: Reduced length of nodes of Ranvier and altered proteoglycan immunoreactivity in prefrontal white matter in major depressive disorder and chronically stressed rats.

Miguel-Hidalgo, José Javier / Hearn, Erik / Moulana, Mohadetheh / Saleem, Khunsa / Clark, Austin / Holmes, Maggie / Wadhwa, Kashish / Kelly, Isabella / Stockmeier, Craig Allen / Rajkowska, Grazyna

Scientific reports

2023 Volume 13, Issue 1, Page(s) 16419

Abstract: Major depressive disorder (MDD) and chronic unpredictable stress (CUS) in animals feature comparable cellular and molecular disturbances that involve neurons and glial cells in gray and white matter (WM) in prefrontal brain areas. These same areas ... ...

Abstract	Major depressive disorder (MDD) and chronic unpredictable stress (CUS) in animals feature comparable cellular and molecular disturbances that involve neurons and glial cells in gray and white matter (WM) in prefrontal brain areas. These same areas demonstrate disturbed connectivity with other brain regions in MDD and stress-related disorders. Functional connectivity ultimately depends on signal propagation along WM myelinated axons, and thus on the integrity of nodes of Ranvier (NRs) and their environment. Various glia-derived proteoglycans interact with NR axonal proteins to sustain NR function. It is unclear whether NR length and the content of associated proteoglycans is altered in prefrontal cortex (PFC) WM of human subjects with MDD and in experimentally stressed animals. The length of WM NRs in histological sections from the PFC of 10 controls and 10 MDD subjects, and from the PFC of control and CUS rats was measured. In addition, in WM of the same brain region, five proteoglycans, tenascin-R and NR protein neurofascin were immunostained or their levels measured with western blots. Analysis of covariance and t-tests were used for group comparisons. There was dramatic reduction of NR length in PFC WM in both MDD and CUS rats. Proteoglycan BRAL1 immunostaining was reduced at NRs and in overall WM of MDD subjects, as was versican in overall WM. Phosphacan immunostaining and levels were increased in both in MDD and CUS. Neurofascin immunostaining at NRs and in overall WM was significantly increased in MDD. Reduced length of NRs and increased phosphacan and neurocan in MDD and stressed animals suggest that morphological and proteoglycan changes at NRs in depression may be related to stress exposure and contribute to connectivity alterations. However, differences between MDD and CUS for some NR related markers may point to other mechanisms affecting the structure and function of NRs in MDD.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Rats ; Animals ; Depressive Disorder, Major ; White Matter/pathology ; Ranvier's Nodes/metabolism ; Receptor-Like Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases, Class 5/metabolism ; Prefrontal Cortex/metabolism ; Versicans/metabolism
Chemical Substances	Receptor-Like Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases, Class 5 (EC 3.1.3.48) ; Versicans (126968-45-4)
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-09-29
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
ZDB-ID	2615211-3
ISSN	2045-2322 ; 2045-2322
ISSN (online)	2045-2322
ISSN	2045-2322
DOI	10.1038/s41598-023-43627-4
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Article: Chronic Unpredictable Stress Reduces Immunostaining for Connexins 43 and 30 and Myelin Basic Protein in the Rat Prelimbic and Orbitofrontal Cortices.

Miguel-Hidalgo, José Javier / Moulana, Mohadetheh / Deloach, Preston Hardin / Rajkowska, Grazyna

Chronic stress (Thousand Oaks, Calif.)

2018 Volume 2

Abstract: Background: Astrocytes and oligodendrocytes are pathologically altered in dorsolateral prefrontal and orbitofrontal cortices in major depressive disorder. In rat models of stress (major depressive disorder risk factor) astrocyte gap junction protein ... ...

Abstract	Background: Astrocytes and oligodendrocytes are pathologically altered in dorsolateral prefrontal and orbitofrontal cortices in major depressive disorder. In rat models of stress (major depressive disorder risk factor) astrocyte gap junction protein connexin 43 (Cx43) is reduced in the prelimbic cortex. Astrocyte connexins are recognized to strongly influence myelin maintenance in the central nervous system. However, it is unknown whether stress-related changes in Cx43 and the other major astrocyte connexin, Cx30, occur in the orbitofrontal cortex, or whether connexin changes are concurrent with disturbances in myelination. Methods: Frozen sections containing prelimbic cortex and orbitofrontal cortex of rats subjected to 35 days of chronic unpredictable stress and controls (n = 6/group) were immunolabeled for Cx43, Cx30, and myelin basic protein. Density of Cx43 or Cx30 immunoreactive puncta and area fraction of myelin basic protein immunoreactivity were measured in prelimbic cortex and orbitofrontal cortex and results analyzed with Results: Density of Cx43- and Cx30-positive puncta in both prelimbic cortex and orbitofrontal cortex was lower in chronic unpredictable stress-treated than in control rats. In both regions, the area fraction of myelin basic protein immunoreactivity was also lower in chronic unpredictable stress animals. Myelin basic protein area fraction was positively correlated with the density of Cx43-positive puncta in orbitofrontal cortex, and with Cx30 puncta in prelimbic cortex. Conclusion: Low Cx43 and Cx30 after chronic unpredictable stress in rat prelimbic cortex and orbitofrontal cortex suggests that reduced astrocytic gap junction density may generalize to the entire prefrontal cortex. Concurrent reduction of Cx43-, Cx30-, and myelin basic protein-immunolabeled structures is consistent with a mechanism linking changes in astrocyte gap junction proteins and disturbed myelin morphology in depression.
Language	English
Publishing date	2018-12-04
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	2470-5470
ISSN	2470-5470
DOI	10.1177/2470547018814186
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Article ; Online: Transcriptome Analysis of Post-Mortem Brain Tissue Reveals Up-Regulation of the Complement Cascade in a Subgroup of Schizophrenia Patients.

Lindholm Carlström, Eva / Niazi, Adnan / Etemadikhah, Mitra / Halvardson, Jonatan / Enroth, Stefan / Stockmeier, Craig A / Rajkowska, Grazyna / Nilsson, Bo / Feuk, Lars

Genes

2021 Volume 12, Issue 8

Abstract: Schizophrenia is a genetically complex neuropsychiatric disorder with largely unresolved mechanisms of pathology. Identification of genes and pathways associated with schizophrenia is important for understanding the development, progression and treatment ...

Abstract	Schizophrenia is a genetically complex neuropsychiatric disorder with largely unresolved mechanisms of pathology. Identification of genes and pathways associated with schizophrenia is important for understanding the development, progression and treatment of schizophrenia. In this study, pathways associated with schizophrenia were explored at the level of gene expression. The study included post-mortem brain tissue samples from 68 schizophrenia patients and 44 age and sex-matched control subjects. Whole transcriptome poly-A selected paired-end RNA sequencing was performed on tissue from the prefrontal cortex and orbitofrontal cortex. RNA expression differences were detected between case and control individuals, focusing both on single genes and pathways. The results were validated with RT-qPCR. Significant differential expression between patient and controls groups was found for 71 genes. Gene ontology analysis of differentially expressed genes revealed an up-regulation of multiple genes in immune response among the patients (corrected
MeSH term(s)	Adult ; Aged ; Complement System Proteins/metabolism ; Female ; Gene Expression Profiling ; Gene Ontology ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Postmortem Changes ; Schizophrenia/genetics ; Schizophrenia/metabolism ; Schizophrenia/pathology ; Up-Regulation
Chemical Substances	Complement System Proteins (9007-36-7)
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-08-13
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2527218-4
ISSN	2073-4425 ; 2073-4425
ISSN (online)	2073-4425
ISSN	2073-4425
DOI	10.3390/genes12081242
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Article ; Online: Astrocyte pathology in major depressive disorder: insights from human postmortem brain tissue.

Rajkowska, Grazyna / Stockmeier, Craig A

Current drug targets

2013 Volume 14, Issue 11, Page(s) 1225–1236

Abstract: The present paper reviews astrocyte pathology in major depressive disorder (MDD) and proposes that reductions in astrocytes and related markers are key features in the pathology of MDD. Astrocytes are the most numerous and versatile of all types of glial ...

Abstract	The present paper reviews astrocyte pathology in major depressive disorder (MDD) and proposes that reductions in astrocytes and related markers are key features in the pathology of MDD. Astrocytes are the most numerous and versatile of all types of glial cells. They are crucial to the neuronal microenvironment by regulating glucose metabolism, neurotransmitter uptake (particularly for glutamate), synaptic development and maturation and the blood brain barrier. Pathology of astrocytes has been consistently noted in MDD as well as in rodent models of depressive-like behavior. This review summarizes evidence from human postmortem tissue showing alterations in the expression of protein and mRNA for astrocyte markers such as glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), gap junction proteins (connexin 40 and 43), the water channel aquaporin-4 (AQP4), a calcium-binding protein S100B and glutamatergic markers including the excitatory amino acid transporters 1 and 2 (EAAT1, EAAT2) and glutamine synthetase. Moreover, preclinical studies are presented that demonstrate the involvement of GFAP and astrocytes in animal models of stress and depressive-like behavior and the influence of different classes of antidepressant medications on astrocytes. In light of the various astrocyte deficits noted in MDD, astrocytes may be novel targets for the action of antidepressant medications. Possible functional consequences of altered expression of astrocytic markers in MDD are also discussed. Finally, the unique pattern of cell pathology in MDD, characterized by prominent reductions in the density of astrocytes and in the expression of their markers without obvious neuronal loss, is contrasted with that found in other neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders.
MeSH term(s)	Aquaporin 4/physiology ; Astrocytes/pathology ; Astrocytes/physiology ; Biomarkers/analysis ; Brain/metabolism ; Brain/pathology ; Connexins/physiology ; Depressive Disorder, Major/etiology ; Depressive Disorder, Major/pathology ; Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein/physiology ; Humans ; Neurotransmitter Agents/physiology
Chemical Substances	Aquaporin 4 ; Biomarkers ; Connexins ; Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein ; Neurotransmitter Agents
Language	English
Publishing date	2013-03-07
Publishing country	United Arab Emirates
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Review
ZDB-ID	2064859-5
ISSN	1873-5592 ; 1389-4501
ISSN (online)	1873-5592
ISSN	1389-4501
DOI	10.2174/13894501113149990156
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Article: Depression: what we can learn from postmortem studies.

Rajkowska, Grazyna

The Neuroscientist : a review journal bringing neurobiology, neurology and psychiatry

2003 Volume 9, Issue 4, Page(s) 273–284

Abstract: The existence of depression has been recognized for decades, but its precise neurobiological basis remains unknown. Whereas neuroimaging studies unravel the gross morphological localization of dysfunctional brain regions in depression, postmortem studies ...

Abstract	The existence of depression has been recognized for decades, but its precise neurobiological basis remains unknown. Whereas neuroimaging studies unravel the gross morphological localization of dysfunctional brain regions in depression, postmortem studies provide further insights into the cellular and neurochemical substrates of depression. Recent cell-counting studies have established that major depressive disorder and bipolar illness are characterized by alterations in the density and size of neuronal and glial cells in fronto-limbic brain regions. It remains to be fully elucidated to what extent these findings represent neurodevelopmental abnormalities or disease progression and whether the cellular changes observed in depression can be reversed by antidepressant and mood-stabilizing medications. Efforts to unravel specific groups of genes that are compromised in depression have recently been undertaken by investigators in the postmortem research field. Future studies will determine whether these genes may be novel targets of therapeutic medications.
MeSH term(s)	Autopsy ; Brain/pathology ; Cell Count ; Depression/pathology ; Neuroglia/pathology ; Neurons/pathology
Language	English
Publishing date	2003-08
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. ; Review
ZDB-ID	1233753-5
ISSN	1089-4098 ; 1073-8584
ISSN (online)	1089-4098
ISSN	1073-8584
DOI	10.1177/1073858403252773
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Article: Histopathology of the prefrontal cortex in major depression: what does it tell us about dysfunctional monoaminergic circuits?

Rajkowska, G

Progress in brain research

2000 Volume 126, Page(s) 397–412

MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Axons/ultrastructure ; Cell Count ; Cell Size ; Cognition/physiology ; Depressive Disorder, Major/metabolism ; Depressive Disorder, Major/pathology ; Dopamine/physiology ; Emotions/physiology ; Female ; Glutamic Acid/physiology ; Haplorhini ; Humans ; Locus Coeruleus/chemistry ; Locus Coeruleus/pathology ; Male ; Motivation ; Nerve Growth Factors/physiology ; Nerve Tissue Proteins/analysis ; Neural Pathways/physiopathology ; Neuroglia/pathology ; Neurons/chemistry ; Neurons/pathology ; Norepinephrine/physiology ; Prefrontal Cortex/metabolism ; Prefrontal Cortex/pathology ; Raphe Nuclei/chemistry ; Raphe Nuclei/pathology ; Receptors, Adrenergic/drug effects ; Receptors, Adrenergic/physiology ; Receptors, Dopamine/drug effects ; Receptors, Dopamine/physiology ; Receptors, Glutamate/physiology ; Receptors, Serotonin/drug effects ; Receptors, Serotonin/physiology ; Reward ; Serotonin/physiology ; Tryptophan Hydroxylase/analysis ; Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase/analysis
Chemical Substances	Nerve Growth Factors ; Nerve Tissue Proteins ; Receptors, Adrenergic ; Receptors, Dopamine ; Receptors, Glutamate ; Receptors, Serotonin ; Serotonin (333DO1RDJY) ; Glutamic Acid (3KX376GY7L) ; Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase (EC 1.14.16.2) ; Tryptophan Hydroxylase (EC 1.14.16.4) ; Dopamine (VTD58H1Z2X) ; Norepinephrine (X4W3ENH1CV)
Language	English
Publishing date	2000
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. ; Review
ISSN	0079-6123
ISSN	0079-6123
DOI	10.1016/S0079-6123(00)26026-3
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