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Article: Light Pollution, Circadian Photoreception, and Melatonin in Vertebrates

Grubisic, Maja / Bhusal, Pramod / Gabriel, Katharina / Jechow, Andreas / Riley, William / Stebelova, Katarina / van Grunsven, Roy / Zeman, Michal / Hölker, Franz

Sustainability, 11(22):6400

2019

Abstract: Artificial light at night (ALAN) is increasing exponentially worldwide, accelerated by the transition to new efficient lighting technologies. However, ALAN and resulting light pollution can cause unintended physiological consequences. In vertebrates, ... ...

Institution	Leibniz-Institut für Gewässerökologie und Binnenfischerei
Abstract	Artificial light at night (ALAN) is increasing exponentially worldwide, accelerated by the transition to new efficient lighting technologies. However, ALAN and resulting light pollution can cause unintended physiological consequences. In vertebrates, production of melatonin—the “hormone of darkness” and a key player in circadian regulation—can be suppressed by ALAN. In this paper, we provide an overview of research on melatonin and ALAN in vertebrates. We discuss how ALAN disrupts natural photic environments, its effect on melatonin and circadian rhythms, and different photoreceptor systems across vertebrate taxa. We then present the results of a systematic review in which we identified studies on melatonin under typical light-polluted conditions in fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals, including humans. Melatonin is suppressed by extremely low light intensities in many vertebrates, ranging from 0.01–0.03 lx for fishes and rodents to 6 lx for sensitive humans. Even lower, wavelength-dependent intensities are implied by some studies and require rigorous testing in ecological contexts. In many studies, melatonin suppression occurs at the minimum light levels tested, and, in better-studied groups, melatonin suppression is reported to occur at lower light levels. We identify major research gaps and conclude that, for most groups, crucial information is lacking. No studies were identified for amphibians and reptiles and long-term impacts of low-level ALAN exposure are unknown. Given the high sensitivity of vertebrate melatonin production to ALAN and the paucity of available information, it is crucial to research impacts of ALAN further in order to inform effective mitigation strategies for human health and the wellbeing and fitness of vertebrates in natural ecosystems.
Keywords	ALAN ; circadian rhythm ; artificial light at night ; biological rhythm ; melatonin
Language	English
Document type	Article
Database	Repository for Life Sciences

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Article: Influence of Measurement Uncertainty in the Determination of Selected Rock Parameters-A Realistic Approach.

Voit, Klaus / Zeman, Oliver / Gappmaier, Peter / Wriessnig, Karin / Adamcova, Renata

Materials (Basel, Switzerland)

2023 Volume 16, Issue 8

Abstract: To determine and compare the measurement uncertainty of different geological-geotechnical testing methods, numerous test locations were selected in a hard rock quarry. Measurements were carried out along two vertical measurement lines perpendicular to ... ...

Abstract	To determine and compare the measurement uncertainty of different geological-geotechnical testing methods, numerous test locations were selected in a hard rock quarry. Measurements were carried out along two vertical measurement lines perpendicular to the mining levels of an existing exploration. Along these lines, the rock quality basically varies due to weathering (decreasing influence with increasing distance from the original ground surface), but also due to the influence of the geological-tectonic conditions on site. The mining conditions (blasting) are identical over the considered area. The rock quality was examined as follows: as field tests, the rock compressive strength was determined by means of point load test and rebound hammer, as laboratory method the Los Angeles test (standard laboratory test for the determination of the mechanical rock quality) was used to identify the impact abrasion resistance. The statistical evaluation and comparison of the results allowed conclusions to be drawn about the contribution of the individual test methods to the measurement uncertainty whereas, in practice, a priori information can be applied complementarily. It shows that the influence on the combined measurement uncertainty u of the different methods due to the geological variability in horizontal direction reaches values between 17 and 32%, whereby the rebound hammer method shows the highest values. However, the highest influences on the measurement uncertainties are a result of the vertical direction due to weathering phenomena with percentages of 55 to 70%. For the point load test, the vertical direction shows the highest significance with an influence of approximately 70%. This leads to the conclusion that a higher weathering degree of the rock mass shows an increasing effect on the measurement uncertainty which needs to be considered using a priori information in measurements.
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-04-12
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2487261-1
ISSN	1996-1944
ISSN	1996-1944
DOI	10.3390/ma16083045
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Article ; Online: Cannabidiol reduces lesion volume and restores vestibulomotor and cognitive function following moderately severe traumatic brain injury.

Friedman, L K / Peng, H / Zeman, R J

Experimental neurology

2021 Volume 346, Page(s) 113844

Abstract: Despite the high incidence of traumatic brain injury (TBI), there is no universal treatment to safely treat patients. Blunt brain injuries destroy primary neural tissue that results in impaired perfusion, excessive release of glutamate, inflammation, ... ...

Abstract	Despite the high incidence of traumatic brain injury (TBI), there is no universal treatment to safely treat patients. Blunt brain injuries destroy primary neural tissue that results in impaired perfusion, excessive release of glutamate, inflammation, excitotoxicity, and progressive secondary neuronal cell death. We hypothesized that administration of cannabidiol (CBD) directly to a brain contusion site, will optimize delivery to the injured tissue which will reduce local neural excitation and inflammation to spare neural tissue and improve neurological outcome following TBI. CBD was infused into a gelfoam matrix forming an implant (CBDi), then applied over the dura at the contusion site as well as delivered systemically by injection (CBD.IP). Post-injury administration of CBDi+IP greatly reduced defecation scores, lesion volume, the loss of neurons in the ipsilateral hippocampus, the number of injured neurons of the contralateral hippocampus, and reversed TBI-induced glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) upregulation which was superior to either CBD.IP or CBDi treatment alone. Vestibulomotor performance on the beam-balance test was restored by 12 days post-TBI and sustained through 28 days. CBDi+IP treated rats exhibited preinjury levels of spontaneous alternation on the spontaneous alternation T-maze. In the object recognition test, they had greater mobility and exploration of novel objects compared to contusion or implant alone consistent with reduced anxiety and restored cognitive function. These results suggest that dual therapy by targeting the site of injury internally with a CBD-infused medical carrier followed by systemic supplementation may offer a more effective countermeasure than systemic or implant treatment alone for the deleterious effects of penetrating head wounds.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Brain Injuries, Traumatic/drug therapy ; Brain Injuries, Traumatic/pathology ; Brain Injuries, Traumatic/psychology ; Cannabidiol/administration & dosage ; Cognition/drug effects ; Cognition/physiology ; Female ; Male ; Maze Learning/drug effects ; Maze Learning/physiology ; Patient Acuity ; Postural Balance/drug effects ; Postural Balance/physiology ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Rats, Wistar ; Recognition, Psychology/drug effects ; Recognition, Psychology/physiology
Chemical Substances	Cannabidiol (19GBJ60SN5)
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-08-21
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	207148-4
ISSN	1090-2430 ; 0014-4886
ISSN (online)	1090-2430
ISSN	0014-4886
DOI	10.1016/j.expneurol.2021.113844
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Article: Mechanism and Internal Stability of Supportive Stone Constructions.

Voit, Klaus / Hron, Johannes / Frei, Gerhard / Adamcova, Renata / Zeman, Oliver

Materials (Basel, Switzerland)

2022 Volume 15, Issue 9

Abstract: Natural stone constructions for the protection of slopes, banks and riverbeds are widely used in infrastructure engineering. These structures are made of stacked natural stones, which can be placed loosely on top of each other. Additionally, their bond ... ...

Abstract	Natural stone constructions for the protection of slopes, banks and riverbeds are widely used in infrastructure engineering. These structures are made of stacked natural stones, which can be placed loosely on top of each other. Additionally, their bond behavior can be improved by using concrete mortar to fill the joints between the stones. Although such structures are now widely used, there is still a need for research concerning their inner stability and the structural design of such protective stone structures. In this study, experimentally, investigations were made to determine the force transmission and the interaction between rock and concrete mortar by deriving characteristic values of the adhesion strength and friction angle at different scales. A method for the determination of shear parameters from direct shear testing is used, considering the interaction between vertical and horizontal forces in the joint. In the course of these investigations, the roughness of the rock surface was recorded using conventional visual methods using the joint roughness coefficient (JRC) as well as via laser imaging. By applying laser scanning, a theoretical roughness factor could be derived. Furthermore, the properties of the rocks of the concrete mortar (fresh and hardened concrete mortar properties as well as a durability characteristic) were investigated in detail. It could be shown that different types of concrete mortar result in different bond strengths-expressed as tensile and shear strengths-when applied to a stone surface. The roughness of the stone surface has a positive influence on the tensile and shear strength between the stone and the mortar. Based on the test results, a failure description based on the Mohr-Coulomb fracture criterion could be determined, which can be used to calculate characteristic parameters for the design of stone support bodies. It was also shown that the stone's compressive strength is being exceeded through load due to very punctual contact areas. Moreover, concrete mortar differs significantly from conventional concrete in terms of its mechanical properties due to the on-site installation conditions, which allow no dynamic compaction.
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-04-27
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2487261-1
ISSN	1996-1944
ISSN	1996-1944
DOI	10.3390/ma15093175
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Article ; Online: PBPK modeling to support risk assessment of pyrethroid exposure in French pregnant women.

Thépaut, Elisa / Bisson, Michèle / Brochot, Céline / Personne, Stéphane / Appenzeller, Brice M R / Zaros, Cécile / Chardon, Karen / Zeman, Florence

Environmental research

2024 Volume 251, Issue Pt 1, Page(s) 118606

Abstract: Background: Pyrethroids are widely used pesticides and are suspected to affect children's neurodevelopment. The characterization of pyrethroid exposure during critical windows of development, such as fetal development and prenatal life, is essential to ... ...

Abstract	Background: Pyrethroids are widely used pesticides and are suspected to affect children's neurodevelopment. The characterization of pyrethroid exposure during critical windows of development, such as fetal development and prenatal life, is essential to ensure a better understanding of pyrethroids potential effects within the concept of Developmental Origins of Health and Disease. Objective: The aim of this study was to estimate maternal exposure of French pregnant women from biomonitoring data and simulate maternal and fetal internal concentrations of 3 pyrethroids (permethrin, cypermethrin and deltamethrin) using a multi-substance pregnancy-PBPK (physiologically based pharmacokinetics) model. The estimated maternal exposures were compared to newly proposed toxicological reference values (TRV) children specific also called draft child-specific reference value to assess pyrethroid exposure risk during pregnancy i.e. during the in utero exposure period. Methods: A pregnancy-PBPK model was developed based on an existing adult pyrethroids model. The maternal exposure to each parent compound of pregnant women of the Elfe (French Longitudinal Study since Childhood) cohort was estimated by reverse dosimetry based on urinary biomonitoring data. To identify permethrin and cypermethrin contribution to their common urinary biomarkers of exposure, an exposure ratio based on biomarkers in hair was tested. Finally, exposure estimates were compared to current and draft child-specific reference values derived from rodent prenatal and postnatal exposure studies. Results: The main contributor to maternal pyrethroid diet intake is cis-permethrin. In blood, total internal concentrations main contributor is deltamethrin. In brain, the major contributors to internal pyrethroid exposure are deltamethrin for fetuses and cis-permethrin for mothers. Risk is identified only for permethrin when referring to the draft child-specific reference value. 2.5% of the population exceeded permethrin draft child-specific reference value. Conclusions: A new reverse dosimetry approach using PBPK model combined with human biomonitoring data in urine and hair was proposed to estimate Elfe pregnant population exposure to a pyrethroids mixture with common metabolites.
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-03-08
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	205699-9
ISSN	1096-0953 ; 0013-9351
ISSN (online)	1096-0953
ISSN	0013-9351
DOI	10.1016/j.envres.2024.118606
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Article ; Online: Sex-dependent regulation of estrogen receptor beta in human colorectal cancer tissue and its relationship with clock genes and VEGF-A expression.

Herichova, I / Reis, R / Hasakova, K / Vician, M / Zeman, M

Physiological research

2020 Volume 68, Issue Suppl 3, Page(s) S297–S305

Abstract: The incidence of colorectal cancer (CRC) shows a sex-dependent difference in humans. The aim of this study was to analyze estrogen receptor beta mRNA (ERbeta) expression in patients with CRC with respect to their gender and clinicopathological features. ... ...

Abstract	The incidence of colorectal cancer (CRC) shows a sex-dependent difference in humans. The aim of this study was to analyze estrogen receptor beta mRNA (ERbeta) expression in patients with CRC with respect to their gender and clinicopathological features. Since cancer progression is accompanied by tumor vascularization, VEGF-A (vascular endothelial growth factor A) transcription was analyzed along with ERbeta mRNA. ERbeta mRNA was also correlated with the expression of clock genes, which are known to influence the cell cycle. ERbeta mRNA expression in females with CRC showed an inverse association with increasing tumor staging that was not observed in males. Lower levels of ERbeta mRNA were observed in females with a higher clinical stage compared with those with earlier-stage tumors. ERbeta mRNA expression showed a significant positive correlation with mRNA of clock genes period 2 and cryptochrome 2 in healthy but not in cancerous tissue in males. Expression of VEGF-A mRNA showed a negative correlation with ERbeta mRNA after splitting of the cohort according to gender and nodus involvement. We propose that gender differences in ERbeta mRNA expression in tumors during the early stages of CRC can partially explain the lower occurrence of CRC in females compared with males.
MeSH term(s)	Aged ; Circadian Rhythm Signaling Peptides and Proteins/metabolism ; Cohort Studies ; Colorectal Neoplasms/metabolism ; Estrogen Receptor beta/metabolism ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Sex Characteristics ; Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A/metabolism
Chemical Substances	Circadian Rhythm Signaling Peptides and Proteins ; Estrogen Receptor beta ; VEGFA protein, human ; Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-01-09
Publishing country	Czech Republic
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1073141-6
ISSN	1802-9973 ; 0369-9463 ; 0862-8408
ISSN (online)	1802-9973
ISSN	0369-9463 ; 0862-8408
DOI	10.33549/physiolres.934352
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Article ; Online: Serum neurofilament levels in patients with multiple sclerosis: A comparison of SIMOA and high sensitivity ELISA assays and contributing factors to ELISA levels.

Revendova, K Zondra / Zeman, D / Bunganic, R / Karasova, K / Volny, O / Bar, M / Kusnierova, P

Multiple sclerosis and related disorders

2022 Volume 67, Page(s) 104177

Abstract: ... hsELISA and between the sNfH SIMOA and sNfH hsELISA was moderate r: Conclusion: This analytical study ...

Abstract	Background: Serum neurofilaments (sNfs), especially the most investigated serum neurofilament light chain (sNfL), are promising biomarkers in multiple sclerosis (MS). However, their clinical utility is still limited, given the availability and costs of accessible analytical methods. The gold standard for the detection of sNfs is represented by the single molecule arrays (SIMOA). Recently, a high sensitivity enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (hsELISA) has also been introduced. The objective of the study was to compare both assays for the determination of sNfL and neurofilament heavy chain (sNfH) concentrations in a defined MS cohort. The second objective was to identify contributing factors to sNfs concentrations determined by hsELISA. Methods: Serum samples were collected from MS patients attending the MS Centre, University Hospital Ostrava, Czech Republic. The levels of sNfs were detected using SIMOA and hsELISA assays. Results: The Spearman's rank correlation coefficient between the sNfL SIMOA and sNfL hsELISA and between the sNfH SIMOA and sNfH hsELISA was moderate r Conclusion: This analytical study showed significant differences between hsELISA and SIMOA methods, especially for the sNfH concentrations. We identified confounding factors for sNfs levels determined by hsELISA. The sNfs levels were influenced by renal function and sex, whilst sNfH levels were affected by age, BMI, and total blood volume.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Intermediate Filaments ; Multiple Sclerosis/diagnosis ; Biomarkers ; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay ; Czech Republic
Chemical Substances	Biomarkers
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-09-11
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2645330-7
ISSN	2211-0356 ; 2211-0348
ISSN (online)	2211-0356
ISSN	2211-0348
DOI	10.1016/j.msard.2022.104177
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Article ; Online: In-vitro antiplatelet effect of melatonin in healthy individuals and patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Böhm, A / Lauko, V / Dostalova, K / Balanova, I / Varga, I / Bezak, B / Jajcay, N / Moravcik, R / Lazurova, L / Slezak, P / Mojto, V / Kollarova, M / Petrikova, K / Danova, K / Zeman, M

Journal of endocrinological investigation

2023 Volume 46, Issue 12, Page(s) 2493–2500

Abstract: Purpose: The incidence of acute myocardial infarctions (AMI) shows circadian variation typically peaking during morning hours with a decline at night. However, this variation does not occur in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM). The night's decline of ...

Abstract	Purpose: The incidence of acute myocardial infarctions (AMI) shows circadian variation typically peaking during morning hours with a decline at night. However, this variation does not occur in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM). The night's decline of AMI may be partially explained by melatonin-related platelet inhibition. Whether this effect is absent in diabetic patients is unknown. The aim was to study the effect of melatonin on in-vitro platelet aggregation in healthy individuals and patients with type 2 DM. Methods: Platelet aggregation was measured in blood samples from healthy individuals (n = 15) and type 2 DM patients (n = 15) using multiple electrode aggregometry. Adenosine diphosphate (ADP), arachidonic acid (ASPI) and thrombin (TRAP) were used as agonists. Aggregability for each subject was tested after adding melatonin in two concentrations. Results: In healthy individuals, melatonin inhibited platelet aggregation in both higher (10-5 M) and lower concentrations (10-9 M) induced by ADP, ASPI, and TRAP (p < 0.001, p = 0.002, p = 0.029, respectively). In DM patients, melatonin did not affect platelet aggregation in both concentrations induced by ADP, ASPI, and TRAP. Melatonin decreased platelet aggregation induced by ADP, ASPI, and TRAP significantly more in healthy individuals compared to patients with DM. (p = 0.005, p = 0.045 and p = 0.048, respectively). Conclusion: Platelet aggregation was inhibited by melatonin in healthy individuals. In-vitro antiplatelet effect of melatonin in type 2 DM patients is significantly attenuated.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors/pharmacology ; Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors/therapeutic use ; Melatonin/pharmacology ; Melatonin/therapeutic use ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/drug therapy ; Platelet Aggregation/physiology ; Blood Platelets/physiology ; Myocardial Infarction ; Adenosine Diphosphate/pharmacology
Chemical Substances	Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors ; Melatonin (JL5DK93RCL) ; Adenosine Diphosphate (61D2G4IYVH)
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-05-06
Publishing country	Italy
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	432272-1
ISSN	1720-8386 ; 0391-4097 ; 1121-1369
ISSN (online)	1720-8386
ISSN	0391-4097 ; 1121-1369
DOI	10.1007/s40618-023-02102-7
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Article: Toll-like receptor (TLR2, TLR4) polymorphisms and their influence on the incidence of urinary tract infections in children with and without urinary tract malformation.

Krakowska, Anna / Cedzyński, Maciej / Wosiak, Agnieszka / Swiechowski, Rafal / Krygier, Adrian / Tkaczyk, Marcin / Zeman, Krzysztof

Central-European journal of immunology

2022 Volume 47, Issue 3, Page(s) 260–266

Abstract: Introduction: Toll-like receptors (TLRs) contribute to the innate immune system. They are an element of non-specific immunity, which enables organisms to react quickly to foreign antigens, without being previously exposed to them. TLRs are pattern ... ...

Abstract	Introduction: Toll-like receptors (TLRs) contribute to the innate immune system. They are an element of non-specific immunity, which enables organisms to react quickly to foreign antigens, without being previously exposed to them. TLRs are pattern recognition receptors. TLR gene polymorphisms are widely investigated in connection with various infections. The aims of the study were: to investigate the role of TLR2 and TLR4 polymorphisms in the course of urinary tract infections (UTIs); to test for differences in distribution of these polymorphisms between children with urinary tract malformations suffering from recurrent UTI (rUTI), children with malformations but without rUTI and healthy controls; to determine whether these polymorphisms predispose to rUTI; and to analyse how polymorphisms and urine neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) and interleukin 8 (IL-8) concentrations affect one another. Material and methods: The group consisted of 133 children (1-18 years old), 68 female and 65 male. The group was divided into 4 subgroups: A (rUTI with urinary tract malformations), B (urinary tract malformations without rUTI), C (rUTI) and D (healthy controls). Polymorphisms were analysed using PCR-RFLP. IL-8 and NGAL urine concentrations were established using immunoenzymatic methods. Results: TLR2 Arg753Gln and TLR4 Arg299Gly appeared significantly more often among children with rUTI. No correlation between urine IL-8 and urine NGAL and polymorphisms was found. Urine NGAL concentration was significantly higher among children with urinary tract malformations. Conclusions: TLR2 Arg753Gln and TLR4 Asp299Gly may predispose to rUTI. Urine NGAL concentration suggests the presence of kidney tissue injury, of varying degrees, among children with urinary tract malformations.
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-09-21
Publishing country	Poland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1336421-2
ISSN	1644-4124 ; 1426-3912
ISSN (online)	1644-4124
ISSN	1426-3912
DOI	10.5114/ceji.2022.119625
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Article ; Online: A comparison of measles-rubella-zoster reaction, oligoclonal IgG bands, oligoclonal kappa free light chains and kappa index in multiple sclerosis.

Zondra Revendova, Kamila / Svub, Krystof / Bunganic, Radovan / Pelisek, Ondrej / Volny, Ondrej / Ganesh, Aravind / Bar, Michal / Zeman, David / Kusnierova, Pavlina

Multiple sclerosis and related disorders

2023 Volume 81, Page(s) 105125

Abstract: ... against measles (M), rubella (R), and varicella zoster (Z) viruses were determined in paired CSF and serum ...

Abstract	Background and objectives: To evaluate the diagnostic performance of the measles-rubella-zoster reaction (MRZR) in a large real-world multiple sclerosis (MS) cohort. Second, to compare MRZR with the determination of oligoclonal IgG bands (OCB), oligoclonal kappa free light chain bands (oKFLC), and the KFLC index. Methods: A single-center retrospective study was conducted at the University Hospital Ostrava (Czech Republic). Patients were eligible if aged ≥18 years with a determined clinical diagnosis. IgG antibodies against measles (M), rubella (R), and varicella zoster (Z) viruses were determined in paired CSF and serum using ELISA and MRZR indicated as positive if at least two components had an antibody index >1.4. OCB and oKFLC were detected by means of isoelectric focusing, and KFLC CSF and serum concentrations for calculation of the KFLC index were determined immunochemically. Results: A total of 1,751 patients were included in the analyzed data set, which comprised 379 MS patients and 1,372 non-MS controls. The frequency of positive MRZR was higher in MS than in non-MS cases (MS 32.2 % vs non-MS 2.8 %; p < 0.001). This corresponded to a specificity of 97.2 % (95 % CI 96.1-98.0) and sensitivity of 32.2 % (95 % CI 27.5-37.2) and overall accuracy of 83.1 % (95 % CI 81.3-84.8). In comparison, the highest sensitivity of 95.6% (95 % CI 93.0-97.5) was for OCB with specificity of 86.9 % (95 % CI 84.9-88.7), followed by oKFLC with sensitivity and specificity of 94.7 % (95 % CI 91.5-96.9) and 78.4% (95 % CI 75.7-80.8), respectively, and the KFLC index with sensitivity of 92.5 % (95 % CI 86.6-96.3) and specificity of 93.5 % (95 % CI 90.5-95.9). Discussion: MRZR remains a very specific test for the diagnosis of MS but has low sensitivity, which disallows its independent use. In contrast, OCB showed the highest sensitivity and thus remains the gold standard for the diagnosis of MS.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Adolescent ; Adult ; Multiple Sclerosis ; Oligoclonal Bands ; Retrospective Studies ; Immunoglobulin kappa-Chains ; Rubella/diagnosis ; Herpes Zoster ; Immunoglobulin G ; Measles/diagnosis ; Biomarkers
Chemical Substances	Oligoclonal Bands ; Immunoglobulin kappa-Chains ; Immunoglobulin G ; Biomarkers
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-11-05
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2645330-7
ISSN	2211-0356 ; 2211-0348
ISSN (online)	2211-0356
ISSN	2211-0348
DOI	10.1016/j.msard.2023.105125
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