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Article ; Online: In vitro

Esseili, Malak A

2023 Volume 89, Issue 12, Page(s) e0133923

Abstract: Importance: During the pandemic, news outlets occasionally reported on the detection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) RNA on various foods, raising concerns over contaminated foods initiating infections. Coronavirus ... ...

Abstract	Importance: During the pandemic, news outlets occasionally reported on the detection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) RNA on various foods, raising concerns over contaminated foods initiating infections. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients often experience gastrointestinal symptoms and shed SARS-CoV-2 RNA in their feces. In addition, active virus replication in the gastrointestinal tract was shown; however, infectious viruses were rarely detected in feces. We previously showed that SARS-CoV-2 remained infectious on frozen berries for at least a month. Here,
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; SARS-CoV-2/genetics ; COVID-19 ; RNA, Viral/genetics ; Fruit ; Mouth ; Digestion
Chemical Substances	RNA, Viral
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-11-20
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	223011-2
ISSN	1098-5336 ; 0099-2240
ISSN (online)	1098-5336
ISSN	0099-2240
DOI	10.1128/aem.01339-23
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Article ; Online: Great escape: how infectious SARS-CoV-2 avoids inactivation by gastric acidity and intestinal bile.

Esseili, Malak A

Gut

2022 Volume 72, Issue 4, Page(s) 808–810

MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Bile ; COVID-19 ; SARS-CoV-2
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-06-07
Publishing country	England
Document type	Letter ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Comment
ZDB-ID	80128-8
ISSN	1468-3288 ; 0017-5749
ISSN (online)	1468-3288
ISSN	0017-5749
DOI	10.1136/gutjnl-2021-326624
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Article: Human Norovirus Surrogate Is Highly Stable in Berry Smoothies and under In Vitro Simulated Digestion.

Hooda, Riya / Esseili, Malak A

Foods (Basel, Switzerland)

2024 Volume 13, Issue 7

Abstract: Human noroviruses are major causes of foodborne outbreaks linked to berries. The overall goal of this study was to investigate the persistence of a human norovirus surrogate, Tulane virus (TV), in berry smoothies and under simulated digestion through the ...

Abstract	Human noroviruses are major causes of foodborne outbreaks linked to berries. The overall goal of this study was to investigate the persistence of a human norovirus surrogate, Tulane virus (TV), in berry smoothies and under simulated digestion through the gastrointestinal track. Two types of smoothies were prepared from blueberries and strawberries. Tulane virus was spiked into each smoothie and incubated either at 37 or 4 °C for 2, 60, and 120 min. Furthermore, the virus-spiked smoothies were subjected to sequential oral (2 min), gastric (10 and 60 min), and intestinal (15 and 120 min) digestion according to the standardized INFOGEST model. Quantification of infectious TV was carried out using the TCID
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-03-30
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2704223-6
ISSN	2304-8158
ISSN	2304-8158
DOI	10.3390/foods13071066
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Article ; Online: Replication of Human Norovirus in Human Intestinal Enteroids Is Affected by Fecal Sample Processing.

Narwankar, Revati / Esseili, Malak A

Viruses

2024 Volume 16, Issue 2

Abstract: Human intestinal enteroids (HIEs) culture is an emerging model for assessing the infectivity of human noroviruses (HuNoVs). The model is based on detecting an increase in HuNoV RNA post-infection of HIEs. HuNoV fecal samples used for HIE infection are ... ...

Abstract	Human intestinal enteroids (HIEs) culture is an emerging model for assessing the infectivity of human noroviruses (HuNoVs). The model is based on detecting an increase in HuNoV RNA post-infection of HIEs. HuNoV fecal samples used for HIE infection are traditionally processed by serial filtration. Recently, processing HuNoV fecal samples by serial centrifugation was shown to retain vesicles containing HuNoV. The objective of this study was to investigate whether serially centrifuged fecal samples, RNA extraction kit (QIAamp versus MagMaX) and HIE age (newer versus older) affect HuNoV RNA fold increase in HIE. HuNoV GII.1, GII.4 and GII.6 fecal samples were prepared by serial centrifugation and filtration and the viral RNA in HIE was quantified at 1 and 72 h post-infection (hpi) following RNA extraction and RT-qPCR. The serially filtered GII.1, GII.4 and GII.6 showed successful replication in HIE, resulting in mean log increases of 2.2, 2 and 1.2, respectively, at 72 vs. 1 hpi. In contrast, only serially centrifuged GII.1 showed consistently successful replication. However, using newer HIE passages and the MagMAX kit resulted in mean log fold increases for serially centrifuged GII.1, GII.4 and GII.6 (1.6, 2.3 and 1.8 log, respectively) that were similar to serially filtered samples. Therefore, HuNoV fecal sample processing and HIE age can affect virus replication in the HIE model.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Norovirus/genetics ; Intestines ; RNA, Viral/genetics ; Feces ; Specimen Handling ; Caliciviridae Infections
Chemical Substances	RNA, Viral
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-02-02
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2516098-9
ISSN	1999-4915 ; 1999-4915
ISSN (online)	1999-4915
ISSN	1999-4915
DOI	10.3390/v16020241
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Screening Commercial Tea for Rapid Inactivation of Infectious SARS-CoV-2 in Saliva.

Morris, Julianna N / Esseili, Malak A

Food and environmental virology

2024

Abstract: SARS-CoV-2 infects the oral mucosa and is shed in salivary fluids. Traditionally, tea has been used by various cultures to treat respiratory ailments. The objective of this study was to identify commercially available teas that can rapidly inactivate ... ...

Abstract	SARS-CoV-2 infects the oral mucosa and is shed in salivary fluids. Traditionally, tea has been used by various cultures to treat respiratory ailments. The objective of this study was to identify commercially available teas that can rapidly inactivate infectious SARS-CoV-2 in saliva. Initially, tea (n = 24) was prepared as 40 mg/mL infusions and incubated with SARS-CoV-2 resuspended in water, for 5 min at 37 °C. Then, five teas that showed >3 log reduction in virus infectivity were further investigated at 40 and 10 mg/mL infusions for 60 and 10 s contact time with SARS-CoV-2 resuspended in saliva. Tea polyphenols were measured using the Folin-Ciocalteu assay. SARS-CoV-2 infectivity was quantified on Vero-E6 cell line using TCID50 assay. At 10 mg/mL infusion, black tea showed the highest reduction (3 log, i.e., 99.9%) of infectious SARS-CoV-2 within 10 s. Green, mint medley, eucalyptus-mint, and raspberry zinger teas showed similar inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 (1.5-2 log, i.e., 96-99% reduction). At 40 mg/mL infusions, all five teas showed >3 log reduction in virus infectivity within 10 s. Tea polyphenol but not pH was significantly correlated to virus reduction. Time-of-addition assay revealed that the five teas displayed preventive effects (0.5-1 log, i.e., 68-90% reduction) against SARS-CoV-2 infection of Vero-E6 cells as well as during post-virus infection (1.2-1.9 log, i.e., 94-98%). However, the highest inhibitory effect was observed when the teas were added at the time of virus infection (2-3 log, i.e., 99-99.9%). Our results provide insights into a rapid at-home intervention (tea drinking or gargling) to reduce infectious SARS-CoV-2 load in the oral cavity which might also mitigate infection of the oral mucosa.
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-01-31
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2487173-4
ISSN	1867-0342 ; 1867-0334
ISSN (online)	1867-0342
ISSN	1867-0334
DOI	10.1007/s12560-023-09581-0
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Article: The Effect of Water Hardness and pH on the Efficacy of Peracetic Acid and Sodium Hypochlorite against SARS-CoV-2 on Food-Contact Surfaces.

Morris, Julianna N / Esseili, Malak A

Foods (Basel, Switzerland)

2023 Volume 12, Issue 16

Abstract: Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) and peracetic acid (PAA) are commonly used disinfectants with a maximum recommended concentration of 200 ppm for food-contact surfaces. The objectives of this study were to assess the effect of pH and water hardness on NaOCl ... ...

Abstract	Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) and peracetic acid (PAA) are commonly used disinfectants with a maximum recommended concentration of 200 ppm for food-contact surfaces. The objectives of this study were to assess the effect of pH and water hardness on NaOCl and PAA efficacy against SARS-CoV-2 on stainless steel (SS). The two disinfectants were prepared at 200 ppm in water of hardness 150 or 300 ppm with the final pH adjusted to 5, 6, 7, or 8. Disinfectants were applied to virus-contaminated SS for one minute at room temperature following the ASTM E2197 standard assay. SARS-CoV-2 infectivity was quantified using TCID50 assay on Vero-E6 cells. In general, increasingly hard water decreased the efficacy of NaOCl while increasing the efficacy of PAA. Hard water at 300 ppm significantly increased virus log reduction with PAA at pH 8 by ~1.5 log. The maximum virus log reductions were observed at pH 5 for both NaOCl (~1.2 log) and PAA (~2 log) at 150 and 300 ppm hard water, respectively. In conclusion, PAA performed significantly better than NaOCl with harder water. However, both disinfectants at 200 ppm and one minute were not effective (≤3 log) against SARS-CoV-2 on contaminated food-contact surfaces, which may facilitate the role of these surfaces in virus transmission.
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-08-08
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2704223-6
ISSN	2304-8158
ISSN	2304-8158
DOI	10.3390/foods12162981
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Article ; Online: The Effect of Water Hardness and pH on the Efficacy of Peracetic Acid and Sodium Hypochlorite against SARS-CoV-2 on Food-Contact Surfaces

Morris, Julianna N. / Esseili, Malak A.

Foods. 2023 Aug. 08, v. 12, no. 16

2023

Abstract	Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) and peracetic acid (PAA) are commonly used disinfectants with a maximum recommended concentration of 200 ppm for food-contact surfaces. The objectives of this study were to assess the effect of pH and water hardness on NaOCl and PAA efficacy against SARS-CoV-2 on stainless steel (SS). The two disinfectants were prepared at 200 ppm in water of hardness 150 or 300 ppm with the final pH adjusted to 5, 6, 7, or 8. Disinfectants were applied to virus-contaminated SS for one minute at room temperature following the ASTM E2197 standard assay. SARS-CoV-2 infectivity was quantified using TCID50 assay on Vero-E6 cells. In general, increasingly hard water decreased the efficacy of NaOCl while increasing the efficacy of PAA. Hard water at 300 ppm significantly increased virus log reduction with PAA at pH 8 by ~1.5 log. The maximum virus log reductions were observed at pH 5 for both NaOCl (~1.2 log) and PAA (~2 log) at 150 and 300 ppm hard water, respectively. In conclusion, PAA performed significantly better than NaOCl with harder water. However, both disinfectants at 200 ppm and one minute were not effective (≤3 log) against SARS-CoV-2 on contaminated food-contact surfaces, which may facilitate the role of these surfaces in virus transmission.
Keywords	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 ; ambient temperature ; pH ; pathogenicity ; peracetic acid ; sodium hypochlorite ; stainless steel ; virus transmission ; viruses ; water hardness
Language	English
Dates of publication	2023-0808
Publishing place	Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
Document type	Article ; Online
ZDB-ID	2704223-6
ISSN	2304-8158
ISSN	2304-8158
DOI	10.3390/foods12162981
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article ; Online: First report of the mobile colistin resistance gene, mcr-1.26, in multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli isolated from retail chicken meat.

Kassem, Issmat I / Osman, Marwan / Hassan, Jouman / Sulaiman, Abdallah Alhaj / Mann, David / Esseili, Malak A / Naas, Thierry / Deng, Xiangyu

Journal of global antimicrobial resistance

2023 Volume 34, Page(s) 176–178

Abstract: Objectives: We isolated a highly colistin-resistant Escherichia coli, strain 58, from fresh chicken wings in Lebanon. Here, we performed in-depth phenotypic and genomic analyses to identify the resistome of the isolate, focusing on the determinants that ...

Abstract	Objectives: We isolated a highly colistin-resistant Escherichia coli, strain 58, from fresh chicken wings in Lebanon. Here, we performed in-depth phenotypic and genomic analyses to identify the resistome of the isolate, focusing on the determinants that encoded colistin resistance. Methods: The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of colistin and resistance to other antibiotics were determined using the broth microdilution method and the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion assay, respectively. Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) and different software available at the Center of Genomic Epidemiology were used to predict the resistome, the sequence type (ST), and the presence of virulence genes and plasmid replicon types. Results: Susceptibility testing revealed that E. coli 58 exhibited multidrug resistance, including against colistin (MIC = 32 µg/mL). Whole-genome sequencing analyses showed that E. coli 58 carried 26 antimicrobial resistance genes associated with resistance to polymyxins (mcr-1.26), β-lactams (blaTEM-1b and blaCMY-2), fosfomycin (fosA4), aminoglycosides (aac(3)-IId, aadA2b, aadA5, partial aadA1, aph(3'')-Ia, aph(3')-Ia, and aph(6)-Id), tetracyclines (tetA and tetM), quinolones (qnrS1), sulphonamides (sul2 and sul3), trimethoprim (dfrA14, dfrA17, and dfrA5), phenicols (floR and cmlA1), macrolides (mphA), lincosamides (lnu(F)), quaternary ammonium compounds (partial qacL and qacE), and peroxides (sitABCD). mcr-1.26 was located on an IncX4 plasmid and induced colistin resistance in otherwise naïve E. coli and Salmonella Enteritidis. Escherichia coli 58 was predicted to be a human pathogen and belonged to ST3107. Conclusion: To our knowledge, this is the first report of mcr-1.26 in poultry meat worldwide. We previously reported mcr-1.26 in an MDR E. coli (ST2207) isolated from a pigeon in Lebanon, which suggests that it might be spreading in different animal hosts and genetic backgrounds.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Humans ; Escherichia coli ; Colistin/pharmacology ; Chickens ; Escherichia coli Proteins/genetics ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Meat
Chemical Substances	Colistin (Z67X93HJG1) ; Escherichia coli Proteins ; Anti-Bacterial Agents
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-07-08
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2710046-7
ISSN	2213-7173 ; 2213-7173
ISSN (online)	2213-7173
ISSN	2213-7173
DOI	10.1016/j.jgar.2023.07.005
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Draft Genome Sequences of Antibiotic-Resistant

Hassan, Jouman / Esseili, Malak A / Mann, David / Osman, Marwan / Li, Shaoting / Deng, Xiangyu / Kassem, Issmat I

Microbiology resource announcements

2022 Volume 11, Issue 12, Page(s) e0096522

Abstract: Sewage has been established as a prime matrix for monitoring the emergence and dissemination of etiologic agents and antibiotic resistance determinants in a population. Here, we report the draft genomes and the acquired resistance genes of 11 antibiotic- ... ...

Abstract	Sewage has been established as a prime matrix for monitoring the emergence and dissemination of etiologic agents and antibiotic resistance determinants in a population. Here, we report the draft genomes and the acquired resistance genes of 11 antibiotic-resistant
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-11-16
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	2576-098X
ISSN (online)	2576-098X
DOI	10.1128/mra.00965-22
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Article ; Online: Draft Genome Sequences of Multidrug-Resistant Escherichia coli Isolated from River Water.

Kassem, Issmat I / Hassan, Jouman / Esseili, Malak A / Mann, David / Osman, Marwan / Li, Shaoting / Deng, Xiangyu

Microbiology resource announcements

2022 Volume 11, Issue 11, Page(s) e0082722

Abstract: The spread of antibiotic resistance poses a critical challenge worldwide. Contaminated environments can become reservoirs, spreading antibiotic-resistant bacteria and genetic determinants of resistance to humans directly or indirectly. Here, we report ... ...

Abstract	The spread of antibiotic resistance poses a critical challenge worldwide. Contaminated environments can become reservoirs, spreading antibiotic-resistant bacteria and genetic determinants of resistance to humans directly or indirectly. Here, we report the draft genome sequence, the resistome, virulence genes, and sequence types of seven multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli strains isolated from river water.
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-10-12
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	2576-098X
ISSN (online)	2576-098X
DOI	10.1128/mra.00827-22
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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