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Article ; Online: Pathogen-specific patterns of milking traits in automatic milking systems.

Olofsson, Charlott / Toftaker, Ingrid / Rachah, Amira / Reksen, Olav / Kielland, Camilla

2024

Abstract: Early detection of intramammary infection (IMI) can improve animal health and welfare in dairy herds. The implementation of sensors and automatic milking systems (AMS) in dairy production inherently increases the amount of available data and hence also ... ...

Abstract	Early detection of intramammary infection (IMI) can improve animal health and welfare in dairy herds. The implementation of sensors and automatic milking systems (AMS) in dairy production inherently increases the amount of available data and hence also the potential for new approaches to mastitis management. To utilize the full potential of data from AMS and auxiliary sensors, a better understanding of physiological and pathological changes in milking traits associated with different udder pathogens may be imperative. This observational study aimed to investigate pathogen-specific patterns in milking traits recorded in AMS. The milking traits included; online somatic cell count (OCC), electrical conductivity (EC), milk yield (MY), and average milk flow rate (AMF). Data were collected for a study period of 2 years and included 101 492 milkings from 237 lactations in 169 cows from one farm. Measurements of OCC were recorded at cow-level and data on EC, MY, and AMF were obtained at quarter-level. In addition to the data obtained from the AMS, altogether 5756 quarter milk samples (QMS) were collected. Milk samples were obtained monthly for bacteriological culturing. We included findings of 13 known mastitis pathogens to study pathogen-specific patterns in milking traits. These patterns were compared with those in a baseline group consisting of cows that did not have any positive milk culture results throughout the lactation period. Patterns of the milking traits are described for all positive samples both across 305 d in milk (DIM), and in the 15-d period before a positive bacteriological sample. The association between a positive sample and the milking traits (ln(OCC), EC-IQR; the ratio between the quarter with the highest and the quarter with the lowest level of EC, and MY) for the 15 d before the detection of a pathogen was assessed using mixed effects linear regression models. All pathogens were associated with alterations in the level and variability of ln(OCC) relative to lactations with no positive bacteriological samples. A positive sample for Staph. aureus was associated with increased values for MY during the 15 d before a positive diagnosis. It is biologically plausible to interpret changes in OCC and EC-IQR as consequences of an intramammary infection (IMI), while higher MY in bacteriologically-positive cows is most likely linked to the increased risk of infection in high-yielding cows. In this study, the most notable changes in the traits (OCC and EC-IQR) were observed for Staph. aureus and Strep. dysgalactiae, followed by Strep. simulans, Strep. uberis, and Lactococcus lactis. Even if we did not detect significant associations between positive bacteriology and EC-IQR, visual assessment and descriptive statistics indicated that there might be differences suggesting that it could be an informative trait for detecting infection when combined with OCC and possibly other relevant traits using machine learning algorithms.
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-03-28
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	242499-x
ISSN	1525-3198 ; 0022-0302
ISSN (online)	1525-3198
ISSN	0022-0302
DOI	10.3168/jds.2023-23933
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Article ; Online: Causes of carcass condemnation in Norwegian aviary housed layers.

Gretarsson, Páll / Kittelsen, Käthe / Oppermann Moe, Randi / Toftaker, Ingrid

Acta veterinaria Scandinavica

2023 Volume 65, Issue 1, Page(s) 18

Abstract: Background: Meat inspection data is commonly used to monitor health and welfare in commercial broiler production; however, less used in layers. Slaughterhouse records can provide insight into animal and herd health and identify important health and ... ...

Abstract	Background: Meat inspection data is commonly used to monitor health and welfare in commercial broiler production; however, less used in layers. Slaughterhouse records can provide insight into animal and herd health and identify important health and welfare challenges. To gain knowledge of health issues in commercial aviary housed laying hens, the aim of this repeated cross-sectional study was to describe the occurrence and causes of carcass condemnation, including dead-on-arrivals (DOA), in commercial aviary housed layers in Norway, and to explore seasonal patterns and correlation between DOA and number of carcass condemnations. Results: Data from January 2018 to December 2020 were collected from one poultry abattoir in Norway. In total, 759,584 layers were slaughtered during this period in 101 slaughter batches from 98 flocks and 56 farms. In total, 33,754 (4.4%) layers were condemned, including the DOA. The most common carcass condemnation causes were (percent of all slaughtered layers): abscess/cellulitis (2.03%), peritonitis (0.38%), DOA (0.22%), emaciation (0.22%), discoloration/smell (0.21%), acute skin lesions (0.21%) and ascites (0.17%). Regression analysis showed an estimated higher prevalence of total carcass condemnation during winter compared to the other seasons. Conclusions: The three most common condemnation causes found in the present study were: abscess/cellulitis, peritonitis, and DOA. We found a large between-batch variation in causes of condemnation and DOA indicating that prevention might be possible. The results can be used to inform and guide further studies on layer health and welfare.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Female ; Chickens ; Cellulitis/veterinary ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Abscess/veterinary ; Abattoirs ; Norway/epidemiology
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-05-22
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	40137-7
ISSN	1751-0147 ; 0044-605X
ISSN (online)	1751-0147
ISSN	0044-605X
DOI	10.1186/s13028-023-00680-3
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Article ; Online: Comparison of diagnostic methods for assessment of Ostertagia ostertagi exposure in Norwegian dairy herds.

Opsal, Tonje / Toftaker, Ingrid / Robertson, Lucy / Woolsey, Ian / Hektoen, Lisbeth

Acta veterinaria Scandinavica

2023 Volume 65, Issue 1, Page(s) 52

Abstract: Background: The gastrointestinal nematode (GIN) Ostertagia ostertagi can cause severe disease in first season grazers (FSG) and impaired performance due to subclinical infections in adult cows. Diagnostic methods to assess exposure include faecal egg ... ...

Abstract	Background: The gastrointestinal nematode (GIN) Ostertagia ostertagi can cause severe disease in first season grazers (FSG) and impaired performance due to subclinical infections in adult cows. Diagnostic methods to assess exposure include faecal egg count and detection of specific antibodies using antibody-ELISAs resulting in an optical density ratio (ODR). Using the ELISA test on bulk tank milk (BTM) allows for a herd level diagnosis. Appropriate use of diagnostic methods for evaluation of O. ostertagi exposure is required to optimize herd parasite surveillance and aid in a sustainable control regime. The aim of this study was to describe the relationship between different diagnostic tests used to assess GIN exposure in Norwegian production systems. A cross-sectional field study was carried out in twenty herds in Norway in the fall of 2020. Serum and faecal samples were taken from 380 individuals, of which 181 were FSG and 199 were cows. In addition, milk was collected from every cow and one BTM sample was taken from each herd. Faecal egg counts were performed. The distribution of ODR values in individual samples within and between herds and the associations between BTM ODR and individual ODR values were described. The data were analysed using visual assessment of scatter plots, Pearson correlation coefficients and linear regression. Results: A high variability of the within-herd individual ODR values in serum and milk in every herd was detected. The ODR in BTM explained a low degree of the variation in the individual serum and milk samples. When plotting the ODR results in milk or serum according to four BTM categories, the distribution of ODR values were notably different in the highest and lowest BTM categories. The correlation between individual milk and serum samples was moderate (r = 0.68), while the highest correlation (r = 0.81) was between the BTM ODR and the group average individual milk samples. Conclusions: A poor predictive ability for BTM ODR to assess individual ODR values in both FSG and cows was demonstrated. However, the study indicates that the evaluation by ELISA test on BTM to assess exposure to GIN could be useful in herds with a very high or low BTM ODR.
MeSH term(s)	Female ; Animals ; Cattle ; Ostertagia ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Cattle Diseases/epidemiology ; Ostertagiasis/diagnosis ; Ostertagiasis/veterinary ; Milk ; Norway/epidemiology ; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay/veterinary
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-11-29
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	40137-7
ISSN	1751-0147 ; 0044-605X
ISSN (online)	1751-0147
ISSN	0044-605X
DOI	10.1186/s13028-023-00712-y
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Article ; Online: Mortality risk on farm and during transport: a comparison of 2 broiler hybrids with different growth rates.

Forseth, Merete / Moe, Randi O / Kittelsen, Käthe / Toftaker, Ingrid

Poultry science

2023 Volume 103, Issue 3, Page(s) 103395

Abstract: Mortality in broilers is often associated with poor health and welfare and has a complex and multifactorial etiology. Recent studies under experimental conditions indicated that genetic selection for fast growth is an important risk factor for mortality ... ...

Abstract	Mortality in broilers is often associated with poor health and welfare and has a complex and multifactorial etiology. Recent studies under experimental conditions indicated that genetic selection for fast growth is an important risk factor for mortality in broiler chickens. However, the knowledge on broiler mortality in general, and in slower growing broilers in particular, under commercial conditions is still limited. This retrospective cohort study aimed to describe mortality risk on farm and during transport in 2 broiler hybrids with different growth rates, Ross 308, and Hubbard JA787, and to estimate the association between hybrid and mortality at different stages of the production cycle. The study sample consisted of 64,651,804 broilers from 4,228 flocks and 139 farms slaughtered from January 1st, 2015, to June 22nd, 2021. Analysis of on-farm mortality was restricted to broiler flocks slaughtered in the period July 2017 to July 2018 due to changes known to affect FWM. The effect of hybrid on mortality during 3 different production stages (first week mortality (FWM), mortality after the first week (MAFW), and mortality during transport (DOA)), was assessed using mixed effect negative binomial regression models. Descriptively, there were notable differences in mortality at all stages of the production cycle, with higher mean mortalities in Ross 308 (1.40% FWM, 3.05% MAFW, and 0.063% DOA) than in Hubbard JA787 (0.76% FWM, 1.49% MAFW, and 0.015% DOA). In the analysis, the largest estimated difference was found for dead on arrival under cold conditions, where mortality was almost 5 times higher in Ross 308 compared to Hubbard JA 787 (IRR: 4.70, 95% CI: 3.74-5.90). The estimated difference in FWM between hybrids was highest during autumn, with an estimated risk approximately 1.6 times higher in Ross than in Hubbard (IRR: 1.56, 95% CI: 1.30-1.86). For MAFW, the estimated risk was approximately 2 times higher in Ross than in Hubbard (IRR: 2.13 95% CI: 1.82-2.49). The findings in this study emphasize the need for more knowledge on causes of mortality in broilers including effects of genetic factors as basis for preventive measures.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Chickens ; Farms ; Models, Statistical ; Retrospective Studies ; Risk Factors ; Transportation ; Mortality
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-12-23
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	242586-5
ISSN	1525-3171 ; 0032-5791
ISSN (online)	1525-3171
ISSN	0032-5791
DOI	10.1016/j.psj.2023.103395
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Article ; Online: Causes of carcass condemnation in Norwegian aviary housed layers

Páll Gretarsson / Käthe Kittelsen / Randi Oppermann Moe / Ingrid Toftaker

Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica, Vol 65, Iss 1, Pp 1-

2023 Volume 10

Abstract: Abstract Background Meat inspection data is commonly used to monitor health and welfare in commercial broiler production; however, less used in layers. Slaughterhouse records can provide insight into animal and herd health and identify important health ... ...

Abstract	Abstract Background Meat inspection data is commonly used to monitor health and welfare in commercial broiler production; however, less used in layers. Slaughterhouse records can provide insight into animal and herd health and identify important health and welfare challenges. To gain knowledge of health issues in commercial aviary housed laying hens, the aim of this repeated cross-sectional study was to describe the occurrence and causes of carcass condemnation, including dead-on-arrivals (DOA), in commercial aviary housed layers in Norway, and to explore seasonal patterns and correlation between DOA and number of carcass condemnations. Results Data from January 2018 to December 2020 were collected from one poultry abattoir in Norway. In total, 759,584 layers were slaughtered during this period in 101 slaughter batches from 98 flocks and 56 farms. In total, 33,754 (4.4%) layers were condemned, including the DOA. The most common carcass condemnation causes were (percent of all slaughtered layers): abscess/cellulitis (2.03%), peritonitis (0.38%), DOA (0.22%), emaciation (0.22%), discoloration/smell (0.21%), acute skin lesions (0.21%) and ascites (0.17%). Regression analysis showed an estimated higher prevalence of total carcass condemnation during winter compared to the other seasons. Conclusions The three most common condemnation causes found in the present study were: abscess/cellulitis, peritonitis, and DOA. We found a large between-batch variation in causes of condemnation and DOA indicating that prevention might be possible. The results can be used to inform and guide further studies on layer health and welfare.
Keywords	Animal welfare ; Carcass rejection ; DOA ; Laying hen ; Meat inspection ; Poultry health ; Veterinary medicine ; SF600-1100
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-05-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	BMC
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Comparison of carcass condemnation causes in two broiler hybrids differing in growth rates.

Forseth, Merete / Moe, Randi Oppermann / Kittelsen, Käthe / Skjerve, Eystein / Toftaker, Ingrid

Scientific reports

2023 Volume 13, Issue 1, Page(s) 4195

Abstract: Experimental studies concluded that genetic factors enabling fast growth rate might negatively affect broiler health and welfare. Recently, the proportion of slower-growing broilers has been increasing. However, studies of health in broilers with ... ...

Abstract	Experimental studies concluded that genetic factors enabling fast growth rate might negatively affect broiler health and welfare. Recently, the proportion of slower-growing broilers has been increasing. However, studies of health in broilers with different growth rates in commercial systems are still scarce. This repeated cross-sectional study aimed to describe causes of carcass condemnations in two broiler hybrids with different growth rates, Ross 308, and Hubbard JA787, and to estimate the effect of hybrid. The study sample consisted of 63,209,415 broilers slaughtered in 4295 batches from 139 farms. All broilers were slaughtered from January 1st, 2015, to June 22nd, 2021, by the same company (Norsk Kylling). All causes of condemnation, except fractures, were more prevalent in Ross 308. The five most common causes (ascites, discolouration, hepatitis, small and skin lesions) were investigated in greater detail, and the effect of hybrid was assessed using mixed effects negative binomial models with the condemnation codes as outcome variables. For the five selected causes, variation in prevalence between slaughter batches was considerable for Ross and minor for Hubbard. The notable differences between hybrids in prevalence and causes of condemnation have important implications for animal health, welfare, economy, and sustainability in broiler production.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Chickens ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Causality ; Abattoirs
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-03-14
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2615211-3
ISSN	2045-2322 ; 2045-2322
ISSN (online)	2045-2322
ISSN	2045-2322
DOI	10.1038/s41598-023-31422-0
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Article ; Online: Comparison of diagnostic methods for assessment of Ostertagia ostertagi exposure in Norwegian dairy herds

Tonje Opsal / Ingrid Toftaker / Lucy Robertson / Ian Woolsey / Lisbeth Hektoen

Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica, Vol 65, Iss 1, Pp 1-

2023 Volume 10

Abstract: Abstract Background The gastrointestinal nematode (GIN) Ostertagia ostertagi can cause severe disease in first season grazers (FSG) and impaired performance due to subclinical infections in adult cows. Diagnostic methods to assess exposure include faecal ...

Abstract	Abstract Background The gastrointestinal nematode (GIN) Ostertagia ostertagi can cause severe disease in first season grazers (FSG) and impaired performance due to subclinical infections in adult cows. Diagnostic methods to assess exposure include faecal egg count and detection of specific antibodies using antibody-ELISAs resulting in an optical density ratio (ODR). Using the ELISA test on bulk tank milk (BTM) allows for a herd level diagnosis. Appropriate use of diagnostic methods for evaluation of O. ostertagi exposure is required to optimize herd parasite surveillance and aid in a sustainable control regime. The aim of this study was to describe the relationship between different diagnostic tests used to assess GIN exposure in Norwegian production systems. A cross-sectional field study was carried out in twenty herds in Norway in the fall of 2020. Serum and faecal samples were taken from 380 individuals, of which 181 were FSG and 199 were cows. In addition, milk was collected from every cow and one BTM sample was taken from each herd. Faecal egg counts were performed. The distribution of ODR values in individual samples within and between herds and the associations between BTM ODR and individual ODR values were described. The data were analysed using visual assessment of scatter plots, Pearson correlation coefficients and linear regression. Results A high variability of the within-herd individual ODR values in serum and milk in every herd was detected. The ODR in BTM explained a low degree of the variation in the individual serum and milk samples. When plotting the ODR results in milk or serum according to four BTM categories, the distribution of ODR values were notably different in the highest and lowest BTM categories. The correlation between individual milk and serum samples was moderate (r = 0.68), while the highest correlation (r = 0.81) was between the BTM ODR and the group average individual milk samples. Conclusions A poor predictive ability for BTM ODR to assess individual ODR values in both FSG and ...
Keywords	Antibody level ; Bulk tank milk ; ELISA ; Gastrointestinal nematodes ; Optical density rate ; Pasture parasites ; Veterinary medicine ; SF600-1100
Subject code	630
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-11-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	BMC
Document type	Article ; Online
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Article ; Online: Keel bone fractures in broiler breeders: is palpation a reliable diagnostic method?

Kittelsen, Käthe Elise / Toftaker, Ingrid / Tahamtani, Fernanda / Moe, Randi Oppermann / Thøfner, Ida / Vasdal, Guro

Avian pathology : journal of the W.V.P.A

2022 , Page(s) 1–15

Abstract: ... ...

Abstract	Abstract
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-11-22
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1476380-1
ISSN	1465-3338 ; 0307-9457
ISSN (online)	1465-3338
ISSN	0307-9457
DOI	10.1080/03079457.2022.2147416
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Article ; Online: End of lay postmortem findings in aviary housed laying hens.

Gretarsson, Páll / Kittelsen, Käthe / Moe, Randi O / Vasdal, Guro / Toftaker, Ingrid

Poultry science

2022 Volume 102, Issue 2, Page(s) 102332

Abstract: Good health and low mortality are constitutive elements of good animal welfare. In laying hens, mortality and pathological findings are usually reported as cumulative proportions from onset of lay to culling. However, knowledge of pathological lesions ... ...

Abstract	Good health and low mortality are constitutive elements of good animal welfare. In laying hens, mortality and pathological findings are usually reported as cumulative proportions from onset of lay to culling. However, knowledge of pathological lesions and causes of death specifically toward the end of the production period are scarce. This study aimed to investigate the occurrence of postmortem lesions and tentative causes of death in non-beak trimmed, end of lay hens, housed in multitiered aviary systems. A convenience sample of 48 flocks was recruited. In each flock, layers dead between wk 65 and 70 were necropsied in the field. In total, 482 layers were subjected to postmortem examination. The 4 most common pathological lesions were keel bone fracture (KBF) (92%), fatty liver (42%), emaciation (23%), and salpingitis (22%). Apart from keel bone fracture, the relative frequency of the pathological lesions variated between flocks, indicating that flock is an important factor. Common tentative causes of death were salpingitis (18%) and fatty liver hemorrhagic syndrome (FLHS) (13%). This study sheds light on health challenges aviary housed layers are facing end of lay, which is crucial knowledge in the development of preventive measures to secure good health and welfare.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Female ; Housing, Animal ; Chickens ; Salpingitis/complications ; Salpingitis/veterinary ; Fractures, Bone/epidemiology ; Fractures, Bone/veterinary ; Fractures, Bone/etiology ; Animal Welfare ; Fatty Liver/complications ; Fatty Liver/veterinary ; Animal Husbandry
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-11-11
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	242586-5
ISSN	1525-3171 ; 0032-5791
ISSN (online)	1525-3171
ISSN	0032-5791
DOI	10.1016/j.psj.2022.102332
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Article ; Online: End of lay postmortem findings in aviary housed laying hens

Gretarsson, Páll / Kittelsen, Käthe / Moe, Randi O. / Vasdal, Guro / Toftaker, Ingrid

Poultry Science. 2023 Feb., v. 102, no. 2, p. 102332

2023 , Page(s) 102332

Abstract	Good health and low mortality are constitutive elements of good animal welfare. In laying hens, mortality and pathological findings are usually reported as cumulative proportions from onset of lay to culling. However, knowledge of pathological lesions and causes of death specifically toward the end of the production period are scarce. This study aimed to investigate the occurrence of postmortem lesions and tentative causes of death in non-beak trimmed, end of lay hens, housed in multitiered aviary systems. A convenience sample of 48 flocks was recruited. In each flock, layers dead between wk 65 and 70 were necropsied in the field. In total, 482 layers were subjected to postmortem examination. The 4 most common pathological lesions were keel bone fracture (KBF) (92%), fatty liver (42%), emaciation (23%), and salpingitis (22%). Apart from keel bone fracture, the relative frequency of the pathological lesions variated between flocks, indicating that flock is an important factor. Common tentative causes of death were salpingitis (18%) and fatty liver hemorrhagic syndrome (FLHS) (13%). This study sheds light on health challenges aviary housed layers are facing end of lay, which is crucial knowledge in the development of preventive measures to secure good health and welfare.
Keywords	animal welfare ; aviaries ; bone fractures ; death ; emaciation ; fatty liver ; flocks ; hemorrhage ; keel bone ; mortality ; necropsy ; poultry science ; salpingitis ; pathology ; end-of-lay ; layer ; poultry ; cage-free
Language	English
Dates of publication	2023-02
Size	p. 102332
Publishing place	Elsevier Inc.
Document type	Article ; Online
Note	Use and reproduction
ZDB-ID	242586-5
ISSN	1525-3171 ; 0032-5791
ISSN (online)	1525-3171
ISSN	0032-5791
DOI	10.1016/j.psj.2022.102332
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