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Article ; Online: Transmission-Blocking Vaccines against Schistosomiasis Japonica.

Zumuk, Chika P / Jones, Malcolm K / Navarro, Severine / Gray, Darren J / You, Hong

International journal of molecular sciences

2024 Volume 25, Issue 3

Abstract: Control of schistosomiasis japonica, endemic in Asia, including the Philippines, China, and Indonesia, is extremely challenging. ...

Abstract	Control of schistosomiasis japonica, endemic in Asia, including the Philippines, China, and Indonesia, is extremely challenging.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Female ; Cattle ; Humans ; Schistosomiasis japonica/prevention & control ; Schistosomiasis japonica/veterinary ; Schistosoma japonicum ; Vaccines ; Schistosomiasis ; Vaccination ; China/epidemiology ; Buffaloes
Chemical Substances	Vaccines
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-01-30
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	2019364-6
ISSN	1422-0067 ; 1422-0067 ; 1661-6596
ISSN (online)	1422-0067
ISSN	1422-0067 ; 1661-6596
DOI	10.3390/ijms25031707
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Schistosomiasis in the Philippines: Innovative Control Approach is Needed if Elimination is the Goal.

Olveda, Remigio M / Gray, Darren J

Tropical medicine and infectious disease

2019 Volume 4, Issue 2

Abstract: In 1996, schistosomiasis due ... ...

Abstract	In 1996, schistosomiasis due to
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-04-13
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	2414-6366
ISSN (online)	2414-6366
DOI	10.3390/tropicalmed4020066
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Article ; Online: Strongyloidiasis.

Gordon, Catherine A / Utzinger, Jürg / Muhi, Stephen / Becker, Sören L / Keiser, Jennifer / Khieu, Virak / Gray, Darren J

Nature reviews. Disease primers

2024 Volume 10, Issue 1, Page(s) 6

Abstract: Strongyloidiasis is a neglected tropical disease caused primarily by the roundworm Strongyloides stercoralis. Strongyloidiasis is most prevalent in Southeast Asia and the Western Pacific. Although cases have been documented worldwide, global prevalence ... ...

Abstract	Strongyloidiasis is a neglected tropical disease caused primarily by the roundworm Strongyloides stercoralis. Strongyloidiasis is most prevalent in Southeast Asia and the Western Pacific. Although cases have been documented worldwide, global prevalence is largely unknown due to limited surveillance. Infection of the definitive human host occurs via direct skin penetration of the infective filariform larvae. Parasitic females reside in the small intestine and reproduce via parthenogenesis, where eggs hatch inside the host before rhabditiform larvae are excreted in faeces to begin the single generation free-living life cycle. Rhabditiform larvae can also develop directly into infectious filariform larvae in the gut and cause autoinfection. Although many are asymptomatic, infected individuals may report a range of non-specific gastrointestinal, respiratory or skin symptoms. Autoinfection may cause hyperinfection and disseminated strongyloidiasis in immunocompromised individuals, which is often fatal. Diagnosis requires direct examination of larvae in clinical specimens, positive serology or nucleic acid detection. However, there is a lack of standardization of techniques for all diagnostic types. Ivermectin is the treatment of choice. Control and elimination of strongyloidiasis will require a multifaceted, integrated approach, including highly sensitive and standardized diagnostics, active surveillance, health information, education and communication strategies, improved water, sanitation and hygiene, access to efficacious treatment, vaccine development and better integration and acknowledgement in current helminth control programmes.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Female ; Humans ; Strongyloidiasis/diagnosis ; Strongyloidiasis/epidemiology ; Strongyloidiasis/drug therapy ; Strongyloides stercoralis ; Ivermectin/therapeutic use ; Immunocompromised Host ; Feces/parasitology
Chemical Substances	Ivermectin (70288-86-7)
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-01-25
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ISSN	2056-676X
ISSN (online)	2056-676X
DOI	10.1038/s41572-023-00490-x
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: A review of health education activities targeting schoolchildren for the control of soil-transmitted helminthiasis in Southeast Asia, with emphasis upon the Magic Glasses approach.

Mationg, Mary Lorraine S / Williams, Gail M / Tallo, Veronica L / Olveda, Remigio M / McManus, Donald P / Stewart, Donald E / Gray, Darren J

Advances in parasitology

2024 Volume 123, Page(s) 1–22

Abstract: Soil-transmitted helminths continue to be a serious problem causing disease and morbidity globally. Children, mostly school-aged, are more at risk of these infections. The main strategy for control remains to be the mass drug administration (MDA) of ... ...

Abstract	Soil-transmitted helminths continue to be a serious problem causing disease and morbidity globally. Children, mostly school-aged, are more at risk of these infections. The main strategy for control remains to be the mass drug administration (MDA) of antihelminthic drugs. With the limitation of MDA to prevent re-infection, the need for additional approaches such as hygiene education and improvements in water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) infrastructure are required. Although the importance of health education as a crucial component of an integrated approaches to STH control is highlighted, this component has often been disregarded because the other more complex solutions have been the focus of most studies and programmes. We performed literature searches from four bibliographic databases - Scopus, PubMed, Web of Science and Cochrane Library - to determine availability of studies on the impact of health education interventions targeting STH infections on schoolchildren in Southeast Asia. Our review found only three studies that evaluated health education interventions targeting children. The current lack of evidence in this area suggests the need for more studies assessing the impact of health education intervention for STH control. A successful health education programme for STH called "The Magic Glasses" has been developed targeting schoolchildren in China and the Philippines. This public health intervention displayed significant impact in terms of improving knowledge, attitude and practices, reducing prevalence of STH infections in schoolchildren and encouraging compliance to MDA. This article details the successes and benefits of the Magic Glasses programme as a promising control tool for STH in the Southeast Asian region.
MeSH term(s)	Child ; Humans ; Health Education ; Helminthiasis/drug therapy ; Helminthiasis/epidemiology ; Helminthiasis/prevention & control ; Public Health ; China ; Asia, Southeastern/epidemiology
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-02-18
Publishing country	England
Document type	Review ; Journal Article
ZDB-ID	165-x
ISSN	2163-6079 ; 0065-308X
ISSN (online)	2163-6079
ISSN	0065-308X
DOI	10.1016/bs.apar.2023.12.001
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Article ; Online: COVID-19, children and schools: overlooked and at risk.

Gray, Darren J / Williams, Gail M / McManus, Donald P

The Medical journal of Australia

2021 Volume 214, Issue 4, Page(s) 188–188.e1

MeSH term(s)	COVID-19 ; Child ; Humans ; Respiratory Tract Infections ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Schools
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-02-25
Publishing country	Australia
Document type	Letter ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Comment
ZDB-ID	186082-3
ISSN	1326-5377 ; 0025-729X
ISSN (online)	1326-5377
ISSN	0025-729X
DOI	10.5694/mja2.50937
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Article ; Online: Schistosomiasis Elimination: Beginning of the End or a Continued March on a Trodden Path.

Bergquist, Robert / Gray, Darren J

Tropical medicine and infectious disease

2019 Volume 4, Issue 2

Abstract: In spite of spectacular progress towards the goal of elimination of schistosomiasis, particularly in China but also in other areas, research gaps and outstanding issues remain. Although expectations of achieving elimination of this disease have never ... ...

Abstract	In spite of spectacular progress towards the goal of elimination of schistosomiasis, particularly in China but also in other areas, research gaps and outstanding issues remain. Although expectations of achieving elimination of this disease have never been greater, all constraints have not been swept aside. Indeed, there are some formidable obstacles, such as insufficient amounts of drugs to treat everybody and still limited use of high-sensitive diagnostic techniques, both for the definitive and the intermediate hosts, which indicate that prevalence is considerably underrated in well-controlled areas. Elimination will be difficult to achieve without a broad approach, including a stronger focus on transmission, better diagnostics and the establishment of a reliable survey system activating a rapid response when called for. Importantly, awareness of the crucial importance of transmission has been revived resulting in renewed interest in snail control together with more emphasis on health education and sanitation. The papers collected in this special issue entitled 'Prospects for Schistosomiasis Elimination' reflect these issues and we are particularly pleased to note that some also discuss the crucial question when to declare a country free of schistosomiasis and present techniques that together create an approach that can show unequivocally when interruption of transmission has been achieved.
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-05-05
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Editorial
ISSN	2414-6366
ISSN (online)	2414-6366
DOI	10.3390/tropicalmed4020076
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Article ; Online: Schistosomiasis Elimination

Robert Bergquist / Darren J. Gray

Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease, Vol 4, Iss 2, p

Beginning of the End or a Continued March on a Trodden Path

2019 Volume 76

Abstract	In spite of spectacular progress towards the goal of elimination of schistosomiasis, particularly in China but also in other areas, research gaps and outstanding issues remain. Although expectations of achieving elimination of this disease have never been greater, all constraints have not been swept aside. Indeed, there are some formidable obstacles, such as insufficient amounts of drugs to treat everybody and still limited use of high-sensitive diagnostic techniques, both for the definitive and the intermediate hosts, which indicate that prevalence is considerably underrated in well-controlled areas. Elimination will be difficult to achieve without a broad approach, including a stronger focus on transmission, better diagnostics and the establishment of a reliable survey system activating a rapid response when called for. Importantly, awareness of the crucial importance of transmission has been revived resulting in renewed interest in snail control together with more emphasis on health education and sanitation. The papers collected in this special issue entitled ‘Prospects for Schistosomiasis Elimination’ reflect these issues and we are particularly pleased to note that some also discuss the crucial question when to declare a country free of schistosomiasis and present techniques that together create an approach that can show unequivocally when interruption of transmission has been achieved.
Keywords	schistosomiasis elimination ; snail control ; high-sensitivity diagnostics ; chemotherapy ; vaccine development ; health education ; sanitation ; Medicine ; R
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-05-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	MDPI AG
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: The COVID-19 vaccination campaign in Bhutan: strategy and enablers.

Tsheten, Tsheten / Tenzin, Phurpa / Clements, Archie C A / Gray, Darren J / Ugyel, Lhawang / Wangdi, Kinley

Infectious diseases of poverty

2022 Volume 11, Issue 1, Page(s) 6

Abstract: Bhutan has reported a total of 2596 COVID-19 cases and three deaths as of September 15, 2021. With support from India, the United States, Denmark, the People's Republic of China, Croatia and other countries, Bhutan was able to conduct two rounds of ... ...

Abstract	Bhutan has reported a total of 2596 COVID-19 cases and three deaths as of September 15, 2021. With support from India, the United States, Denmark, the People's Republic of China, Croatia and other countries, Bhutan was able to conduct two rounds of nationwide vaccination campaign. While many countries struggle to overcome vaccine refusal or hesitancy due to complacency, a lack of trust, inconvenience and fear, escalated in some countries by anti-vaccine groups, Bhutan managed to inoculate more than 95% of its eligible populations in two rounds of vaccination campaign. Enabling factors of this successful vaccination campaign were strong national leadership, a well-coordinated national preparedness plan, and high acceptability of vaccine due to effective mass communication and social engagement led by religious figures, volunteers and local leaders. In this short report, we described the national strategic plan and enabling factors that led to the success of this historical vaccination campaign.
MeSH term(s)	Bhutan ; COVID-19 ; COVID-19 Vaccines ; Humans ; Immunization Programs ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Vaccination
Chemical Substances	COVID-19 Vaccines
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-01-05
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2689396-4
ISSN	2049-9957 ; 2049-9957
ISSN (online)	2049-9957
ISSN	2049-9957
DOI	10.1186/s40249-021-00929-x
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Article ; Online: Dengue risk assessment using multicriteria decision analysis: A case study of Bhutan.

Tsheten, Tsheten / Clements, Archie C A / Gray, Darren J / Wangdi, Kinley

PLoS neglected tropical diseases

2021 Volume 15, Issue 2, Page(s) e0009021

Abstract: Background: Dengue is the most rapidly spreading vector-borne disease globally, with a 30-fold increase in global incidence over the last 50 years. In Bhutan, dengue incidence has been on the rise since 2004, with numerous outbreaks reported across the ... ...

Abstract	Background: Dengue is the most rapidly spreading vector-borne disease globally, with a 30-fold increase in global incidence over the last 50 years. In Bhutan, dengue incidence has been on the rise since 2004, with numerous outbreaks reported across the country. The aim of this study was to identify and map areas that are vulnerable to dengue in Bhutan. Methodology/principal findings: We conducted a multicriteria decision analysis (MCDA) using a weighted linear combination (WLC) to obtain a vulnerability map of dengue. Risk factors (criteria) were identified and assigned with membership values for vulnerability according to the available literature. Sensitivity analysis and validation of the model was conducted to improve the robustness and predictive ability of the map. Our study revealed marked differences in geographical vulnerability to dengue by location and season. Low-lying areas and those located along the southern border were consistently found to be at higher risk of dengue. The vulnerability extended to higher elevation areas including some areas in the Capital city Thimphu during the summer season. The higher risk was mostly associated with relatively high population density, agricultural and built-up landscapes and relatively good road connectivity. Conclusions: Using MCDA, our study identified vulnerable areas in Bhutan during specific seasons when and where the transmission of dengue is most likely to occur. This study provides evidence for the National Vector-borne Disease Control programme to optimize the use of limited public health resources for surveillance and vector control, to mitigate the public health threat of dengue.
MeSH term(s)	Aedes/virology ; Animals ; Bhutan/epidemiology ; Decision Making ; Decision Support Techniques ; Dengue/epidemiology ; Ecosystem ; Environment ; Humans ; Mosquito Vectors/virology ; Risk Assessment/methods ; Risk Factors ; Vector Borne Diseases/virology
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-02-10
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2429704-5
ISSN	1935-2735 ; 1935-2727
ISSN (online)	1935-2735
ISSN	1935-2727
DOI	10.1371/journal.pntd.0009021
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Article ; Online: Epidemiology and challenges of dengue surveillance in the WHO South-East Asia Region.

Tsheten, Tsheten / Gray, Darren J / Clements, Archie C A / Wangdi, Kinley

Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

2021 Volume 115, Issue 6, Page(s) 583–599

Abstract: Dengue poses a significant health and economic burden in the WHO South-East Asia Region. Approaches for control need to be aligned with current knowledge on the epidemiology of dengue in the region. Such knowledge will ensure improved targeting of ... ...

Abstract	Dengue poses a significant health and economic burden in the WHO South-East Asia Region. Approaches for control need to be aligned with current knowledge on the epidemiology of dengue in the region. Such knowledge will ensure improved targeting of interventions to reduce dengue incidence and its socioeconomic impact. This review was undertaken to describe the contemporary epidemiology of dengue and critically analyse the existing surveillance strategies in the region. Over recent decades, dengue incidence has continued to increase with geographical expansion. The region has now become hyper-endemic for multiple dengue virus serotypes/genotypes. Every epidemic cycle was associated with a change of predominant serotype/genotype and this was often associated with severe disease with intense transmission. Classical larval indices are widely used in vector surveillance and adult mosquito samplings are not implemented as a part of routine surveillance. Further, there is a lack of integration of entomological and disease surveillance systems, often leading to inaction or delays in dengue prevention and control. Disease surveillance does not capture all cases, resulting in under-reporting, and has thus failed to adequately represent the true burden of disease in the region. Possible solutions include incorporating adult mosquito sampling into routine vector surveillance, the establishment of laboratory-based sentinel surveillance, integrated vector and dengue disease surveillance and climate-based early warning systems using available technologies like mobile apps.
MeSH term(s)	Adult ; Animals ; Dengue/epidemiology ; Disease Outbreaks ; Far East ; Humans ; Mosquito Vectors ; World Health Organization
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-01-07
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	441375-1
ISSN	1878-3503 ; 0035-9203
ISSN (online)	1878-3503
ISSN	0035-9203
DOI	10.1093/trstmh/traa158
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