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  1. Article ; Online: Gravity steam reprocessing in healthcare facilities for the reuse of N95 respirators.

    Aljabo, A / Mueller, E / Abdul-Azeez, D / Hoare, T / Jain, A

    The Journal of hospital infection

    2020  Volume 106, Issue 4, Page(s) 698–708

    Abstract: Background: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has significantly impacted the health of millions of people around the world. The shortage of personal protective equipment, including N95 respirators, in hospital facilities has put frontline healthcare ... ...

    Abstract Background: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has significantly impacted the health of millions of people around the world. The shortage of personal protective equipment, including N95 respirators, in hospital facilities has put frontline healthcare professionals at high risk for contracting this virus.
    Aim: To develop a reproducible and safe N95 respirator reprocessing method that satisfies all presented regulatory standards and that can be directly implemented by hospitals using existing available equipment.
    Methods: A non-toxic gravity steam reprocessing method has been developed for the reuse of N95 respirators consisting of 30 min of steam treatment at 121°C followed by 30 min of heat drying. Samples of model number 1860, 1860s, 1870+, and 9105 N95 respirators were either collected from hospitals (for microbiology testing) or purchased new (for functionality testing), with all functionality tests (i.e. filter efficiency, fit evaluation, and strap integrity) performed at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention using standard procedures established by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health.
    Findings: All tested models passed the minimum filter efficiency of 95% after three cycles of gravity steam reprocessing. The 1870+ N95 respirator model is the most promising model for reprocessing based on its efficient bacterial inactivation coupled with the maintenance of all other key functional respirator properties after multiple reprocessing steps.
    Conclusions: The gravity steam method can effectively reprocess N95 respirators over at least three reprocessing cycles without negatively impacting the functionality requirements set out by regulators. Enabling the reuse of N95 respirators is a crucial tool for managing both the current pandemic and future healthcare crises.
    MeSH term(s) COVID-19/diagnosis ; COVID-19/epidemiology ; COVID-19/transmission ; COVID-19/virology ; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S./organization & administration ; Decontamination/methods ; Disease Transmission, Infectious/prevention & control ; Equipment Reuse/standards ; Health Facilities/standards ; Health Facilities/statistics & numerical data ; Humans ; N95 Respirators/standards ; N95 Respirators/supply & distribution ; National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, U.S./organization & administration ; Personal Protective Equipment/supply & distribution ; Respiratory Protective Devices/standards ; Respiratory Protective Devices/virology ; SARS-CoV-2/genetics ; Steam/adverse effects ; Sterilization/instrumentation ; United States
    Chemical Substances Steam
    Keywords covid19
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-10-02
    Publishing country England
    Document type Comparative Study ; Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 779366-2
    ISSN 1532-2939 ; 0195-6701
    ISSN (online) 1532-2939
    ISSN 0195-6701
    DOI 10.1016/j.jhin.2020.09.032
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  2. Article: Gravity Steam Reprocessing in Healthcare Facilities for the Reuse of N95 Respirators

    Aljabo, Anas / Mueller, Eva / Abdul-Azeez, Dabeer / Hoare, Todd / Jain, Arun

    J. hosp. infect

    Abstract: BACKGROUND: COVID-19 has significantly impacted the health of millions of people around the world. The shortage of personal protective equipment, including N95 respirators, in hospital facilities has put frontline healthcare professionals at high risk ... ...

    Abstract BACKGROUND: COVID-19 has significantly impacted the health of millions of people around the world. The shortage of personal protective equipment, including N95 respirators, in hospital facilities has put frontline healthcare professionals at high risk for contracting this virus. AIM: To develop a reproducible and safe N95 respirator reprocessing method that satisfies all presented regulatory standards and can be directly implemented by hospitals using existing available equipment. METHODS: A non-toxic gravity steam reprocessing method has been developed for the reuse of N95 respirators consisting of 30 minutes of steam treatment at 121°C followed by 30 minutes of heat drying. Samples of model number 1860, 1860s, 1870+, and 9105 N95 respirators were either collected from hospitals (for microbiology testing) or purchased new (for functionality testing), with all functionality tests (i.e. filter efficiency, fit evaluation, and strap integrity) performed at the Centers for Disease Control using standard procedures established by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. FINDINGS: All tested models passed the minimum filter efficiency of 95% after three cycles of gravity steam reprocessing. The 1870+ N95 respirator model is the most promising model for reprocessing based on its efficient bacterial inactivation coupled with the maintenance of all other key functional respirator properties after multiple reprocessing steps. CONCLUSIONS: The gravity steam method can effectively reprocess N95 respirators over at least 3 reprocessing cycles without negatively impacting the functionality requirements set out by regulators. Enabling the reuse of N95 respirators is a crucial tool for managing both the current pandemic and future healthcare crises.
    Keywords covid19
    Publisher WHO
    Document type Article
    Note WHO #Covidence: #813690
    Database COVID19

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  3. Article ; Online: Development of dental composites with reactive fillers that promote precipitation of antibacterial-hydroxyapatite layers.

    Aljabo, Anas / Abou Neel, Ensanya A / Knowles, Jonathan C / Young, Anne M

    Materials science & engineering. C, Materials for biological applications

    2015  Volume 60, Page(s) 285–292

    Abstract: The study aim was to develop light-curable, high strength dental composites that would release calcium phosphate and chlorhexidine (CHX) but additionally promote surface hydroxyapatite/CHX co-precipitation in simulated body fluid (SBF). 80 wt.% urethane ... ...

    Abstract The study aim was to develop light-curable, high strength dental composites that would release calcium phosphate and chlorhexidine (CHX) but additionally promote surface hydroxyapatite/CHX co-precipitation in simulated body fluid (SBF). 80 wt.% urethane dimethacrylate based liquid was mixed with glass fillers containing 10 wt.% CHX and 0, 10, 20 or 40 wt.% reactive mono- and tricalcium phosphate (CaP). Surface hydroxyapatite layer thickness/coverage from SEM images, Ca/Si ratio from EDX and hydroxyapatite Raman peak intensities were all proportional to both time in SBF and CaP wt.% in the filler. Hydroxyapatite was, however, difficult to detect by XRD until 4 weeks. XRD peak width and SEM images suggested this was due to the very small size (~10 nm) of the hydroxyapatite crystallites. Precipitate mass at 12 weeks was 22 wt.% of the sample CaP total mass irrespective of CaP wt.% and up to 7 wt.% of the specimen. Early diffusion controlled CHX release, assessed by UV spectrometry, was proportional to CaP and twice as fast in water compared with SBF. After 1 week, CHX continued to diffuse into water but in SBF, became entrapped within the precipitating hydroxyapatite layer. At 12 weeks CHX formed 5 to 15% of the HA layer with 10 to 40 wt.% CaP respectively. Despite linear decline of strength and modulus in 4 weeks from 160 to 101 MPa and 4 to 2.4 GPa, respectively, upon raising CaP content, all values were still within the range expected for commercial composites. The high strength, hydroxyapatite precipitation and surface antibacterial accumulation should reduce tooth restoration failure due to fracture, aid demineralised dentine repair and prevent subsurface carious disease respectively.
    MeSH term(s) Anti-Bacterial Agents/chemistry ; Calcium Phosphates/chemistry ; Composite Resins/chemistry ; Durapatite/chemistry ; Surface Properties
    Chemical Substances Anti-Bacterial Agents ; Calcium Phosphates ; Composite Resins ; Durapatite (91D9GV0Z28) ; calcium phosphate (97Z1WI3NDX)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2015-11-18
    Publishing country Netherlands
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 2012160-X
    ISSN 1873-0191 ; 0928-4931
    ISSN (online) 1873-0191
    ISSN 0928-4931
    DOI 10.1016/j.msec.2015.11.047
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  4. Article ; Online: Demineralization-remineralization dynamics in teeth and bone.

    Abou Neel, Ensanya Ali / Aljabo, Anas / Strange, Adam / Ibrahim, Salwa / Coathup, Melanie / Young, Anne M / Bozec, Laurent / Mudera, Vivek

    International journal of nanomedicine

    2016  Volume 11, Page(s) 4743–4763

    Abstract: Biomineralization is a dynamic, complex, lifelong process by which living organisms control precipitations of inorganic nanocrystals within organic matrices to form unique hybrid biological tissues, for example, enamel, dentin, cementum, and bone. ... ...

    Abstract Biomineralization is a dynamic, complex, lifelong process by which living organisms control precipitations of inorganic nanocrystals within organic matrices to form unique hybrid biological tissues, for example, enamel, dentin, cementum, and bone. Understanding the process of mineral deposition is important for the development of treatments for mineralization-related diseases and also for the innovation and development of scaffolds. This review provides a thorough overview of the up-to-date information on the theories describing the possible mechanisms and the factors implicated as agonists and antagonists of mineralization. Then, the role of calcium and phosphate ions in the maintenance of teeth and bone health is described. Throughout the life, teeth and bone are at risk of demineralization, with particular emphasis on teeth, due to their anatomical arrangement and location. Teeth are exposed to food, drink, and the microbiota of the mouth; therefore, they have developed a high resistance to localized demineralization that is unmatched by bone. The mechanisms by which demineralization-remineralization process occurs in both teeth and bone and the new therapies/technologies that reverse demineralization or boost remineralization are also scrupulously discussed. Technologies discussed include composites with nano- and micron-sized inorganic minerals that can mimic mechanical properties of the tooth and bone in addition to promoting more natural repair of surrounding tissues. Turning these new technologies to products and practices would improve health care worldwide.
    MeSH term(s) Bone and Bones/physiology ; Calcification, Physiologic/physiology ; Calcium/analysis ; Humans ; Phosphates/analysis ; Tooth/physiology ; Tooth Demineralization/physiopathology ; Tooth Remineralization
    Chemical Substances Phosphates ; Calcium (SY7Q814VUP)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2016-09-19
    Publishing country New Zealand
    Document type Journal Article ; Review
    ZDB-ID 2364941-0
    ISSN 1178-2013 ; 1176-9114
    ISSN (online) 1178-2013
    ISSN 1176-9114
    DOI 10.2147/IJN.S107624
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    Zs.A 6606: Show issues Location:
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  5. Article ; Online: Conversion, shrinkage, water sorption, flexural strength and modulus of re-mineralizing dental composites.

    Aljabo, A / Xia, W / Liaqat, S / Khan, M A / Knowles, J C / Ashley, P / Young, A M

    Dental materials : official publication of the Academy of Dental Materials

    2015  Volume 31, Issue 11, Page(s) 1279–1289

    Abstract: Objectives: Cure, volumetric changes and mechanical properties were assessed for new dental composites containing chlorhexidine (CHX) and reactive calcium phosphate-containing (CaP) to reduce recurrent caries.: Methods: 20wt.% of light curable ... ...

    Abstract Objectives: Cure, volumetric changes and mechanical properties were assessed for new dental composites containing chlorhexidine (CHX) and reactive calcium phosphate-containing (CaP) to reduce recurrent caries.
    Methods: 20wt.% of light curable urethane dimethacrylate based liquid was mixed with 80wt.% glass filler containing 10wt.% CHX and 0-40wt.% CaP. Conversion versus depth with 20 or 40s light exposure was assessed by FTIR. Solidification depth and polymerization shrinkage were determined using ISO 4049 and 17304, respectively. Subsequent volume expansion and biaxial flexural strength and modulus change upon water immersion were determined over 4 weeks. Hydroxyapatite precipitation in simulated body fluid was assessed at 1 week.
    Results: Conversion decreased linearly with both depth and CaP content. Average solidification depths were 4.5, 3.9, 3.3, 2.9 and 5.0 with 0, 10, 20, and 40% CaP and a commercial composite, Z250, respectively. Conversions at these depths were 53±2% for experimental materials but with Z250 only 32%. With Z250 more than 50% conversion was achieved only below 1.1mm. Shrinkage was 3% and 2.5% for experimental materials and Z250, respectively. Early water sorption increased linearly, whilst strength and modulus decreased exponentially to final values when plotted versus square root of time. Maximum volumetric expansion increased linearly with CaP rise and balanced shrinkage at 10-20wt.% CaP. Strength and modulus for Z250 decreased from 191 to 158MPa and 3.2 to 2.5GPa. Experimental composites initial strength and modulus decreased linearly from 169 to 139MPa and 5.8 to 3.8GPa with increasing CaP. Extrapolated final values decreased from 156 to 84MPa and 4.1 to 1.7GPa. All materials containing CaP promoted hydroxyapatite precipitation.
    Significance: The lower surface of composite restorations should both be solid and have greater than 50% conversion. The results, therefore, suggest the experimental composite may be placed in much thicker layers than Z250 and have reduced unbounded cytotoxic monomer. Experimental materials with 10-20wt.% additionally have volumetric expansion to compensate shrinkage, antibacterial and re-mineralizing components and competitive mechanical properties.
    MeSH term(s) Composite Resins ; Dental Materials ; Durapatite ; Elastic Modulus ; Materials Testing ; Methacrylates ; Pliability ; Polymerization ; Water
    Chemical Substances Composite Resins ; Dental Materials ; Methacrylates ; Water (059QF0KO0R) ; Durapatite (91D9GV0Z28)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2015-09-09
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 605995-8
    ISSN 1879-0097 ; 0109-5641
    ISSN (online) 1879-0097
    ISSN 0109-5641
    DOI 10.1016/j.dental.2015.08.149
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    Zs.A 2039: Show issues Location:
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  6. Article ; Online: Demineralization–remineralization dynamics in teeth and bone

    Abou Neel EA / Aljabo A / Strange A / Ibrahim S / Coathup M / Young AM / Bozec L / Mudera V

    International Journal of Nanomedicine, Vol Volume 11, Pp 4743-

    2016  Volume 4763

    Abstract: Ensanya Ali Abou Neel,1–3 Anas Aljabo,3 Adam Strange,3 Salwa Ibrahim,3 Melanie Coathup,4 Anne M ...

    Abstract Ensanya Ali Abou Neel,1–3 Anas Aljabo,3 Adam Strange,3 Salwa Ibrahim,3 Melanie Coathup,4 Anne M Young,3 Laurent Bozec,3 Vivek Mudera4 1Division of Biomaterials, Operative Dentistry Department, Faculty of Dentistry, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; 2Biomaterials Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt; 3Department of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, UCL Eastman Dental Institute, London, UK; 4UCL Institute of Orthopaedics and Musculoskeletal Sciences, Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital, Stanmore, London, UK Abstract: Biomineralization is a dynamic, complex, lifelong process by which living organisms control precipitations of inorganic nanocrystals within organic matrices to form unique hybrid biological tissues, for example, enamel, dentin, cementum, and bone. Understanding the process of mineral deposition is important for the development of treatments for mineralization-related diseases and also for the innovation and development of scaffolds. This review provides a thorough overview of the up-to-date information on the theories describing the possible mechanisms and the factors implicated as agonists and antagonists of mineralization. Then, the role of calcium and phosphate ions in the maintenance of teeth and bone health is described. Throughout the life, teeth and bone are at risk of demineralization, with particular emphasis on teeth, due to their anatomical arrangement and location. Teeth are exposed to food, drink, and the microbiota of the mouth; therefore, they have developed a high resistance to localized demineralization that is unmatched by bone. The mechanisms by which demineralization–remineralization process occurs in both teeth and bone and the new therapies/technologies that reverse demineralization or boost remineralization are also scrupulously discussed. Technologies discussed include composites with nano- and micron-sized inorganic minerals that can mimic mechanical properties of the tooth and bone in addition to promoting more natural repair of ...
    Keywords Demineralisation ; remineralisation ; teeth ; bone & calcium phosphates ; Medicine (General) ; R5-920
    Language English
    Publishing date 2016-09-01T00:00:00Z
    Publisher Dove Medical Press
    Document type Article ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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