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Article ; Online: Adipocyte fatty acid-binding protein and ischemic stroke: another brick in the wall?

Skilton, Michael R / Pyne-Geithman, Gail J

2011 Volume 76, Issue 23, Page(s) 1954–1955

MeSH term(s)	Biomarkers/blood ; Brain Ischemia/blood ; Brain Ischemia/diagnosis ; Fatty Acid-Binding Proteins/blood ; Humans ; Obesity/blood ; Obesity/complications ; Risk Assessment ; Risk Factors ; Stroke/blood ; Stroke/diagnosis
Chemical Substances	Biomarkers ; FABP4 protein, human ; Fatty Acid-Binding Proteins
Language	English
Publishing date	2011-06-07
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Comment ; Editorial ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	207147-2
ISSN	1526-632X ; 0028-3878
ISSN (online)	1526-632X
ISSN	0028-3878
DOI	10.1212/WNL.0b013e31821e55d2
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Article: Role of bilirubin oxidation products in the pathophysiology of DIND following SAH.

Pyne-Geithman, Gail J / Nair, Sunil G / Stamper, Danielle N Caudell / Clark, Joseph F

Acta neurochirurgica. Supplement

2013 Volume 115, Page(s) 267–273

Abstract: Despite intensive research efforts, by our own team and many others, the molecules responsible for acute neurological damage following subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) and contributing to delayed ischemic neurological deficit (DIND) have not yet been ... ...

Abstract	Despite intensive research efforts, by our own team and many others, the molecules responsible for acute neurological damage following subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) and contributing to delayed ischemic neurological deficit (DIND) have not yet been elucidated. While there are a number of candidate mechanisms, including nitric oxide (NO) scavenging, endothelin-1, protein kinase C (PKC) activation, and rho kinase activation, to name but a few, that have been investigated using animal models and human trials, we are, it seems, no closer to discovering the true nature of this complex and enigmatic pathology. Efforts in our laboratory have focused on the chemical milieu present in hemorrhagic cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) following SAH and the interaction of the environment with the molecules generated by SAH and subsequent events, including NO scavenging, immune response, and clot breakdown. We have identified and characterized a group of molecules formed by the oxidative degradation of bilirubin (a clot breakdown product) and known as BOXes (bilirubin oxidation products). We present a synopsis of the characterization of BOXes as found in human SAH patients' CSF and the multiple signaling pathways by which BOXes act. In summary, BOXes are likely to play an essential role in the etiology of acute brain injury following SAH, as well as DIND.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Bilirubin/cerebrospinal fluid ; Brain Injuries/etiology ; Brain Ischemia/cerebrospinal fluid ; Brain Ischemia/complications ; Brain Ischemia/etiology ; Endothelin-1/cerebrospinal fluid ; Humans ; Models, Biological ; Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism ; Nitric Oxide/cerebrospinal fluid ; Oxidation-Reduction ; Protein Kinase C/cerebrospinal fluid ; Signal Transduction/physiology ; Subarachnoid Hemorrhage/cerebrospinal fluid ; Subarachnoid Hemorrhage/complications ; rho-Associated Kinases/cerebrospinal fluid
Chemical Substances	Endothelin-1 ; Nitric Oxide (31C4KY9ESH) ; rho-Associated Kinases (EC 2.7.11.1) ; Protein Kinase C (EC 2.7.11.13) ; Bilirubin (RFM9X3LJ49)
Language	English
Publishing date	2013
Publishing country	Austria
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ISSN	0065-1419
ISSN	0065-1419
DOI	10.1007/978-3-7091-1192-5_47
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Article ; Online: Ultrasound-mediated drug delivery for cardiovascular disease.

Sutton, Jonathan T / Haworth, Kevin J / Pyne-Geithman, Gail / Holland, Christy K

Expert opinion on drug delivery

2013 Volume 10, Issue 5, Page(s) 573–592

Abstract: Introduction: Ultrasound (US) has been developed as both a valuable diagnostic tool and a potent promoter of beneficial tissue bioeffects for the treatment of cardiovascular disease. These effects can be mediated by mechanical oscillations of ... ...

Abstract	Introduction: Ultrasound (US) has been developed as both a valuable diagnostic tool and a potent promoter of beneficial tissue bioeffects for the treatment of cardiovascular disease. These effects can be mediated by mechanical oscillations of circulating microbubbles, or US contrast agents, which may also encapsulate and shield a therapeutic agent in the bloodstream. Oscillating microbubbles can create stresses directly on nearby tissue or induce fluid effects that effect drug penetration into vascular tissue, lyse thrombi or direct drugs to optimal locations for delivery. Areas covered: The present review summarizes investigations that have provided evidence for US-mediated drug delivery as a potent method to deliver therapeutics to diseased tissue for cardiovascular treatment. In particular, the focus will be on investigations of specific aspects relating to US-mediated drug delivery, such as delivery vehicles, drug transport routes, biochemical mechanisms and molecular targeting strategies. Expert opinion: These investigations have spurred continued research into alternative therapeutic applications, such as bioactive gas delivery and new US technologies. Successful implementation of US-mediated drug delivery has the potential to change the way many drugs are administered systemically, resulting in more effective and economical therapeutics, and less-invasive treatments.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Cardiovascular Diseases/drug therapy ; Drug Delivery Systems/methods ; Humans ; Microbubbles ; Molecular Targeted Therapy/methods ; Pharmaceutical Preparations/administration & dosage ; Ultrasonic Therapy
Chemical Substances	Pharmaceutical Preparations
Language	English
Publishing date	2013-03-01
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Review
ZDB-ID	2167286-6
ISSN	1744-7593 ; 1742-5247
ISSN (online)	1744-7593
ISSN	1742-5247
DOI	10.1517/17425247.2013.772578
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Article ; Online: Genetic Determinants of Cerebral Arterial Adaptation to Flow-loading.

Abruzzo, Todd A / Kurosawa, Yuko / Choutka, Ondrej / Clark, Joseph F / Stamper, Danielle C / Martini, Sharyl / Demel, Stacie L / Woo, Daniel / Karani, Kunal B / Pyne-Geithman, Gail J

Current neurovascular research

2018 Volume 15, Issue 3, Page(s) 175–185

Abstract: Background: In animal models, flow-loading is a necessary and sufficient hemodynamic factor to express the Cerebral Aneurysm (CA) phenotype. Using a rat model, this study characterizes the molecular events that comprise the cerebral arterial response to ...

Abstract	Background: In animal models, flow-loading is a necessary and sufficient hemodynamic factor to express the Cerebral Aneurysm (CA) phenotype. Using a rat model, this study characterizes the molecular events that comprise the cerebral arterial response to flow-loading and reveals their significance relating to the CA phenotype. Objective: To characterize the molecular events that underlie expansive remodeling of cerebral arteries in two genetically distinct inbred rat strains with differential susceptibility to flow-dependent cerebrovascular pathology. Methods: Thirty-two rats underwent bilateral common carotid artery ligation (BCL) (n=16) or Sham Surgery (SS) (n=16). Nineteen days later, vertebrobasilar arteries were harvested, histologically examined and analyzed for mRNA and protein expression. Flow-induced changes in histology, mRNA and protein expression were compared between BCL and SS rats. Differences between aneurysm-prone (Long Evans, LE) and resistant (Brown Norway, BN) strains were evaluated. Results: Basilar Artery (BA) medial thickness/luminal diameter ratio was significantly reduced in BCL rats, without significant differences between LE (2.02 fold) and BN (1.94 fold) rats. BCL significantly altered BA expression of mRNA and protein but did not affect blood pressure. Eight genes showed similarly large flow-induced expression changes in LE and BN rats. Twenty-six flow responsive genes showed differences in flow-induced expression between LE and BN rats. The Cthrc1, Gsta3, Tgfb3, Ldha, Myo1d, Ermn, PTHrp, Rgs16 and TRCCP genes showed the strongest flow responsive expression, with the largest difference between LE and BN rats. Conclusions: Our study reveals specific molecular biological responses involved in flow-induced expansive remodeling of cerebral arteries that may influence differential expression of flowdependent cerebrovascular pathology.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Basilar Artery/metabolism ; Basilar Artery/pathology ; Blood Pressure/physiology ; Cerebral Arteries/metabolism ; Cerebral Arteries/physiopathology ; Disease Models, Animal ; Gene Expression Regulation/physiology ; Glycoproteins/genetics ; Glycoproteins/metabolism ; Intracranial Aneurysm/pathology ; Intracranial Aneurysm/physiopathology ; Ligation/adverse effects ; Male ; Microarray Analysis ; RNA, Messenger/metabolism ; Rats ; Rats, Inbred BN ; Rats, Long-Evans ; Regional Blood Flow/physiology ; Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A/genetics ; Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A/metabolism
Chemical Substances	Cthrc1 protein, rat ; Glycoproteins ; RNA, Messenger ; Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A
Language	English
Publishing date	2018-07-09
Publishing country	United Arab Emirates
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2296350-9
ISSN	1875-5739 ; 1567-2026
ISSN (online)	1875-5739
ISSN	1567-2026
DOI	10.2174/1567202615666180712150143
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Zs.A 6646: Show issues

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Article ; Online: Metallomics study in CSF for putative biomarkers to predict cerebral vasospasm.

Zhang, Yaofang / Clark, Joseph F / Pyne-Geithman, Gail / Caruso, Joseph

Metallomics : integrated biometal science

2010 Volume 2, Issue 9, Page(s) 628–637

Abstract: Cerebral vasospasm (CV) refers to physical narrowing of brain cerebral arteries due to over-contraction of the arterial wall, which often arises following a subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). CV is frequently associated with poorer outcomes in those patients. ...

Abstract	Cerebral vasospasm (CV) refers to physical narrowing of brain cerebral arteries due to over-contraction of the arterial wall, which often arises following a subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). CV is frequently associated with poorer outcomes in those patients. Between the ictus of SAH and its CV complication, there is a 3-7 days delay, which provides a time window to predict and possibly prevent the onset CV. Since the precise pathomechanism of CV is still unclear and approaches for predicting it are inefficient, more effective ways of predicting CV need to be developed. As a protective nourishing fluid flows through the subarachnoid space, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) closely relates to the health states of the central nervous system (CNS). Analysis of CSF can provide invaluable information to diagnose, treat and prevent diseases of the CNS because of its relatively direct representation of events in the brain. Therefore, we assume that the components in CSF and their alterations may reflect the state of aneurismal SAH and the development of vasospasm. In this study, three types of CSF from healthy control, and patients who suffered SAH and its complication, CV, were investigated via two-dimensional separations in combination with elemental and molecular mass spectrometry detection for the identification of elemental species. Size exclusion chromatography (SEC) was initially used with selective metal detection by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICPMS) for characterizing size distribution of metal species. Various molecular distribution patterns were exhibited at different metal detection points (Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn and Pb). Further identification of possible metallopeptides and metalloprotein in tryptic digested fractions from the three sample types were made via reverse phase (RP)-Chip and electrospray mass spectrometry (MS) in combination with the Spectrum Mill data base search engine accessing appropriate data bases. Comparisons were generated to show suggested protein similarities or differences across the three CSF sample types. Six protein families with possible protein markers were further identified, and may be considered as possible focus areas for discovering valuable biomarkers to preclude the debilitating or deadly vasospasm.
MeSH term(s)	Biomarkers/cerebrospinal fluid ; Chromatography, Gel ; Humans ; Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization ; Subarachnoid Hemorrhage/complications ; Vasospasm, Intracranial/cerebrospinal fluid ; Vasospasm, Intracranial/etiology
Chemical Substances	Biomarkers
Language	English
Publishing date	2010-09
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2474317-3
ISSN	1756-591X ; 1756-5901
ISSN (online)	1756-591X
ISSN	1756-5901
DOI	10.1039/c0mt00005a
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Article: Endovascular management of posthemorrhagic cerebral vasospasm: indications, technical nuances, and results.

Rahme, Ralph / Jimenez, Lincoln / Pyne-Geithman, Gail J / Serrone, Joseph / Ringer, Andrew J / Zuccarello, Mario / Abruzzo, Todd A

Acta neurochirurgica. Supplement

2013 Volume 115, Page(s) 107–112

Abstract: Posthemorrhagic cerebral vasospasm (PHCV) is a common problem and a significant cause of mortality and permanent disability following aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. While medical therapy remains the mainstay of prevention against PHCV and the first- ... ...

Abstract	Posthemorrhagic cerebral vasospasm (PHCV) is a common problem and a significant cause of mortality and permanent disability following aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. While medical therapy remains the mainstay of prevention against PHCV and the first-line treatment for symptomatic patients, endovascular options should not be delayed in medically refractory cases. Although both transluminal balloon angioplasty (TBA) and intra-arterial vasodilator therapy (IAVT) can be effective in relieving proximal symptomatic PHCV, only IAVT is a viable treatment option for distal vasospasm. The main advantage of TBA is its long-lasting therapeutic effect and the very low rate of retreatment. However, its use has been associated with a significant risk of serious complications, particularly vessel rupture and reperfusion hemorrhage. Conversely, IAVT is generally considered an effective and low-risk procedure, despite the transient nature of its therapeutic effects and the risk of intracranial hypertension associated with its use. Moreover, newer vasodilator agents appear to have a longer duration of action and a much better safety profile than papaverine, which is rarely used in current clinical practice. Although endovascular treatment of PHCV has been reported to be effective in clinical series, whether it ultimately improves patient outcomes has yet to be demonstrated in a randomized controlled trial.
MeSH term(s)	Angioplasty, Balloon, Coronary/methods ; Cerebral Angiography ; Endovascular Procedures/methods ; Humans ; Subarachnoid Hemorrhage/complications ; Vasodilator Agents/therapeutic use ; Vasospasm, Intracranial/drug therapy ; Vasospasm, Intracranial/etiology ; Vasospasm, Intracranial/surgery
Chemical Substances	Vasodilator Agents
Language	English
Publishing date	2013
Publishing country	Austria
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ISSN	0065-1419
ISSN	0065-1419
DOI	10.1007/978-3-7091-1192-5_23
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Article ; Online: Creatine transporter deficiency leads to increased whole body and cellular metabolism.

Perna, Marla K / Kokenge, Amanda N / Miles, Keila N / Udobi, Kenea C / Clark, Joseph F / Pyne-Geithman, Gail J / Khuchua, Zaza / Skelton, Matthew R

Amino acids

2016 Volume 48, Issue 8, Page(s) 2057–2065

Abstract: Creatine (Cr) is a guanidino compound required for rapid replenishment of ATP in cells with a high-energy demand. In humans, mutations in the Cr transporter (CRT;SLC6A8) prevent Cr entry into tissue and result in a significant intellectual impairment, ... ...

Abstract	Creatine (Cr) is a guanidino compound required for rapid replenishment of ATP in cells with a high-energy demand. In humans, mutations in the Cr transporter (CRT;SLC6A8) prevent Cr entry into tissue and result in a significant intellectual impairment, epilepsy, and aphasia. The lack of Cr on both the whole body and cellular metabolism was evaluated in Crt knockout (Crt (-/y) ) mice, a high-fidelity model of human CRT deficiency. Crt (-/y) mice have reduced body mass and, however, show a twofold increase in body fat. There was increased energy expenditure in a home cage environment and during treadmill running in Crt (-/y) mice. Consistent with the increases in the whole-body metabolic function, Crt (-/y) mice show increased cellular metabolism as well. Mitochondrial respiration increased in skeletal muscle fibers and hippocampal lysates from Crt (-/y) mice. In addition, Crt (-/y) mice had increased citrate synthase activity, suggesting a higher number of mitochondria instead of an increase in mitochondrial activity. To determine if the increase in respiration was due to increased mitochondrial numbers, we measured oxygen consumption in an equal number of mitochondria from Crt (+/y) and Crt (-/y) mice. There were no changes in mitochondrial respiration when normalized to mitochondrial number, suggesting that the increase in respiration observed could be to higher mitochondrial content in Crt (-/y) mice.
Language	English
Publishing date	2016-08
Publishing country	Austria
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1121341-3
ISSN	1438-2199 ; 0939-4451
ISSN (online)	1438-2199
ISSN	0939-4451
DOI	10.1007/s00726-016-2291-3
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Zs.A 3490: Show issues

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Article: Glutathione peroxidase and subarachnoid hemorrhage: implications for the role of oxidative stress in cerebral vasospasm.

Pyne-Geithman, Gail J / Caudell, Danielle N / Prakash, Porus / Clark, Joseph F

Neurological research

2009 Volume 31, Issue 2, Page(s) 195–199

Abstract: Objective: Worldwide, cerebral vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) has an estimated morbidity and mortality of 1.2 million annually. While it has long been suspected that reactive oxygen species play a major role in the etiology of cerebral ... ...

Abstract	Objective: Worldwide, cerebral vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) has an estimated morbidity and mortality of 1.2 million annually. While it has long been suspected that reactive oxygen species play a major role in the etiology of cerebral vasospasm after SAH, promising results in animal work were not borne out in human clinical trials, despite intensive research effort. The purpose of this study is to investigate the role of glutathione peroxidase in the SAH cerebrospinal fluid milieu. Methods: We utilized commercially available kits for the quantitation of glutathione peroxidase 1 (glutathione peroxidase) activity and oxygen radical capacity and sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis with Western blotting with specific antibodies to human glutathione peroxidase to determine the enzyme content of the cerebrospinal fluid samples. Human cerebrospinal fluid was obtained in an Institutional Review Board-exempt manner for this study in the following groups: control (no SAH), CSF(C) (SAH but no vasospasm on angiography) and CSF(V) (SAH with clinical and angiographic vasospasm). Results: We found that glutathione peroxidase activity is significantly higher in CSF(V) compared with CSF(C), and this is reflected in a higher total oxidative capacity in CSF(V). Despite similar levels of glutathione peroxidase protein, CSF(V) had significantly greater activity than CSF(C). Discussion: These results further elucidate previous research from this laboratory, showing increased oxidative stress in CSF(V) compared with CSF(C). In conclusion, there appears to be increased glutathione peroxidase activity in CSF(V), despite there being increased levels of oxidative stress markers, suggesting overwhelming oxidative stress may play a role in cerebral vasospasm after SAH.
MeSH term(s)	Adult ; Aged ; Analysis of Variance ; Angiography/methods ; Antioxidants/metabolism ; Colorimetry/methods ; Female ; Glutathione Peroxidase/cerebrospinal fluid ; Humans ; Lipid Peroxidation/physiology ; Male ; Malondialdehyde/cerebrospinal fluid ; Middle Aged ; Oxidative Stress ; Reactive Oxygen Species ; Subarachnoid Hemorrhage/cerebrospinal fluid ; Subarachnoid Hemorrhage/complications ; Vasospasm, Intracranial/cerebrospinal fluid ; Vasospasm, Intracranial/etiology
Chemical Substances	Antioxidants ; Reactive Oxygen Species ; Malondialdehyde (4Y8F71G49Q) ; glutathione peroxidase GPX1 (EC 1.11.1.-) ; Glutathione Peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.9)
Language	English
Publishing date	2009-03-20
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
ZDB-ID	424428-x
ISSN	1743-1328 ; 0161-6412
ISSN (online)	1743-1328
ISSN	0161-6412
DOI	10.1179/174313209X393906
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Article: PKC and Rho in vascular smooth muscle: activation by BOXes and SAH CSF.

Pyne-Geithman, Gail J / Nair, Sunil G / Caudell, Danielle N / Clark, Joseph F

Frontiers in bioscience : a journal and virtual library

2008 Volume 13, Page(s) 1526–1534

Abstract: Cerebral vasospasm (CV) remains a significant cause of delayed neurological deficit and ischemic damage after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), despite intensive research effort. The current lack of an effective therapeutic approach is somewhat due to our ... ...

Abstract	Cerebral vasospasm (CV) remains a significant cause of delayed neurological deficit and ischemic damage after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), despite intensive research effort. The current lack of an effective therapeutic approach is somewhat due to our lack of understanding regarding the mechanism by which this pathological constriction develops. Recent evidence implicates bilirubin oxidation products (BOXes) in the etiology of CV after SAH: BOXes are found in cerebrospinal fluid from SAH patients with symptomatic or angiographically visible vasospasm (CSFV) but not in CSF from SAH patients with no vasospasm (CSFC). We have previously published research suggesting that the etiology of CV comprises two components: a physiological stimulation to constrict and a pathological failure to relax. Both these components are elicited by CSFV, but not CSFC, and BOXes synthesized in the laboratory potentiate physiological constriction in arterial smooth muscle in vitro, and elicit contraction in pial arteries in vivo. In this paper, we will present our results concerning the action of BOXes on arterial smooth muscle constriction, compared with CSFV. We will also present evidence implicating temporal changes in PKC isoforms and Rho expression in both BOXes- and CSFV-elicited smooth muscle responses.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Bilirubin/metabolism ; Cerebral Arteries/pathology ; Hemorrhage ; Models, Biological ; Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism ; Oxygen/metabolism ; Protein Kinase C/metabolism ; Subarachnoid Hemorrhage/pathology ; Swine ; Time Factors ; Vasospasm, Intracranial/pathology ; rho-Associated Kinases/metabolism
Chemical Substances	rho-Associated Kinases (EC 2.7.11.1) ; Protein Kinase C (EC 2.7.11.13) ; Bilirubin (RFM9X3LJ49) ; Oxygen (S88TT14065)
Language	English
Publishing date	2008-01-01
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
ZDB-ID	2141320-4
ISSN	1093-9946
ISSN	1093-9946
DOI	10.2741/2778
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Zs.A 5867: Show issues

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Article: Chemical and biochemical oxidations in spinal fluid after subarachnoid hemorrhage.

Clark, Joseph F / Loftspring, Matthew / Wurster, William L / Pyne-Geithman, Gail J

Frontiers in bioscience : a journal and virtual library

2008 Volume 13, Page(s) 1806–1812

Abstract: Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is a stroke with high rates of mortality and morbidity. SAH-induced cerebral vasospasm can lead to ischemic injury or death and is a common complication of SAH. Recently there has been an accumulation of emerging evidence ... ...

Abstract	Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is a stroke with high rates of mortality and morbidity. SAH-induced cerebral vasospasm can lead to ischemic injury or death and is a common complication of SAH. Recently there has been an accumulation of emerging evidence that oxidation of heme-derived bilirubin into bilirubin oxidation products (BOXes) may be involved in cerebral vasospasm. BOXes are produced by the oxidation of bilirubin yielding a mixture of isomers: 4-methyl-5-oxo-3-vinyl-(1,5-dihydropyrrol-2-ylidene)acetamide (BOX A) and 3-methyl-5-oxo-4-vinyl- (1,5-dihydropyrrol-2-ylidene)acetamide (BOX B). BOXes have been a subject of interest in the neurosurgical and neurological fields for several years because of their purported correlation with and or role in subarachnoid hemorrhage induced cerebral vasospasm. We believe that it is critical to understand the chemical and biochemical environment in the hemorrhagic spinal fluid after SAH that leads to the oxidation of bilirubin. There is a growing body of information concerning their putative role in vasospasm; however, there is a dearth of information concerning the chemical and biochemical characteristics of BOXes.
MeSH term(s)	Aneurysm/pathology ; Animals ; Bilirubin/chemistry ; Bilirubin/metabolism ; Cerebrospinal Fluid/metabolism ; Humans ; Models, Biological ; Oxidative Stress ; Oxygen/chemistry ; Oxygen/metabolism ; Stroke/pathology ; Subarachnoid Hemorrhage/cerebrospinal fluid ; Vasospasm, Intracranial/metabolism ; Vasospasm, Intracranial/pathology
Chemical Substances	Bilirubin (RFM9X3LJ49) ; Oxygen (S88TT14065)
Language	English
Publishing date	2008-01-01
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Review
ZDB-ID	2141320-4
ISSN	1093-9946
ISSN	1093-9946
DOI	10.2741/2801
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