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Article ; Online: Detection of anabolic-androgenic steroids in e-cigarettes seized from prisons: A case study.

Harries, Richard L / Norman, Caitlyn / Reid, Robert / Nic Daéid, Niamh / Nisbet, Lorna A

2024 Volume 356, Page(s) 111965

Abstract: ... cannabinoid receptor agonists (SCRAs), via e-cigarettes, within prison settings has been well publicized. This study provides ... an overview of five e-cigarette case samples seized from Scottish prisons between May 2022 and July 2023 ... gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. These e-cigarette samples represented 2.9% of all samples containing e-cigarette ...

Abstract	The administration of new psychoactive substances (NPS), in particular synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists (SCRAs), via e-cigarettes, within prison settings has been well publicized. This study provides an overview of five e-cigarette case samples seized from Scottish prisons between May 2022 and July 2023 where the anabolic-androgenic steroids (AASs) mestanolone and oxandrolone were identified following gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. These e-cigarette samples represented 2.9% of all samples containing e-cigarette cartridges (n = 170) and 9.4% of all samples found to contain AASs (n = 53) seized during the same time period. The AASs were detected in combination with other drugs, including cocaine, Δ
MeSH term(s)	Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems ; Anabolic Androgenic Steroids ; Prisons ; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry ; Cannabinoid Receptor Agonists
Chemical Substances	Anabolic Androgenic Steroids ; Cannabinoid Receptor Agonists
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-02-10
Publishing country	Ireland
Document type	Case Reports
ZDB-ID	424042-x
ISSN	1872-6283 ; 0379-0738
ISSN (online)	1872-6283
ISSN	0379-0738
DOI	10.1016/j.forsciint.2024.111965
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Article ; Online: Impact of E-liquid Packaging on Vaping Product Perceptions Among Youth in England, Canada, and the United States: A Randomized Online Experiment.

Simonavičius, Erikas / East, Katherine / Taylor, Eve / Nottage, Matilda / Reid, Jessica L / Arnott, Deborah / Bunce, Laura / McNeill, Ann / Hammond, David

Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco

2023 Volume 26, Issue 3, Page(s) 370–379

Abstract: ... stop smoking. However, packaging of vaping products, including e-liquids, appeals to youth and ... of using e-liquids are associated with branded or standardized (white or olive) e-liquid packaging ... in trying and perceived harm of e-liquids were analyzed using logistic and multinomial regressions adjusted ...

Abstract	Introduction: Vaping is not risk-free but can help those who smoke to reduce harm to health and stop smoking. However, packaging of vaping products, including e-liquids, appeals to youth and might facilitate vaping among nicotine-naïve people. Standardized packaging of vaping products could moderate the appeal of vaping among youth. This study assessed how youth interest in trying and perceived health harms of using e-liquids are associated with branded or standardized (white or olive) e-liquid packaging with different nicotine levels displayed. Aims and methods: A between-subject experiment with three packaging and two nicotine level conditions included youth (n = 13801) aged 16 to 19 from England, Canada, and the United States as a part of a cross-sectional online survey in August-September 2021. Participants' interest in trying and perceived harm of e-liquids were analyzed using logistic and multinomial regressions adjusted for age, sex, race or ethnicity, country, vaping, and smoking status. Results: Compared with branded e-liquid packs, more youth reported no interest in trying e-liquids in white (aOR = 1.48, 95% CI = 1.34 to 1.64) or olive (aOR = 1.62, 95% CI: 1.47 to 1.80) standardized packs. Compared with branded e-liquid packs, more youth inaccurately perceived e-liquids in white (aOR = 1.22, 95% CI: 1.11 to 1.34) or olive (aOR = 1.29, 95% CI: 1.18 to 1.41) standardized packs as equally or more harmful than smoking. E-liquid nicotine levels displayed on packs were not associated with youth interest in trying or harm perceptions of using e-liquids. Conclusions: Among 16- to 19-year-old youth from England, Canada, and the United States, standardized packaging of e-liquids was associated with lower interest in trying and higher health risk perceptions. Implications: Branded packaging of vaping products appeal to youth and might prompt nicotine use among those who had never smoked. This study suggests that restricting branding elements on e-liquid packaging is associated with youth's lower interest in trying e-liquids and higher misperceptions that vaping is equally or more harmful than smoking. Standardized packaging might reduce appeal of vaping among youth, but its potential to discourage vaping for harm reduction should also be considered.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Adolescent ; United States ; Young Adult ; Adult ; Nicotine ; Vaping ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Product Packaging ; England ; Tobacco Products ; Canada ; Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems
Chemical Substances	Nicotine (6M3C89ZY6R)
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-08-04
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1452315-2
ISSN	1469-994X ; 1462-2203
ISSN (online)	1469-994X
ISSN	1462-2203
DOI	10.1093/ntr/ntad144
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Article ; Online: Association of Fully Branded and Standardized e-Cigarette Packaging With Interest in Trying Products Among Youths and Adults in Great Britain.

Taylor, Eve / Arnott, Deborah / Cheeseman, Hazel / Hammond, David / Reid, Jessica L / McNeill, Ann / Driezen, Pete / East, Katherine

JAMA network open

2023 Volume 6, Issue 3, Page(s) e231799

Abstract: Importance: e-Cigarette vaping among youths and adults has increased in Great Britain. The design ... of e-cigarette packaging may appeal to youths. Regulations that reduce the appeal of e-cigarettes ... to youths may deter adult smokers from trying e-cigarettes to help them quit smoking.: Objective ...

Abstract	Importance: e-Cigarette vaping among youths and adults has increased in Great Britain. The design of e-cigarette packaging may appeal to youths. Regulations that reduce the appeal of e-cigarettes to youths may deter adult smokers from trying e-cigarettes to help them quit smoking. Objective: To examine the association of fully branded and standardized e-cigarette packaging with interest in trying products among youths and adults in Great Britain. Design, setting, and participants: In this survey study comprising 2 surveys, the online Action on Smoking and Health Smokefree Great Britain survey collected data between March 25 and April 16, 2021, from a representative sample of 2469 youths (aged 11-18 years) and between February 18 and March 18, 2021, from a representative sample of 12 046 adults (aged ≥18 years). Interventions: A between-individuals experimental design was used to examine participants' perceptions of e-cigarette packs that were digitally altered to remove brand imagery and color. Participants were randomly assigned to view a set of 3 e-cigarette packs from 1 of 3 different packaging conditions: (1) fully branded packs (control), (2) white standardized packs with brand name, or (3) green standardized packs with brand name. Main outcomes and measures: Youth participants were asked which product people their age would be most interested in trying, while adult participants were asked which product they would be most interested in trying. All participants could respond "no interest" or "don't know." Logistic regression models tested whether reporting no interest in trying the e-cigarettes differed between the pack conditions. Results: This study included 2469 youths (1286 female youths [52.1%]; mean [SD] age, 15.0 [2.3] years) and 12 046 adults (6412 female [53.2%]; mean [SD] age, 49.9 [17.4] years). Youths had higher odds of reporting no interest among people their age in trying the e-cigarettes packaged in green (292 of 815 [35.8%]; adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 1.37; 95% CI, 1.10-1.71; P = .005) but not white (264 of 826 [32.0%]; AOR, 1.16; 95% CI, 0.93-1.44; P = .20) standardized packaging compared with the fully branded packaging (238 of 828 [28.7%]). Adults had lower odds of reporting no interest in trying e-cigarettes in green standardized packaging (3505 of 4040 [86.8%]; AOR, 0.85; 95% CI, 0.73-0.99; P = .046) but not white packaging (3532 of 4006 [88.2%]; AOR, 1.05; 95% CI, 0.89-1.23; P = .59) compared with branded packaging (3526 of 4000 [88.1%]). Youths who had never vaped (275 of 699 [39.3%]; AOR, 1.34; 95% CI, 1.07-1.69; P = .01) and youths who had never smoked (271 of 676 [40.1%]; AOR, 1.38; 95% CI, 1.10-1.75; P = .006) were more likely to report no interest in trying e-cigarettes in green packaging compared with branded packaging (224 of 688 [32.6%] never vaping; 216 of 662 [32.6%] never smoking). There were no significant differences by vaping or smoking status among adults. Conclusions and relevance: The findings of this survey study suggest that standardized packaging measures may reduce the appeal of e-cigarettes among youths without reducing their appeal among adults.
MeSH term(s)	Adult ; Humans ; Adolescent ; Female ; Middle Aged ; Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems ; United Kingdom ; Product Packaging ; Tobacco Products ; Surveys and Questionnaires
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-03-01
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Randomized Controlled Trial ; Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ISSN	2574-3805
ISSN (online)	2574-3805
DOI	10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.1799
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Article ; Online: The development and preliminary evaluation of a clinician e-learning training platform for a neonatal sepsis risk monitor for use in ICU settings.

Andrade, Evismar / Quinlan, Leo R / Harte, Richard / Reid-McDermott, Bronwyn / Kirrane, Frank / Fallon, Enda / Kelly, Martina / Hall, Tony / Scully, Michael / Laffey, John / Pladys, Patrick / Ryan, Ethel / Byrne, Dara / ÓLaighin, Gearóid

Applied ergonomics

2023 Volume 109, Page(s) 103990

Abstract: ... given some constraints (e.g., availability of staff and trainers to attend in-person training sessions and the costs ... associated with face-to-face training).: Objective: The literature indicates that E-learning has ... to develop and carry out a preliminary evaluation via a case study of an e-learning training platform ...

Abstract	Background: Training clinicians on the use of hospital-based patient monitoring systems (PMS) is vital to mitigate the risk of use errors and of frustration using these devices, especially when used in ICU settings. PMS training is typically delivered through face-to-face training sessions in the hospital. However, it is not always feasible to deliver training in this format to all clinical staff given some constraints (e.g., availability of staff and trainers to attend in-person training sessions and the costs associated with face-to-face training). Objective: The literature indicates that E-learning has the potential to mitigate barriers associated with time restrictions for trainers and trainees and evidence shows it to be more flexible, and convenient for learners in healthcare settings. This study aimed to develop and carry out a preliminary evaluation via a case study of an e-learning training platform designed for a novel neonatal sepsis risk monitor system (Digi-NewB). Methods: A multi-modal qualitative research case study approach was used, including the analysis of three qualitative data sources: (i) audio/video recordings of simulation sessions in which participants were asked to operate the system as intended (e.g., update the clinical observations and monitor the sepsis risk), (ii) interviews with the simulation participants and an attending key opinion leader (KOL), who observed all simulation sessions, and (iii) post-simulation survey. Results: After receiving ethical approval for the study, nine neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) nurses completed the online training and participated in the simulation and follow-up interview sessions. The KOL was also interviewed, and seven out of the nine NICU nurses answered the post-simulation survey. The video/audio analysis of the simulations revealed that participants were able to use and interpret the Digi-NewB interface. Interviews with simulation participants and the KOL, and feedback extracted from the survey, revealed that participants were overall satisfied with the training platform and perceived it as an efficient and effective method to deliver medical device training. Conclusions: This study developed an online training platform to train clinicians in the use of a critical care medical device and carried out a preliminary evaluation of the platform via a case study. The e-learning platform was designed to supplement and enhance other training approaches. Further research is required to evaluate the effectiveness of this approach.
MeSH term(s)	Infant, Newborn ; Humans ; Neonatal Sepsis ; Computer-Assisted Instruction ; Learning ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Intensive Care Units
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-02-13
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2003513-5
ISSN	1872-9126 ; 0003-6870
ISSN (online)	1872-9126
ISSN	0003-6870
DOI	10.1016/j.apergo.2023.103990
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Article ; Online: The effect of branded versus standardized e-cigarette packaging and device designs: an experimental study of youth interest in vaping products.

Gomes, M N / Reid, J L / Hammond, D

Public health

2024 Volume 230, Page(s) 223–230

Abstract: ... e-cigarettes among youth.: Study design: Experimental design.: Methods: Two online experiments ... were randomized to view a set of 3 e-cigarette brands, in either their original external packaging ... pod-style e-cigarette devices: one 'plain' and 3 in colourful 'skins'. Logistic regression models were ...

Abstract	Objectives: Standardized ('plain') packaging is effective in reducing the appeal of cigarettes among young people. This study examined the impact of plain packaging and brand imagery on interest in trying e-cigarettes among youth. Study design: Experimental design. Methods: Two online experiments were conducted in February 2020 as part of the ITC Youth Tobacco & Vaping Survey, conducted with 13,624 16- to 19-year-olds in Canada, England, and the USA. In the between-group Experiment 1, participants were randomized to view a set of 3 e-cigarette brands, in either their original external packaging ('branded' condition) or standardized olive-green packaging ('standardized' condition), and asked to select the product they would be most interested in trying. The within-group Experiment 2 examined brand imagery directly on devices, including potential differences in appeal among subgroups. Each participant viewed 4 pod-style e-cigarette devices: one 'plain' and 3 in colourful 'skins'. Logistic regression models were conducted to test the effect of condition, adjusting for demographics, smoking and vaping status. Results: In Experiment 1, participants in the 'standardized' packaging condition were significantly more likely to indicate 'I have no interest in trying any of these products' (72.3%) than those in the 'branded' condition (66.9%, AOR 1.45, 95% CI 1.33-1.59). Experiment 2 results indicated differences in e-cigarette appeal by sex in the selection of male- and female-oriented designs, and by cannabis use for a Rastafarian-themed design. Conclusions: Brand imagery on e-cigarettes can target products to specific subgroups. Removal of imagery, in the form of standardized packaging, has the potential to reduce interest in trying e-cigarettes among young people.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Male ; Female ; Adolescent ; Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems ; Vaping ; Product Packaging/methods ; Tobacco Products ; Smoking
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-03-01
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Randomized Controlled Trial ; Journal Article
ZDB-ID	427333-3
ISSN	1476-5616 ; 0033-3506
ISSN (online)	1476-5616
ISSN	0033-3506
DOI	10.1016/j.puhe.2024.02.001
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Article ; Online: Awareness and use of short-fill e-liquids by youth in England in 2021: findings from the ITC Youth Tobacco and Vaping Survey.

Taylor, Eve / East, Katherine / Reid, Jessica L / Hammond, David

Tobacco control

2023

Abstract: Background: Refillable e-cigarettes were popular among youth in England in 2021. The UK Tobacco ... and Related Products Regulations (TRPR) limits e-liquids to 20 mg/mL of nicotine in a 10 mL bottle ... Short-fill e-liquids, which are not covered by TRPR regulations, are typically nicotine-free and come ...

Abstract	Background: Refillable e-cigarettes were popular among youth in England in 2021. The UK Tobacco and Related Products Regulations (TRPR) limits e-liquids to 20 mg/mL of nicotine in a 10 mL bottle. Short-fill e-liquids, which are not covered by TRPR regulations, are typically nicotine-free and come in larger, underfilled bottles allowing customisation with the addition of 'nicotine shots'. This paper investigates awareness, use, and reasons for use of short-fill e-liquids among youth in England. Methods: Data are from the online 2021 International Tobacco Control Youth Survey, comprising 4224 youth (aged 16-19 years) in England. Weighted logistic regression models investigated associations between awareness and past 30-day use of short-fills by smoking status, vaping status, nicotine strength vaped and participant demographics. Reasons for use were also reported. Results: Approximately one-quarter (23.0%) of youth in England reported awareness of short-fill e-liquids. Among youth who had vaped in the past 30 days, 22.1% had used short-fills in the past 30 days; use was most prevalent among those who were also smoking (43.2%) and those who reported usually vaping nicotine concentrations of 2.1% (21 mg/mL) or more (40.8%). 'Convenience of a bigger bottle' was the most selected reason for use (45.0%), followed by 'less expensive than regular e-liquids' (37.6%). Conclusions: Awareness of short-fills was common among youth in 2021, including among those who had never vaped or smoked. Among youth who vaped in the past 30 days, short-fill use was more prevalent among those who also smoked and those who vaped nicotine-containing e-liquids. Integration of short-fill products into existing e-cigarette regulations should be considered.
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-05-02
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1146554-2
ISSN	1468-3318 ; 0964-4563
ISSN (online)	1468-3318
ISSN	0964-4563
DOI	10.1136/tc-2022-057871
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Article ; Online: Youth Use of e-Cigarette Flavor and Device Combinations and Brands Before vs After FDA Enforcement.

Kasza, Karin A / Hammond, David / Reid, Jessica L / Rivard, Cheryl / Hyland, Andrew

JAMA network open

2023 Volume 6, Issue 8, Page(s) e2328805

Abstract: ... its enforcement efforts against nontobacco, nonmenthol (ie, sweet)-flavored cartridge e-cigarettes in February ... 2020. Within-person e-cigarette initiation, continuation, and switching behaviors among youth are ... e-cigarette flavor/device combination use, brand use, nicotine use, and frequency of use following ...

Abstract	Importance: The US Food and Drug Administration's Center for Tobacco Products (CTP) prioritized its enforcement efforts against nontobacco, nonmenthol (ie, sweet)-flavored cartridge e-cigarettes in February 2020. Within-person e-cigarette initiation, continuation, and switching behaviors among youth are unknown following CTP's prioritized enforcement efforts. Objective: To describe transitions in youths' e-cigarette flavor/device combination use, brand use, nicotine use, and frequency of use following CTP's e-cigarette enforcement prioritization. Design, setting, and participants: The US population-based, nationally representative Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health cohort study included data collected in 2019 and 2021 from youth aged 12 to 17 years. The data were analyzed from February to June 2023. Exposure: e-cigarette use (past 30 days), flavor/device combination used, brand used, nicotine use, and frequency of use. Main outcomes and measures: Transitions in e-cigarette use, flavor/device combination used, brand used, nicotine use, and frequency of use between 2019 and 2021 among 9088 youth aged 12 to 17 years in 2019; prevalence of e-cigarette use, flavor/device combination used, and brand used in 2019 (n = 8771) and 2021 (n = 5574) among youth aged 14 to 17 years in each year. Results: The 2019 sample included 8771 youth. The population of those aged 12 to 17 years was 49.0% female (95% CI, 48.7%-49.3%) and 51.0% male (95% CI, 50.8%-51.3%). Participants were 15.4% Black (95% CI, 15.0%-15.7%), 24.1% Hispanic (95% CI, 23.9%-24.4%), 75.9% non-Hispanic (95% CI, 75.6%-76.1%), 69.1% White (95% CI, 68.5%-69.8%), and 15.5% another race (95% CI, 14.9%-16.1%). Among youth ages 12 to 17 years who did not use e-cigarettes in 2019, 531 (6.5%) initiated use in 2021 (95% CI, 5.9%-7.1%); among them, 415 (76.8%) initiated with a combination other than a sweet cartridge (95% CI, 72.2%-80.8%). Among youth ages 12 to 17 who used e-cigarettes in 2019, 360 (47.8%) continued use in 2021 (95% CI, 44.0%-51.1%). Continuation rates were similar for those who used sweet-cartridge e-cigarettes (144 [51.5%]; 95% CI, 45.7%-57.3%) and those who used other combinations (204 [47.6%]; 95% CI, 42.8%-52.4%) in 2019. Among those who continued e-cigarette use in 2021, 121 (84.0%) of those who used sweet-cartridge e-cigarettes in 2019 switched to a different combination (95% CI, 77.0%-89.2%). Overall, among youth who used e-cigarettes in 2021, 177 (53%) used a sweet-disposable combination, 32 (11%) used a sweet-cartridge, and no individual brand was used by more than 10%. Conclusions and relevance: The results of this longitudinal cohort study of youth in the US suggest that most youth who initiated or continued e-cigarette use in 2021 used flavor/device combinations that were excluded from CTP's enforcement priorities. Restrictions and enforcement efforts that only cover a subset of products may be ineffective at preventing youth flavored e-cigarette use.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Male ; Adolescent ; Female ; Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems ; Nicotine ; Longitudinal Studies ; Cohort Studies ; Flavoring Agents
Chemical Substances	Nicotine (6M3C89ZY6R) ; Flavoring Agents
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-08-01
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	2574-3805
ISSN (online)	2574-3805
DOI	10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.28805
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Article ; Online: Exercise as airway clearance therapy (ExACT) in cystic fibrosis: a UK-based e-Delphi survey of patients, caregivers and health professionals.

Saynor, Zoe Louise / Cunningham, Steve / Morrison, Lisa / Main, Eleanor / Vogiatzis, Ioannis / Reid, Simon / Urquhart, Donald

Thorax

2022 Volume 78, Issue 1, Page(s) 88–91

Abstract: ... with cystic fibrosis (pwCF) is a top research priority. A UK-based e-Delphi consensus was performed to inform the type ...

Abstract	Replacing traditional airway clearance therapy (tACT) with exercise (ExACT) in people with cystic fibrosis (pwCF) is a top research priority. A UK-based e-Delphi consensus was performed to inform the type(s), duration and intensity of ExACT. The expert panel comprised CF physiotherapists, doctors, pwCF and parents/partners. Exercise ACT was considered to be aerobic activity, of at least 20 min duration and intense enough to elicit deep breathing. Consensus was reached that assessment breaths, coughs and huffs should accompany exercise to remove loose secretions, with support for trials to investigate ExACT versus tACT during times of stable disease but not pulmonary exacerbations.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Caregivers ; Cystic Fibrosis/therapy ; Exercise Therapy ; Respiratory Therapy ; United Kingdom ; Delphi Technique ; Internet ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Health Personnel ; Patients ; Consensus
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-09-09
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	204353-1
ISSN	1468-3296 ; 0040-6376
ISSN (online)	1468-3296
ISSN	0040-6376
DOI	10.1136/thorax-2022-219213
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Article: Ab initio calculations of torsionally mediated hyperfine splittings in E states of acetaldehyde.

Xu, Li-Hong / Reid, E M / Guislain, B / Hougen, J T / Alekseev, E A / Krapivin, I

Journal of molecular spectroscopy

2019 Volume 342

Abstract: Quantum chemistry packages can be used to predict with reasonable accuracy spin-rotation hyperfine interaction constants for methanol, which contains one methyl-top internal rotor. In this work we use one of these packages to calculate components of the ... ...

Abstract	Quantum chemistry packages can be used to predict with reasonable accuracy spin-rotation hyperfine interaction constants for methanol, which contains one methyl-top internal rotor. In this work we use one of these packages to calculate components of the spin-rotation interaction tensor for acetaldehyde. We then use torsion-rotation wavefunctions obtained from a fit to the acetaldehyde torsion-rotation spectrum to calculate the expected magnitude of hyperfine splittings analogous to those observed at relatively high
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-05-09
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	0022-2852
ISSN	0022-2852
DOI	10.1016/j.jms.2017.06.008
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Article ; Online: Trends in E-Cigarette and Tobacco Cigarette Purchasing Behaviors by Youth in the United States, Canada, and England, 2017-2022.

Roberson, Avery / Cummings, K Michael / Reid, Jessica L / Burkhalter, Robin / Gravely, Shannon / East, Katherine / Thrasher, James F / Hammond, David

International journal of public health

2023 Volume 68, Page(s) 1606234

Abstract: Objectives: ...

Abstract	Objectives:
MeSH term(s)	Adolescent ; Humans ; Canada/epidemiology ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems ; England/epidemiology ; Smoking/epidemiology ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Tobacco Products ; United States ; Vaping/epidemiology
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-11-14
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2274130-6
ISSN	1661-8564 ; 1661-8556
ISSN (online)	1661-8564
ISSN	1661-8556
DOI	10.3389/ijph.2023.1606234
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