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Article ; Online: Falcipains: Biochemistry, target validation and structure-activity relationship studies of inhibitors as antimalarials.

Patra, Jeevan / Rana, Devika / Arora, Smriti / Pal, Mintu / Mahindroo, Neeraj

2023 Volume 252, Page(s) 115299

Abstract: Malaria is a tropical disease with significant morbidity and mortality burden caused by Plasmodium species in Africa, the Middle East, Asia, and South America. Pathogenic Plasmodium species have lately become increasingly resistant to approved ... ...

Abstract	Malaria is a tropical disease with significant morbidity and mortality burden caused by Plasmodium species in Africa, the Middle East, Asia, and South America. Pathogenic Plasmodium species have lately become increasingly resistant to approved chemotherapeutics and combination therapies. Therefore, there is an emergent need for identifying new druggable targets and novel chemical classes against the parasite. Falcipains, cysteine proteases required for heme metabolism in the erythrocytic stage, have emerged as promising drug targets against Plasmodium species that infect humans. This perspective discusses the biology, biochemistry, structural features, and genetics of falcipains. The efforts to identify selective or dual inhibitors and their structure-activity relationships are reviewed to give a perspective on the design of novel compounds targeting falcipains for antimalarial activity evaluating reasons for hits and misses for this important target.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Antimalarials/chemistry ; Plasmodium falciparum ; Cysteine Proteinase Inhibitors/pharmacology ; Cysteine Proteinase Inhibitors/chemistry ; Plasmodium ; Structure-Activity Relationship
Chemical Substances	Antimalarials ; falcipain (EC 3.4.22.-) ; Cysteine Proteinase Inhibitors
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-03-23
Publishing country	France
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	188597-2
ISSN	1768-3254 ; 0009-4374 ; 0223-5234
ISSN (online)	1768-3254
ISSN	0009-4374 ; 0223-5234
DOI	10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115299
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Article ; Online: Current advances in prognostic and diagnostic biomarkers for solid cancers: Detection techniques and future challenges.

Pal, Mintu / Muinao, Thingreila / Boruah, Hari Prasanna Deka / Mahindroo, Neeraj

Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & pharmacotherapie

2021 Volume 146, Page(s) 112488

Abstract: Solid cancers are one of the leading causes of cancer related deaths, characterized by rapid growth of tumour, and local and distant metastases. Current advances on multimodality care have substantially improved local control and metastasis-free survival ...

Abstract	Solid cancers are one of the leading causes of cancer related deaths, characterized by rapid growth of tumour, and local and distant metastases. Current advances on multimodality care have substantially improved local control and metastasis-free survival of patients by resection of primary tumour. The major concern in disease prognosis is the timely detection of resectable or metastatic tumour, thus reinforcing the need for identification of biomarkers for premalignant lesions of solid cancer. This ultimately improves the outcome for the patients. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to update the recent advancements on prognostic and diagnostic biomarkers to enhance early detection of common solid cancers including, breast, lung, colorectal, prostate and stomach cancer. We also provide an insight into Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved solid cancers biomarkers; various conventional techniques used for detection of prognostic and diagnostic biomarkers and discuss approaches to turn challenges in this field into opportunities.
MeSH term(s)	Biomarkers, Tumor ; Humans ; Neoplasms/diagnosis ; Prognosis
Chemical Substances	Biomarkers, Tumor
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-12-09
Publishing country	France
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	392415-4
ISSN	1950-6007 ; 0753-3322 ; 0300-0893
ISSN (online)	1950-6007
ISSN	0753-3322 ; 0300-0893
DOI	10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112488
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Article ; Online: Roylea cinerea (D.Don) Baillon: Ethnomedicinal uses, phytochemistry and pharmacology: A review.

Pundir, Swati / Mahindroo, Neeraj

Journal of ethnopharmacology

2018 Volume 232, Page(s) 193–200

Abstract: ROYLEA CINEREA (D.DON) BAILLON: Roylea cinerea (D.Don) Baillon family Lamiaceae is a shrub of the monotypic genus. Aerial parts of the plant are used traditionally in Indian sub-Himalayas and Nepal for the treatment of jaundice, skin diseases, malaria, ... ...

Abstract	ROYLEA CINEREA (D.DON) BAILLON: Roylea cinerea (D.Don) Baillon family Lamiaceae is a shrub of the monotypic genus. Aerial parts of the plant are used traditionally in Indian sub-Himalayas and Nepal for the treatment of jaundice, skin diseases, malaria, diabetes, febrifuge and contusions. Method: This article reviews botanical description, phytochemistry, ethnomedicinal uses and pharmacological activities of R. cinerea to evaluate if the scientifically evaluated pharmacological profile of the plant can corroborate ethnomedicinal uses. A survey was conducted to document ethnomedicinal and folklore uses of the plant in five districts of Himachal Pradesh, India. Results: Phytochemical studies of R. cinerea reveal the presence of glycosides, diterpenes, flavonoids, tannins, steroids, saponins and phenols. R. cinerea extracts. The compounds showed anticancer, antifungal, hepatoprotective, antiperiodic, antiprotozoal, antidiabetic and antioxidant activities on scientific evaluation. A diterpenoid from the plant, precalyone, exhibited antiproliferative activity against P-388 lymphocytic leukemia cell line. Cinereanoid D, a labdane diterpenoid that inhibits ATP binding of heat shock protein Hsp90, is a potential anticancer lead. Two compounds from aerial parts of the plant, 4-methoxybenzo[b]azet-2(1H)-one and 3β-hydroxy-35-(cyclohexyl-5'-propan-7'-one)-33-ethyl-34-methylbacteriohop-16-ene, showed antidiabetic activity. Thus, the scientific reports confirm the ethnomedicinal use of this plant in diabetes, malaria and liver diseases. Conclusion: Roylea cinerea is a traditionally used medicinal plant from Western Himalayas. The pharmacological evaluation confirmed the ethnomedically claimed antidiabetic activity using scientifically accepted protocols and controls, although some of the studies require reconfirmation. The bioactivity-guided fractionation attributes the activity to 4-methoxybenzo[b]azet-2(1H)-one and 3β-hydroxy-35-(cyclohexyl-5'-propan-7'-one)-33-ethyl-34-methylbacteriohop-16-ene. Further, cinereanoid D is a potential lead for targeting Hsp90 and its medicinal chemistry studies can lead to a potent anticancer compound. The plant extract also showed antimalarial and hepatoprotective activities. Some of the studies discussed in this review require reconfirmation, as the protocols lacked proper positive and negative controls. Thus, the review of the scientific reports on Roylea cinerea supports ethnomedicinal use as antidiabetic, antimalarial and hepatoprotective. Further studies to prove scientific basis for use in leucorrhea, skin diseases, inflammation and strengthening of claims for liver tonic are required.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Asia, Western ; Humans ; Lamiaceae/chemistry ; Medicine, Traditional ; Phytochemicals/analysis ; Phytochemicals/pharmacology ; Phytochemicals/therapeutic use ; Phytotherapy ; Plant Preparations/chemistry ; Plant Preparations/pharmacology ; Plant Preparations/therapeutic use
Chemical Substances	Phytochemicals ; Plant Preparations
Language	English
Publishing date	2018-12-27
Publishing country	Ireland
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	134511-4
ISSN	1872-7573 ; 0378-8741
ISSN (online)	1872-7573
ISSN	0378-8741
DOI	10.1016/j.jep.2018.12.042
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Article: Roylea cinerea (D.Don) Baillon: Ethnomedicinal uses, phytochemistry and pharmacology: A review

Pundir, Swati / Neeraj Mahindroo

Journal of ethnopharmacology. 2019 Mar. 25, v. 232

2019

Abstract: Roylea cinerea (D.Don) Baillon family Lamiaceae is a shrub of the monotypic genus. Aerial parts of the plant are used traditionally in Indian sub-Himalayas and Nepal for the treatment of jaundice, skin diseases, malaria, diabetes, febrifuge and ... ...

Abstract	Roylea cinerea (D.Don) Baillon family Lamiaceae is a shrub of the monotypic genus. Aerial parts of the plant are used traditionally in Indian sub-Himalayas and Nepal for the treatment of jaundice, skin diseases, malaria, diabetes, febrifuge and contusions.This article reviews botanical description, phytochemistry, ethnomedicinal uses and pharmacological activities of R. cinerea to evaluate if the scientifically evaluated pharmacological profile of the plant can corroborate ethnomedicinal uses. A survey was conducted to document ethnomedicinal and folklore uses of the plant in five districts of Himachal Pradesh, India.Phytochemical studies of R. cinerea reveal the presence of glycosides, diterpenes, flavonoids, tannins, steroids, saponins and phenols. R. cinerea extracts. The compounds showed anticancer, antifungal, hepatoprotective, antiperiodic, antiprotozoal, antidiabetic and antioxidant activities on scientific evaluation. A diterpenoid from the plant, precalyone, exhibited antiproliferative activity against P-388 lymphocytic leukemia cell line. Cinereanoid D, a labdane diterpenoid that inhibits ATP binding of heat shock protein Hsp90, is a potential anticancer lead. Two compounds from aerial parts of the plant, 4-methoxybenzo[b]azet-2(1H)-one and 3β-hydroxy-35-(cyclohexyl-5′-propan-7′-one)-33-ethyl-34-methylbacteriohop-16-ene, showed antidiabetic activity. Thus, the scientific reports confirm the ethnomedicinal use of this plant in diabetes, malaria and liver diseases.Roylea cinerea is a traditionally used medicinal plant from Western Himalayas. The pharmacological evaluation confirmed the ethnomedically claimed antidiabetic activity using scientifically accepted protocols and controls, although some of the studies require reconfirmation. The bioactivity-guided fractionation attributes the activity to 4-methoxybenzo[b]azet-2(1H)-one and 3β-hydroxy-35-(cyclohexyl-5′-propan-7′-one)-33-ethyl-34-methylbacteriohop-16-ene. Further, cinereanoid D is a potential lead for targeting Hsp90 and its medicinal chemistry studies can lead to a potent anticancer compound. The plant extract also showed antimalarial and hepatoprotective activities. Some of the studies discussed in this review require reconfirmation, as the protocols lacked proper positive and negative controls. Thus, the review of the scientific reports on Roylea cinerea supports ethnomedicinal use as antidiabetic, antimalarial and hepatoprotective. Further studies to prove scientific basis for use in leucorrhea, skin diseases, inflammation and strengthening of claims for liver tonic are required.
Keywords	Roylea ; adenosine triphosphate ; aerial parts ; antimalarials ; antineoplastic agents ; antioxidant activity ; antipyretics ; cell lines ; diabetes ; flavonoids ; fractionation ; glycemic effect ; heat shock proteins ; hepatoprotective effect ; inflammation ; jaundice ; labdane ; liver ; lymphocytic leukemia ; malaria ; medicinal plants ; neoplasm cells ; phenols ; plant extracts ; saponins ; shrubs ; skin diseases ; steroids ; surveys ; tannins ; taxon descriptions ; traditional medicine ; Himalayan region ; India ; Nepal
Language	English
Dates of publication	2019-0325
Size	p. 193-200.
Publishing place	Elsevier B.V.
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	134511-4
ISSN	1872-7573 ; 0378-8741
ISSN (online)	1872-7573
ISSN	0378-8741
DOI	10.1016/j.jep.2018.12.042
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article ; Online: Biosensors based detection of novel biomarkers associated with COVID-19: Current progress and future promise.

Pal, Mintu / Muinao, Thingreila / Parihar, Arpana / Roy, Dilip Kumar / Boruah, Hari Prasanna Deka / Mahindroo, Neeraj / Khan, Raju

Biosensors & bioelectronics: X

2022 Volume 12, Page(s) 100281

Abstract: The pandemic situation of COVID-19 has caused global alarm in health care, devastating loss of lives, strangled economy, and paralysis of normal livelihood. The high inter-individual transmission rate created havoc in the global community. Although ... ...

Abstract	The pandemic situation of COVID-19 has caused global alarm in health care, devastating loss of lives, strangled economy, and paralysis of normal livelihood. The high inter-individual transmission rate created havoc in the global community. Although tremendous efforts are pitching in from across the globe to understand this disease, the clinical features seemed to have a wide range including fever, cough, and fatigue are the prominent features. Congestion, rhinorrhea, sore throat, and diarrhea are other less common features observed. The challenge of this disease lies in the difficulty in maneuvering the clinical course causing severe complications. One of the major causative factors for multi-organ failure in patients with severe COVID-19 complications is systemic vasculitis and cytokine-mediated coagulation disorders. Hence, effective markers trailing the disease severity and disease prognosis are urgently required for prompt medical treatment. In this review article, we have emphasized currently identified inflammatory, hematological, immunological, and biochemical biomarkers of COVID-19. We also discussed currently available biosensors for the detection of COVID-19-associated biomarkers & risk factors and the detection methods as well as their performances. These could be effective tools for rapid and more promising diagnoses in the current pandemic situation. Effective biomarkers and their rapid, scalable, & sensitive detection might be beneficial for the prevention of serious complications and the clinical management of the disease.
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-11-14
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ISSN	2590-1370
ISSN (online)	2590-1370
DOI	10.1016/j.biosx.2022.100281
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Immunomodulation-mediated anticancer activity of a novel compound from Brugmansia suaveolens leaves.

Kumar, Sunil / Gupta, Aditi / Saini, Reena Vohra / Kumar, Amit / Dhar, Kanaya Lal / Mahindroo, Neeraj

Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry

2020 Volume 28, Issue 12, Page(s) 115552

Abstract: Immunomodulation activity-guided fractionation of ethanol extract of Brugmansia suaveolens leaves was carried out to isolate a novel compound SUPH036-022A (1) by co-culturing the test fraction/compound activated PBMC with MCF7 and A549 cancer cell lines. ...

Abstract	Immunomodulation activity-guided fractionation of ethanol extract of Brugmansia suaveolens leaves was carried out to isolate a novel compound SUPH036-022A (1) by co-culturing the test fraction/compound activated PBMC with MCF7 and A549 cancer cell lines. Assessment of immune markers in PBMC, and analysis of apoptosis markers and cell cycle was carried out for cancer cells. The structure of the isolated compound was elucidated by spectral analysis. Compound 1 enhanced the secretion of immune markers, IL-2 and IFN-γ, from PBMC. Further, compound 1 treated PBMC increased cell death in MCF7 and A549 cell lines and induced ROS production and mitochondrial membrane perturbation, leading to apoptosis. Flow cytometry analysis revealed; compound 1 stimulated PBMC to cause a five-fold increase in cell cycle perturbations in the sub-G1 stage of cancer cells as compared to the negative control. The compound, in the absence of PBMC, only had a weak cytotoxic activity against these cell lines. Thus, compound 1 is a novel lead for immunomodulation-mediated anticancer activity.
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-05-11
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	1161284-8
ISSN	1464-3391 ; 0968-0896
ISSN (online)	1464-3391
ISSN	0968-0896
DOI	10.1016/j.bmc.2020.115552
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Article ; Online: Recent advances in cancer immunology and immunology-based anticancer therapies.

Kumar, Sunil / Saini, Reena Vohra / Mahindroo, Neeraj

Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & pharmacotherapie

2017 Volume 96, Page(s) 1491–1500

Abstract: Cancer immunotherapies offer promise for cure of cancer with specificity and minimal toxicity. Recent developments in cancer immunology have led to the better understanding of role of immune regulatory mechanisms in cancer. There is rapid progress in ... ...

Abstract	Cancer immunotherapies offer promise for cure of cancer with specificity and minimal toxicity. Recent developments in cancer immunology have led to the better understanding of role of immune regulatory mechanisms in cancer. There is rapid progress in this field in the last few years. Several clinical studies report the efficacy of immunotherapies for treating cancer. The immunology-based anticancer therapies have shown better safety profiles in clinic as compared to other chemotherapeutic agents, thus increasing interest in this area. This review summarizes recent advances in cancer immunology and discusses tumor microenvironment and immunology-based anticancer therapies, including vaccines and therapies targeting immune checkpoints.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology ; Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use ; Cancer Vaccines/immunology ; Humans ; Immunotherapy/methods ; Neoplasms/immunology ; Neoplasms/therapy ; Tumor Microenvironment/drug effects
Chemical Substances	Antineoplastic Agents ; Cancer Vaccines
Language	English
Publishing date	2017-12
Publishing country	France
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	392415-4
ISSN	1950-6007 ; 0753-3322 ; 0300-0893
ISSN (online)	1950-6007
ISSN	0753-3322 ; 0300-0893
DOI	10.1016/j.biopha.2017.11.126
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Article ; Online: Identification of tear-based protein and non-protein biomarkers: Its application in diagnosis of human diseases using biosensors.

Nandi, Sandip K / Singh, Deepanmol / Upadhay, Jyoti / Gupta, Neeti / Dhiman, Nayan / Mittal, Sanjeev Kumar / Mahindroo, Neeraj

International journal of biological macromolecules

2021 Volume 193, Issue Pt A, Page(s) 838–846

Abstract: Discovery of robust, selective and specific biomarkers are important for early diagnosis and monitor progression of human diseases. Eye being a common target for several human diseases, vision impediment and complications are often associated with ... ...

Abstract	Discovery of robust, selective and specific biomarkers are important for early diagnosis and monitor progression of human diseases. Eye being a common target for several human diseases, vision impediment and complications are often associated with systemic and ocular diseases. Tears are bodily fluids that are closest to eye and are rich in protein content and other metabolites. As a biomarker repository, it advantages over other bodily fluids due to the ability to collect it non-invasively. In this review, we highlight some recent advancements in identification of tear-based protein biomarkers like lacryglobin and cystatin SA for cancer; interleukin-6 and immunoglobulin-A antibody for COVID-19; tau, amyloid-β-42 and lysozyme-C for Alzheimer's disease; peroxiredoxin-6 and α-synuclein for Parkinson's disease; kallikrein, angiotensin converting enzyme and lipocalin-1 for glaucoma; lactotransferrin and lipophilin-A for diabetic retinopathy and zinc-alpha-2 glycoprotein-1, prolactin and calcium binding protein-A4 for eye thyroid disease. We also discussed identification of tear based non-protein biomarkers like lysophospholipids and acetylcarnitine for glaucoma, 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyquanosine and malondialdehyde for thyroid eye disease. We elucidate technological advancement in developing tear-based biosensors for diagnosis and monitoring diseases such as diabetes, diabetic retinopathy and Alzheimer's disease. Altogether, the study of tears as potential biomarkers for early diagnosis of human diseases is promising.
MeSH term(s)	Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism ; COVID-19/diagnosis ; COVID-19/metabolism ; Early Detection of Cancer ; Eye Diseases/diagnosis ; Eye Diseases/metabolism ; Humans ; Neurodegenerative Diseases/diagnosis ; Neurodegenerative Diseases/metabolism ; SARS-CoV-2/metabolism ; Tears/metabolism
Chemical Substances	Biomarkers, Tumor
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-10-30
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	282732-3
ISSN	1879-0003 ; 0141-8130
ISSN (online)	1879-0003
ISSN	0141-8130
DOI	10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.10.198
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Article ; Online: Urtica dioica leaves modulates hippocampal smoothened-glioma associated oncogene-1 pathway and cognitive dysfunction in chronically stressed mice.

Patel, Sita Sharan / Mahindroo, Neeraj / Udayabanu, Malairaman

Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & pharmacotherapie

2016 Volume 83, Page(s) 676–686

Abstract: The present study was aimed to evaluate the effect of Urtica dioica (UD) extract against chronic unpredictable stress (CUS)-induced associative memory dysfunction and attempted to explore the possible mechanism. Male Swiss albino mice (25-30g) were ... ...

Abstract	The present study was aimed to evaluate the effect of Urtica dioica (UD) extract against chronic unpredictable stress (CUS)-induced associative memory dysfunction and attempted to explore the possible mechanism. Male Swiss albino mice (25-30g) were divided into six groups, viz. group-I received 0.3% carboxymethyl cellulose and served as control (CTRL), group II was exposed to CUS (21days) and received vehicle (CUS), group III was subjected to CUS and received Hypericum perforatum extract (350mg/kg, p.o.) (CUS+HYP), group IV received Hypericum perforatum extract (350mg/kg, p.o.) (CTRL+HYP); group V was subjected to CUS and received UD extract (50mg/kg, p.o.) (CUS+UD), group VI received UD extract (50mg/kg, p.o.) (CTRL+UD). CUS significantly induced body weight loss (p<0.05) and associative memory impairment in step down task (p<0.05) as compared to control mice. CUS significantly downregulated Smo (p<0.05), Gli1 (p<0.01), cyclin D1 (p<0.05), BDNF (p<0.01), TrKB (p<0.01) and MAPK1 (p<0.01) mRNA expression in hippocampus as compared to control mice. CUS significantly increased the levels of TBARS (p<0.01) and nitric oxide (p<0.001), and decreased catalase (p<0.001) and total thiol (p<0.01) in plasma resulting in oxidative stress and inflammation. Chronic UD administration significantly reverted CUS mediated body weight loss (p<0.05) and cognitive impairment (p<0.05). UD administration significantly decreased the levels of TBARS (p<0.01) and nitric oxide (p<0.05), and increased the levels of catalase (p<0.01) and total thiol (p<0.05) in plasma. Chronic UD administration significantly upregulated hippocampal Smo (p<0.05), Gli1 (p<0.001), cyclin D1 (p<0.05), BDNF (p<0.05), TrKB (p<0.05) and MAPK1 (p<0.05) in stressed mice. Further, UD extract did not reverse cyclopamine induced downregulation of Gli1 and Ptch1 mRNA in hippocampal slices. UD modulated Smo-Gli1 pathway in the hippocampus as well as exerted anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. UD extract might prove to be effective for stress mediated neurological disorders.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; Chronic Disease ; Cognitive Dysfunction/complications ; Cognitive Dysfunction/drug therapy ; Cognitive Dysfunction/pathology ; Cognitive Dysfunction/physiopathology ; Hippocampus/drug effects ; Hippocampus/pathology ; Hippocampus/physiopathology ; Male ; Mice ; Neuronal Plasticity/drug effects ; Nitrosation ; Oxidative Stress/drug effects ; Phytochemicals/analysis ; Phytochemicals/chemistry ; Plant Extracts/chemistry ; Plant Extracts/pharmacology ; Plant Extracts/therapeutic use ; Plant Leaves/chemistry ; Reference Standards ; Signal Transduction/drug effects ; Smoothened Receptor/metabolism ; Stress, Psychological/complications ; Stress, Psychological/drug therapy ; Stress, Psychological/metabolism ; Stress, Psychological/physiopathology ; Urtica dioica/chemistry ; Weight Loss/drug effects ; Zinc Finger Protein GLI1/metabolism
Chemical Substances	Gli protein, mouse ; Phytochemicals ; Plant Extracts ; Smo protein, mouse ; Smoothened Receptor ; Zinc Finger Protein GLI1
Language	English
Publishing date	2016-10
Publishing country	France
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	392415-4
ISSN	1950-6007 ; 0753-3322 ; 0300-0893
ISSN (online)	1950-6007
ISSN	0753-3322 ; 0300-0893
DOI	10.1016/j.biopha.2016.07.020
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Article: Identification of tear-based protein and non-protein biomarkers: Its application in diagnosis of human diseases using biosensors

Nandi, Sandip K. / Singh, Deepanmol / Upadhay, Jyoti / Gupta, Neeti / Dhiman, Nayan / Mittal, Sanjeev Kumar / Mahindroo, Neeraj

International journal of biological macromolecules. 2021 Dec. 15, v. 193

2021

Abstract	Discovery of robust, selective and specific biomarkers are important for early diagnosis and monitor progression of human diseases. Eye being a common target for several human diseases, vision impediment and complications are often associated with systemic and ocular diseases. Tears are bodily fluids that are closest to eye and are rich in protein content and other metabolites. As a biomarker repository, it advantages over other bodily fluids due to the ability to collect it non-invasively. In this review, we highlight some recent advancements in identification of tear-based protein biomarkers like lacryglobin and cystatin SA for cancer; interleukin-6 and immunoglobulin-A antibody for COVID-19; tau, amyloid-β-42 and lysozyme-C for Alzheimer's disease; peroxiredoxin-6 and α-synuclein for Parkinson's disease; kallikrein, angiotensin converting enzyme and lipocalin-1 for glaucoma; lactotransferrin and lipophilin-A for diabetic retinopathy and zinc-alpha-2 glycoprotein-1, prolactin and calcium binding protein-A4 for eye thyroid disease. We also discussed identification of tear based non-protein biomarkers like lysophospholipids and acetylcarnitine for glaucoma, 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyquanosine and malondialdehyde for thyroid eye disease. We elucidate technological advancement in developing tear-based biosensors for diagnosis and monitoring diseases such as diabetes, diabetic retinopathy and Alzheimer's disease. Altogether, the study of tears as potential biomarkers for early diagnosis of human diseases is promising.
Keywords	Alzheimer disease ; COVID-19 infection ; Parkinson disease ; antibodies ; biomarkers ; biosensors ; calcium ; diabetic retinopathy ; early diagnosis ; eyes ; glaucoma ; humans ; immunoglobulin A ; interleukin-6 ; lysophospholipids ; malondialdehyde ; metabolites ; prolactin ; protein content ; vision
Language	English
Dates of publication	2021-1215
Size	p. 838-846.
Publishing place	Elsevier B.V.
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	282732-3
ISSN	1879-0003 ; 0141-8130
ISSN (online)	1879-0003
ISSN	0141-8130
DOI	10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.10.198
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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