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Article: Corrigendum to "Gunshot-wound dynamics model for John F. Kennedy assassination" [Heliyon 4 (2018) e00603].

Nalli, Nicholas R

2018 Volume 4, Issue 10, Page(s) e00831

Abstract: This corrects the article DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2018.e00603.]. ...

Abstract	[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2018.e00603.].
Language	English
Publishing date	2018-10-01
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Published Erratum
ZDB-ID	2835763-2
ISSN	2405-8440
ISSN	2405-8440
DOI	10.1016/j.heliyon.2018.e00831
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article: Gunshot-wound dynamics model for John F. Kennedy assassination.

Nalli, Nicholas R

Heliyon

2018 Volume 4, Issue 4, Page(s) e00603

Abstract: U.S. President John F. Kennedy was assassinated while riding in an open motorcade by a sniper in Dallas, Texas on 22 November 1963. A civilian bystander, Mr. Abraham Zapruder, filmed the motorcade with a 8-mm home movie camera as it drove through Dealey ... ...

Abstract	U.S. President John F. Kennedy was assassinated while riding in an open motorcade by a sniper in Dallas, Texas on 22 November 1963. A civilian bystander, Mr. Abraham Zapruder, filmed the motorcade with a 8-mm home movie camera as it drove through Dealey Plaza, inadvertently recording an ≈8 second sequence of events that included a fatal gunshot wound to the President in the head. The accompanying backward motion of the President's head after impact appeared to support later "conspiracy theories" because it was claimed that this was proof of a shot from the front (in addition to one from behind). In this paper, simple one-dimensional dynamical models are uniquely applied to study in detail the fatal shot and the motion of the President's head observed in the film. Using known parameters from the crime scene, explicit force calculations are carried out for determining the projectile's retardation during tissue passage along with the resulting transfer of momentum and kinetic energy (KE). The computed instantaneous KE transfer within the soft tissue is found to be consistent with the formation of a temporary cavity associated with the observed explosion of the head, and subsequent quantitative examination of this phenomenon reveals two delayed forces at play in the backward motion of the President following impact. It is therefore found that the observed motions of President Kennedy in the film are physically consistent with a high-speed projectile impact from the rear of the motorcade, these resulting from an instantaneous forward impulse force, followed by delayed rearward recoil and neuromuscular forces.
Language	English
Publishing date	2018-04-30
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2835763-2
ISSN	2405-8440
ISSN	2405-8440
DOI	10.1016/j.heliyon.2018.e00603
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Corrigendum to “Gunshot-wound dynamics model for John F. Kennedy assassination” [Heliyon 4 (2018) e00603]

Nicholas R. Nalli

Heliyon, Vol 4, Iss 10, Pp e00831- (2018)

2018

Keywords	Science (General) ; Q1-390 ; Social sciences (General) ; H1-99
Language	English
Publishing date	2018-10-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Elsevier
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article: Gunshot-wound dynamics model for John F. Kennedy assassination

Nalli, Nicholas R

Heliyon. 2018 Apr., v. 4, no. 4

2018

Abstract	U.S. President John F. Kennedy was assassinated while riding in an open motorcade by a sniper in Dallas, Texas on 22 November 1963. A civilian bystander, Mr. Abraham Zapruder, filmed the motorcade with a 8-mm home movie camera as it drove through Dealey Plaza, inadvertently recording an ≈8 second sequence of events that included a fatal gunshot wound to the President in the head. The accompanying backward motion of the President's head after impact appeared to support later “conspiracy theories” because it was claimed that this was proof of a shot from the front (in addition to one from behind). In this paper, simple one-dimensional dynamical models are uniquely applied to study in detail the fatal shot and the motion of the President's head observed in the film. Using known parameters from the crime scene, explicit force calculations are carried out for determining the projectile's retardation during tissue passage along with the resulting transfer of momentum and kinetic energy (KE). The computed instantaneous KE transfer within the soft tissue is found to be consistent with the formation of a temporary cavity associated with the observed explosion of the head, and subsequent quantitative examination of this phenomenon reveals two delayed forces at play in the backward motion of the President following impact. It is therefore found that the observed motions of President Kennedy in the film are physically consistent with a high-speed projectile impact from the rear of the motorcade, these resulting from an instantaneous forward impulse force, followed by delayed rearward recoil and neuromuscular forces.
Keywords	cameras ; crime ; dynamic models ; head ; kinetic energy ; momentum ; tissues ; Texas
Language	English
Dates of publication	2018-04
Publishing place	Elsevier Ltd
Document type	Article
Note	NAL-AP-2-clean
ZDB-ID	2835763-2
ISSN	2405-8440
ISSN	2405-8440
DOI	10.1016/j.heliyon.2018.e00603
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article ; Online: Gunshot-wound dynamics model for John F. Kennedy assassination

Nicholas R. Nalli

Heliyon, Vol 4, Iss 4, Pp e00603- (2018)

2018

Abstract	U.S. President John F. Kennedy was assassinated while riding in an open motorcade by a sniper in Dallas, Texas on 22 November 1963. A civilian bystander, Mr. Abraham Zapruder, filmed the motorcade with a 8-mm home movie camera as it drove through Dealey Plaza, inadvertently recording an ≈8 second sequence of events that included a fatal gunshot wound to the President in the head. The accompanying backward motion of the President's head after impact appeared to support later “conspiracy theories” because it was claimed that this was proof of a shot from the front (in addition to one from behind). In this paper, simple one-dimensional dynamical models are uniquely applied to study in detail the fatal shot and the motion of the President's head observed in the film. Using known parameters from the crime scene, explicit force calculations are carried out for determining the projectile's retardation during tissue passage along with the resulting transfer of momentum and kinetic energy (KE). The computed instantaneous KE transfer within the soft tissue is found to be consistent with the formation of a temporary cavity associated with the observed explosion of the head, and subsequent quantitative examination of this phenomenon reveals two delayed forces at play in the backward motion of the President following impact. It is therefore found that the observed motions of President Kennedy in the film are physically consistent with a high-speed projectile impact from the rear of the motorcade, these resulting from an instantaneous forward impulse force, followed by delayed rearward recoil and neuromuscular forces.
Keywords	Physics ; Mechanics ; Science (General) ; Q1-390 ; Social sciences (General) ; H1-99
Language	English
Publishing date	2018-04-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Elsevier
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article: Infrared satellite-derived sea surface skin temperature sensitivity to aerosol vertical distribution ̶ Field data analysis and model simulations

Luo, Bingkun / Minnett, Peter J / Nalli, Nicholas R

Elsevier Inc. Remote sensing of environment. 2021 Jan., v. 252

2021

Abstract: Sea surface temperature is an Essential Climate Variable. The radiative impact of mineral dust is one of the major contributors to inaccuracies in the satellite-retrieved sea surface skin temperature (SSTₛₖᵢₙ). Different aerosol dust vertical ... ...

Abstract	Sea surface temperature is an Essential Climate Variable. The radiative impact of mineral dust is one of the major contributors to inaccuracies in the satellite-retrieved sea surface skin temperature (SSTₛₖᵢₙ). Different aerosol dust vertical distributions have varying effects on the satellite-derived SSTₛₖᵢₙ. To further investigate the physical mechanisms of aerosol effects on Terra MODerate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometers (MODIS) derived SSTₛₖᵢₙ, the aerosol radiative effects were studied with a field-data match-up analysis and radiative transfer simulations. The field data are measurements of the SSTₛₖᵢₙ derived from highly accurate ship-based infrared spectrometers vertical atmospheric temperature and water vapor radiosonde profiles. The aerosol dust concentrations in three-dimensions from the NASA Modern-Era Retrospective analysis for Research and Applications, Version 2 have been used as input to radiative transfer simulations. Based on the analysis of field data and simulations, we have empirically determined that the sensitivity of the Terra MODIS retrieved SSTₛₖᵢₙ accuracies is related to 1) dust concentration in the atmosphere, 2) the dust layer altitude, and 3) the dust layer temperature. As the aerosol altitude increases, the effect on the SSTₛₖᵢₙ retrievals becomes more negative in proportion to the temperature contrast with the sea surface. SSTₛₖᵢₙ differences, satellite-derived - surface measurements, for a given aerosol layer optical depth vary between −3 K and 1 K according to our match-up comparisons and radiative transfer simulations.
Keywords	aerosols ; air temperature ; altitude ; climate ; dust ; radiative transfer ; retrospective studies ; skin temperature ; spatial distribution ; surface water temperature ; water vapor
Language	English
Dates of publication	2021-01
Publishing place	Elsevier Inc.
Document type	Article
Note	NAL-AP-2-clean
ZDB-ID	431483-9
ISSN	0034-4257
ISSN	0034-4257
DOI	10.1016/j.rse.2020.112151
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article ; Online: Investigating NUCAPS Skill in Profiling Saharan Dust for Near-Real-Time Forecasting

Arunas Kuciauskas / Anthony Reale / Rebekah Esmaili / Bomin Sun / Nicholas R. Nalli / Vernon R. Morris

Remote Sensing, Vol 14, Iss 4261, p

2022 Volume 4261

Abstract: Dust outflows off Northwest Africa often propagate westward across the North Tropical Atlantic Basin (NTAB) into the greater Caribbean and US. From a health perspective, weather forecasters in these regions often monitor hazardous air quality associated ... ...

Abstract	Dust outflows off Northwest Africa often propagate westward across the North Tropical Atlantic Basin (NTAB) into the greater Caribbean and US. From a health perspective, weather forecasters in these regions often monitor hazardous air quality associated with this dust. However, forecasters can be constrained by sparse data observations upwind over the Atlantic of the impacted populated areas. Global satellite sounding retrievals can potentially augment and enhance the operational forecasting toolkit for monitoring Saharan dust episodes. The focus of this paper was to examine the skill of the NOAA Unique Combined Atmospheric Processing System (NUCAPS) temperature and water vapor profiles within the dust and non-dust conditions during the March 2019 NOAA Aerosols and Ocean Science Expedition (AEROSE). During this time, the NOAA Ron Brown research ship launched radiosondes to coincide with satellite overpasses that served as independent ground truth data for evaluating NUCAPS. Compared to RAOBs from the Ron Brown , the SNPP and NOAA-20 NUCAPS-derived soundings showed skill in profiling atmospheric conditions supporting Saharan dust monitoring. Outside of dust regions, the NOAA-20 NUCAPS surface temperature bias peaks at 2.0 K; the surface water vapor bias is minimal (~1000 hPa), with a small cold bias that peaks at −50% between 742 and 790 hPa. Corresponding temperature RMS values are less than 2.0 K; water vapor RMS values are generally below 70%. Within the dust regions, NOAA-20 NUCAPS temperature soundings show a cold bias peak of 2.6 K at 918 hPa and 113% of a moist bias peak at the same level. Corresponding temperature RMS values maximize at 3.5 K at 945 hPa; the water vapor RMS shows a peak value of 106% at the same level. Weather forecasters can apply NUCAPS across the NTAB in issuing timely and accurate hazardous air quality warnings and visibility alerts to health officials and the general public.
Keywords	NUCAPS ; CrIS ; ATMS sounders ; satellite soundings ; radiosondes ; RAOB ; Science ; Q
Subject code	551
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-08-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	MDPI AG
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article: Investigating NUCAPS Skill in Profiling Saharan Dust for Near-Real-Time Forecasting

Kuciauskas, Arunas / Reale, Anthony / Esmaili, Rebekah / Sun, Bomin / Nalli, Nicholas R. / Morris, Vernon R.

Remote Sensing. 2022 Aug. 29, v. 14, no. 17

2022

Abstract	Dust outflows off Northwest Africa often propagate westward across the North Tropical Atlantic Basin (NTAB) into the greater Caribbean and US. From a health perspective, weather forecasters in these regions often monitor hazardous air quality associated with this dust. However, forecasters can be constrained by sparse data observations upwind over the Atlantic of the impacted populated areas. Global satellite sounding retrievals can potentially augment and enhance the operational forecasting toolkit for monitoring Saharan dust episodes. The focus of this paper was to examine the skill of the NOAA Unique Combined Atmospheric Processing System (NUCAPS) temperature and water vapor profiles within the dust and non-dust conditions during the March 2019 NOAA Aerosols and Ocean Science Expedition (AEROSE). During this time, the NOAA Ron Brown research ship launched radiosondes to coincide with satellite overpasses that served as independent ground truth data for evaluating NUCAPS. Compared to RAOBs from the Ron Brown, the SNPP and NOAA-20 NUCAPS-derived soundings showed skill in profiling atmospheric conditions supporting Saharan dust monitoring. Outside of dust regions, the NOAA-20 NUCAPS surface temperature bias peaks at 2.0 K; the surface water vapor bias is minimal (~1000 hPa), with a small cold bias that peaks at −50% between 742 and 790 hPa. Corresponding temperature RMS values are less than 2.0 K; water vapor RMS values are generally below 70%. Within the dust regions, NOAA-20 NUCAPS temperature soundings show a cold bias peak of 2.6 K at 918 hPa and 113% of a moist bias peak at the same level. Corresponding temperature RMS values maximize at 3.5 K at 945 hPa; the water vapor RMS shows a peak value of 106% at the same level. Weather forecasters can apply NUCAPS across the NTAB in issuing timely and accurate hazardous air quality warnings and visibility alerts to health officials and the general public.
Keywords	air quality ; basins ; cold ; dust ; satellites ; surface temperature ; surface water ; water vapor ; weather ; Africa ; Caribbean
Language	English
Dates of publication	2022-0829
Publishing place	Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	2513863-7
ISSN	2072-4292
ISSN	2072-4292
DOI	10.3390/rs14174261
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article: Saharan Dust Effects on North Atlantic Sea‐Surface Skin Temperatures

Luo, Bingkun / Minnett, Peter J. / Zuidema, Paquita / Nalli, Nicholas R. / Akella, Santha

Journal of geophysical research. 2021 Apr., v. 126, no. 4

2021

Abstract: Saharan dust outbreaks frequently propagate westward over the Atlantic Ocean; accurate quantification of the dust aerosol scattering and absorption effect on the surface radiative fluxes (SRF) is fundamental to understanding critical climate feedbacks. ... ...

Abstract	Saharan dust outbreaks frequently propagate westward over the Atlantic Ocean; accurate quantification of the dust aerosol scattering and absorption effect on the surface radiative fluxes (SRF) is fundamental to understanding critical climate feedbacks. By exploiting large sets of measurements from many ship campaigns in conjunction with reanalysis products, this study characterizes the sensitivity of the SRF and skin Sea‐Surface Temperature (SSTₛₖᵢₙ) to the Saharan dust aerosols using models of the atmospheric radiative transfer and thermal skin effect. Saharan dust outbreaks can decrease the surface shortwave radiation up to 190 W/m², and an analysis of the corresponding SSTₛₖᵢₙ changes using a thermal skin model suggests dust‐induced cooling effects as large as −0.24 K during daytime and a warming effect of up of 0.06 K during daytime and nighttime respectively. Greater physical insight into the radiative transfer through an aerosol‐burdened atmosphere will substantially improve the predictive capabilities of weather and climate studies on a regional basis.
Keywords	absorption ; aerosols ; climate ; dust ; geophysics ; models ; radiative transfer ; research ; shortwave radiation ; surface water temperature ; weather ; Atlantic Ocean
Language	English
Dates of publication	2021-04
Publishing place	John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Document type	Article
Note	JOURNAL ARTICLE
ZDB-ID	161667-5
ISSN	2169-9291 ; 2169-9275 ; 0148-0227 ; 0196-2256
ISSN (online)	2169-9291
ISSN	2169-9275 ; 0148-0227 ; 0196-2256
DOI	10.1029/2021JC017282
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article ; Online: Spatiotemporal Variability of Global Atmospheric Methane Observed from Two Decades of Satellite Hyperspectral Infrared Sounders

Lihang Zhou / Juying Warner / Nicholas R. Nalli / Zigang Wei / Youmi Oh / Lori Bruhwiler / Xingpin Liu / Murty Divakarla / Ken Pryor / Satya Kalluri / Mitchell D. Goldberg

Remote Sensing, Vol 15, Iss 2992, p

2023 Volume 2992

Abstract: Methane (CH 4 ) is the second most significant contributor to climate change after carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), accounting for approximately 20% of the contributions from all well-mixed greenhouse gases. Understanding the spatiotemporal distributions and the ... ...

Abstract	Methane (CH 4 ) is the second most significant contributor to climate change after carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), accounting for approximately 20% of the contributions from all well-mixed greenhouse gases. Understanding the spatiotemporal distributions and the relevant long-term trends is crucial to identifying the sources, sinks, and impacts on climate. Hyperspectral thermal infrared (TIR) sounders, including the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS), the Cross-track Infrared Sounder (CrIS), and the Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI), have been used to measure global CH 4 concentrations since 2002. This study analyzed nearly 20 years of data from AIRS and CrIS and confirmed a significant increase in CH 4 concentrations in the mid-upper troposphere (around 400 hPa) from 2003 to 2020, with a total increase of approximately 85 ppb, representing a +4.8% increase in 18 years. The rate of increase was derived using global satellite TIR measurements, which are consistent with in situ measurements, indicating a steady increase starting in 2007 and becoming stronger in 2014. The study also compared CH 4 concentrations derived from the AIRS and CrIS against ground-based measurements from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (GML) and found phase shifts in the seasonal cycles in the middle to high latitudes of the northern hemisphere, which is attributed to the influence of stratospheric CH 4 that varies at different latitudes. These findings provide insights into the global budget of atmospheric composition and the understanding of satellite measurement sensitivity to CH 4 .
Keywords	hyperspectral IR sounding ; CH 4 ; AIRS ; CrIS ; satellite measurement sensitivity ; greenhouse gases ; Science ; Q
Subject code	290
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-06-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	MDPI AG
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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