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Article: Enamine Organocatalysts for the Thiol-Michael Addition Reaction and Cross-Linking Polymerizations

Sinha, Jasmine / Soars, Shafer / Bowman, Christopher N

Macromolecules. 2021 Feb. 02, v. 54, no. 4

2021

Abstract: This article describes an efficient enamine organocatalyzed thiol-Michael click reaction and ... Michael reaction via a nucleophilic pathway. By varying the amines as well as the ring size of the ketones ... a thiol and Michael acceptor, wherein butyl 3-mercaptopropionate and 1-hexyl acrylate were used as model ...

Abstract	This article describes an efficient enamine organocatalyzed thiol-Michael click reaction and its broad application in cross-linking polymerizations. A series of enamines was shown to catalyze the thiol-Michael reaction via a nucleophilic pathway. By varying the amines as well as the ring size of the ketones, enamines were designed with broad ranges of nucleophilic character ranging from 11 to 17 on the Mayr nucleophilicity scale. Upon evaluating the enamines’ organocatalytic effect on the kinetics of reactions involving a thiol and Michael acceptor, wherein butyl 3-mercaptopropionate and 1-hexyl acrylate were used as model reactants, enamines were shown to outperform their base analogs. The efficiency and overall reaction yields, ranging from 11 to 92% based on the thiol conversion, were highly dependent upon the nucleophilicity of the enamines employed. Interestingly, in situ formation of an enamine via photo-deprotection of an amine in the presence of cyclic ketones facilitated the thiol-Michael reaction efficiently while simultaneously enabling higher functional group conversion. This efficiency in the reaction kinetics and conversion was extended to multifunctional derivatives, which resulted in the formation of highly cross-linked polymers.
Keywords	Lewis bases ; catalytic activity ; crosslinking ; enamines ; organocatalysts ; reaction kinetics ; thiols
Language	English
Dates of publication	2021-0202
Size	p. 1693-1701.
Publishing place	American Chemical Society
Document type	Article
Note	NAL-AP-2-clean
ZDB-ID	1491942-4
ISSN	1520-5835 ; 0024-9297
ISSN (online)	1520-5835
ISSN	0024-9297
DOI	10.1021/acs.macromol.0c02128
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article ; Online: Threats to safety during sedation outside of the operating room and the death of Michael Jackson.

Webster, Craig S / Mason, Keira P / Shafer, Steven L

Current opinion in anaesthesiology

2016 Volume 29 Suppl 1, Page(s) S36–47

Abstract: Purpose of review: From an understanding of human psychology and the reliability of high-technology systems, this review considers critical threats to the safety of patients undergoing sedation outside of the operating room, and will stratify these ... ...

Abstract	Purpose of review: From an understanding of human psychology and the reliability of high-technology systems, this review considers critical threats to the safety of patients undergoing sedation outside of the operating room, and will stratify these threats along what we define as the 'Patient Risk Continuum'. We then consider interventions suitable for addressing identified risks. Recent findings: The technology, organization and delivery of healthcare continue to become more complex, highlighting the importance of maintaining the safety of patients. Sedation outside of the operating room is known to be associated with higher rates of adverse events. However, a number of recent safety initiatives have shown benefit in improving patient safety. Summary: The following threats to patients undergoing sedation, in increasing order of risk, are discussed: equipment and environmental factors, known patient risks, poor team performance, combinatorial problems and egregious violations. To address these threats, we discuss a number of approaches consistent with the systems approach to safety, namely: encouraging functions, forcing functions, cognitive safety nets, information sharing, recovery strategies and regulatory change. Demonstrating improvement with any safety initiative relies critically on quality data collected on the problem area in question.
MeSH term(s)	Ambulatory Care ; Conscious Sedation/adverse effects ; Humans ; Patient Care Team ; Patient Safety ; Risk Factors
Language	English
Publishing date	2016-03
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	645203-6
ISSN	1473-6500 ; 0952-7907
ISSN (online)	1473-6500
ISSN	0952-7907
DOI	10.1097/ACO.0000000000000318
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Article: [Rezension von: Shafer, D. Michael, Winners and losers]

Vernon, Raymond / Shafer, D. Michael

Economic development and cultural change 46 ,1, S. 197-200

1997

Author's details	Raymond Vernon
Keywords	40;49
Language	English
Publisher	Univ. of Chicago Press
Publishing place	Chicago, Ill
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	1688-3 ; 2066246-4
ISSN	1539-2988 ; 0013-0079
ISSN (online)	1539-2988
ISSN	0013-0079
Database	ECONomics Information System

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Article: [Rezension von: Shafer, D. Michael, Winners and losers]

Vernon, Raymond / Shafer, D. Michael

Economic development and cultural change 45 ,1, S. 208-212

1996

Author's details	Raymond Vernon
Keywords	40;49
Language	English
Publisher	Univ. of Chicago Press
Publishing place	Chicago, Ill
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	1688-3 ; 2066246-4
ISSN	1539-2988 ; 0013-0079
ISSN (online)	1539-2988
ISSN	0013-0079
Database	ECONomics Information System

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Article ; Online: Whose Carbon Capture ? A Bit of Good News

Michael Shafer

Environmental Science and Sustainable Development, Vol 8, Iss

2023 Volume 1

Abstract: Global policy, policy makers and government representatives in the OECD countries routinely ignore the potential role to be played by carbon sequestration from crop waste biochar made by poor smallholders in the developing world. This paper argues that ... ...

Abstract	Global policy, policy makers and government representatives in the OECD countries routinely ignore the potential role to be played by carbon sequestration from crop waste biochar made by poor smallholders in the developing world. This paper argues that this is a mistake and makes the case for the design, development and distribution of low-cost, low-tech biochar making equipment to the world’s poorest farmers living on small farms and possessing only widely and thinly spread biomass resources on rough terrain. It argues that paying attention to the crop wastes of poor farmers can reduce GHG and PM2.5 emissions considerably and contends that the private motivations that underpin this approach can replace the talk of large-scale social behavior change with a self-replicating system built on farmers’ envy.
Keywords	Environmental sciences ; GE1-350
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-06-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	International Experts for Research Enrichment and Knowledge Exchange
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Potential inequities in access to in-person SHIP counseling services.

Garrido, Melissa M / Dorneo, Allison / Adelberg, Michael / Biko, David / Shafer, Paul R / Frakt, Austin B

The American journal of managed care

2024 Volume 30, Issue 2, Page(s) e46–e51

Abstract: Objectives: Counseling and education on Medicare coverage options are available through the federal State Health Insurance Assistance Program (SHIP), but little is known about the population that SHIP reaches.: Study design: Cross-sectional study.: ...

Abstract	Objectives: Counseling and education on Medicare coverage options are available through the federal State Health Insurance Assistance Program (SHIP), but little is known about the population that SHIP reaches. Study design: Cross-sectional study. Methods: Using a novel data source on SHIP counseling site locations, we characterized the availability of in-person SHIP counseling by zip code tabulation area (ZCTA) and used linear regression and t tests to evaluate whether SHIP counseling sites are disproportionately located in higher-income communities. Results: Our sample included 1511 SHIP counseling sites. More than half (63%) of the localities in our sample have a SHIP site within the ZCTA or county. Twenty-four percent do not have a SHIP site within the county but have one in an adjacent county. The remaining 13% do not have a nearby SHIP site. There is a disproportionate number of individuals eligible for Medicare in localities without a SHIP site. Moreover, the population living in areas without in-person SHIP sites is more likely to have low income and fewer years of education than the population living in areas with a SHIP site. Conclusions: These results suggest that there are areas where in-person SHIP service expansion or other additional navigation support may be warranted.
MeSH term(s)	Aged ; Humans ; United States ; Medicare ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Insurance, Health ; Counseling ; Income ; Health Services Accessibility
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-02-01
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2035781-3
ISSN	1936-2692 ; 1088-0224 ; 1096-1860
ISSN (online)	1936-2692
ISSN	1088-0224 ; 1096-1860
DOI	10.37765/ajmc.2024.89500
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Zs.MG 86: Show issues

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Article ; Online: Analysis of state portrayals of the risks of e-cigarette use and the cause of the EVALI outbreak.

Katchmar, Amanda / Shafer, Paul / Siegel, Michael

Harm reduction journal

2022 Volume 19, Issue 1, Page(s) 112

Abstract: Introduction: In August 2019, an outbreak of "e-cigarette or vaping product use-associated lung injury" (EVALI) prompted many states and health organizations to warn against the use of electronic cigarettes, or e-cigarettes, due to the presumed link ... ...

Abstract	Introduction: In August 2019, an outbreak of "e-cigarette or vaping product use-associated lung injury" (EVALI) prompted many states and health organizations to warn against the use of electronic cigarettes, or e-cigarettes, due to the presumed link between e-cigarette use and the illness. However, it was later shown that vitamin E acetate, a component of some illicit vaporizable THC products, was the causative agent in this outbreak. Methods: We conducted a series of cross-sectional surveys of the websites of all state departments of health to determine how they communicated the risk of e-cigarette use during and after the EVALI outbreak. We then paired this analysis with data from the 2016 through 2020 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System to measure changes in cigarette and e-cigarette use. Results: Website data from 24 states was available for analysis at all three time points of interest, and BRFSS data was only available for 8 of these states. We found that by January 2020, a majority of the states surveyed did not list vaporizable THC use as a cause of EVALI; however, differences in state messaging did not appear to be associated with changes in e-cigarette and cigarette use. Conclusions: Given the number of states that did not appear to update their messaging regarding the cause of EVALI, we believe that states should re-evaluate this messaging to accurately communicate the risks of e-cigarette use.
MeSH term(s)	Acetates ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Disease Outbreaks ; Dronabinol ; Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems ; Humans ; Vaping/adverse effects ; Vaping/epidemiology ; Vitamin E
Chemical Substances	Acetates ; Vitamin E (1406-18-4) ; Dronabinol (7J8897W37S)
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-10-05
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2146691-9
ISSN	1477-7517 ; 1477-7517
ISSN (online)	1477-7517
ISSN	1477-7517
DOI	10.1186/s12954-022-00694-6
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Book ; Online: Fantastic Generalization Measures are Nowhere to be Found

Gastpar, Michael / Nachum, Ido / Shafer, Jonathan / Weinberger, Thomas

2023

Abstract: We study the notion of a generalization bound being uniformly tight, meaning that the difference between the bound and the population loss is small for all learning algorithms and all population distributions. Numerous generalization bounds have been ... ...

Abstract	We study the notion of a generalization bound being uniformly tight, meaning that the difference between the bound and the population loss is small for all learning algorithms and all population distributions. Numerous generalization bounds have been proposed in the literature as potential explanations for the ability of neural networks to generalize in the overparameterized setting. However, in their paper ``Fantastic Generalization Measures and Where to Find Them,'' Jiang et al. (2020) examine more than a dozen generalization bounds, and show empirically that none of them are uniformly tight. This raises the question of whether uniformly-tight generalization bounds are at all possible in the overparameterized setting. We consider two types of generalization bounds: (1) bounds that may depend on the training set and the learned hypothesis (e.g., margin bounds). We prove mathematically that no such bound can be uniformly tight in the overparameterized setting; (2) bounds that may in addition also depend on the learning algorithm (e.g., stability bounds). For these bounds, we show a trade-off between the algorithm's performance and the bound's tightness. Namely, if the algorithm achieves good accuracy on certain distributions, then no generalization bound can be uniformly tight for it in the overparameterized setting. We explain how these formal results can, in our view, inform research on generalization bounds for neural networks, while stressing that other interpretations of these results are also possible. Comment: 34 pages, 1 figure. Minor fix: subsection 6.2 -> section 7
Keywords	Computer Science - Machine Learning ; Computer Science - Neural and Evolutionary Computing ; Statistics - Machine Learning
Subject code	006
Publishing date	2023-09-24
Publishing country	us
Document type	Book ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Patterns and Predictors of Sustained Training and Technical Assistance Engagement Among Addiction Treatment and Affiliated Providers.

Shafer, Michael S / Oh, Hyunsung / Sturtevant, Hanna / Freese, Thomas / Rutkowski, Beth

The journal of behavioral health services & research

2023 Volume 51, Issue 2, Page(s) 264–274

Abstract: The current study draws upon data collected over a 4-year period by a regional addiction technology transfer center (ATTC) to better understand the learning patterns and methods of learning engagement among behavioral health professionals. Training ... ...

Abstract	The current study draws upon data collected over a 4-year period by a regional addiction technology transfer center (ATTC) to better understand the learning patterns and methods of learning engagement among behavioral health professionals. Training participants were found to be predominately female and ethnically diverse, evenly split on attaining a graduate degree, with a third of the participants possessing less than a 4-year college degree. More than one-half reported working in non-health/non-behavioral healthcare settings. Individuals who attended more ATTC events were found to possess less than a master's degree, work in non-behavioral health settings, and identify as Hispanic or other races. In addition, individuals who initially accessed training through an ATTC conference or online asynchronous learning events were found to become engaged learners.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Female ; Health Personnel ; Educational Status ; Psychiatry
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-08-07
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1419909-9
ISSN	1556-3308 ; 1094-3412
ISSN (online)	1556-3308
ISSN	1094-3412
DOI	10.1007/s11414-023-09854-3
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Impact of statutory revisions to family-petitioned civil commitment in South Korea.

Oh, Hyunsung / Cho, Yunhwa / Bae, Jinyeong / Holley, Lynn C / Shafer, Michael / Kim, Kyejung / Lee, Yongpyo

International journal of law and psychiatry

2024 Volume 94, Page(s) 101982

Abstract: Introduction: This study examined the impact of statutory revisions in 2016 which aimed to enhance procedural justice within the process of civil commitment for persons diagnosed with mental illnesses (PDMI) in South Korea. These changes included ... ...

Abstract	Introduction: This study examined the impact of statutory revisions in 2016 which aimed to enhance procedural justice within the process of civil commitment for persons diagnosed with mental illnesses (PDMI) in South Korea. These changes included requiring that PDMI pose a threat of danger to self or others and the need for treatment simultaneously as criteria for petitioning civil commitment. Additionally, the revision established a public entity to oversee the legitimacy of petitions to involuntarily commit PDMI to inpatient treatment. Despite these statutory changes, families providing care for PDMI still appear to depend on civil commitment as a way to seek respite from care burden, not necessarily to respond to psychiatric emergencies involving dangerousness. This practice seems to be aided by processes within the public entity providing oversight. Due to such barriers we hypothesized that, even after the statutory revision in 2016, PDMI who had been civilly committed following petitions from families will not exhibit elevated dangerousness compared to PDMI who had never been hospitalized during the same period. Methods: Trained interviewers recruited 331 participants self-identified as PDMI from psychiatric rehabilitation agencies in the community and aided them in completing a survey including measures of self-reported hospitalization history, suicidality, and aggression toward others. Participants were classified into four groups: Family-petition committed (FPC) group (n = 30, 9.1%), voluntarily hospitalized (VH) group (n = 34, 10.3%), public-petition committed (PPC) group (n = 31, 9.4%), and never hospitalized (NH) group (n = 236, 71.3%). We conducted logistic regression analyses to compare self-reported dangerousness between groups with the NH group as the reference group. Results: In the past 12 months, 43.5% of PDMI participants had self-reported behaviors that may have met the dangerousness criteria for civil commitment. Controlling for confounding factors, the PPC group was 2.96 times and 3.02 times as likely to report suicidal ideation and physical aggression, respectively, compared to the NH group. However, as hypothesized, the FPC group did not differ from the NH group on any indicator of self-reported dangerousness. Conclusion: The findings were based on cross-sectional correlational data and should not be viewed as conclusive evidence that the 2016 statutory revision is ineffective in preventing family-petitioned civil commitment in cases where dangerousness is not apparent. Nevertheless, these findings encourage further empirical studies that illuminate the etiology of procedural justice in civil commitments petitioned by family members and that assess factors and contexts that promote the consideration of least coercive treatments, rather than resorting to involuntary hospitalization when psychiatric emergencies arise.
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-04-10
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	304429-4
ISSN	1873-6386 ; 0160-2527
ISSN (online)	1873-6386
ISSN	0160-2527
DOI	10.1016/j.ijlp.2024.101982
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