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Article ; Online: When you look at your past: Eye movement during autobiographical retrieval.

El Haj, Mohamad

2024 Volume 118, Page(s) 103652

Abstract: Until recently, little was known about whether or how autobiographical memory (i.e., memory of personal information) activates eye movement. This issue is now being addressed by several studies demonstrating not only how autobiographical memory activates ...

Abstract	Until recently, little was known about whether or how autobiographical memory (i.e., memory of personal information) activates eye movement. This issue is now being addressed by several studies demonstrating not only how autobiographical memory activates eye movement, but also how eye movement influences the characteristics of autobiographical retrieval. This paper summarizes this research and presents a hypothesis according to which fixations and saccades during autobiographical retrieval mirror the construction of the visual image of the retrieved event. This hypothesis suggests that eye movements during autobiographical retrieval mirror the attempts of the visual system to generate and manipulate mental representations of autobiographical retrieval. It offers a theoretical framework for a burgeoning area of research that provides a rigorous behavioral evaluation of the phenomenological experience of memory.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Eye Movements ; Mental Recall/physiology ; Saccades ; Memory, Episodic
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-02-01
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	1106647-7
ISSN	1090-2376 ; 1053-8100
ISSN (online)	1090-2376
ISSN	1053-8100
DOI	10.1016/j.concog.2024.103652
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Article ; Online: Decoding schizophrenia: ChatGPT's role in clinical and neuropsychological assessment.

El Haj, Mohamad / Raffard, Stéphane / Besche-Richard, Chrystel

Schizophrenia research

2024 Volume 267, Page(s) 84–85

Language	English
Publishing date	2024-03-23
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Letter
ZDB-ID	639422-x
ISSN	1573-2509 ; 0920-9964
ISSN (online)	1573-2509
ISSN	0920-9964
DOI	10.1016/j.schres.2024.03.031
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Article ; Online: On hallucinations and memory: the relationship between hallucinations and autobiographical overgenerality in Alzheimer's Disease.

El Haj, Mohamad / Larøi, Frank

Acta neuropsychiatrica

2024 , Page(s) 1–5

Abstract: Objectives: Alzheimer's disease (AD) has been associated with autobiographical overgenerality (i.e. a tendency of patients to retrieve general rather than specific personal memories). AD has also been associated with hallucinations. We investigated the ... ...

Abstract	Objectives: Alzheimer's disease (AD) has been associated with autobiographical overgenerality (i.e. a tendency of patients to retrieve general rather than specific personal memories). AD has also been associated with hallucinations. We investigated the relationship between autobiographical overgenerality and hallucinations in AD. Methods: We invited 28 patients with mild AD to retrieve autobiographical memories, and we also evaluated the occurrence of hallucinations in these patients. Results: Analysis demonstrated significant correlations between hallucinations and autobiographical overgenerality in the patients. Conclusion: AD patients who are distressed by hallucinations may demonstrate autobiographical overgenerality as a strategy to avoid retrieving distressing information that may be related with hallucinations. However, hallucinations as observed in our study can be attributed to other factors such as the general cognitive decline in AD.
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-02-19
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1154361-9
ISSN	1601-5215 ; 0924-2708
ISSN (online)	1601-5215
ISSN	0924-2708
DOI	10.1017/neu.2024.7
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Article ; Online: The interdisciplinary science of autobiographical memory.

El Haj, Mohamad

Wiley interdisciplinary reviews. Cognitive science

2023 Volume 14, Issue 3, Page(s) e1652

Abstract: To provide a comprehensive understanding of the characteristics of autobiographical memory, WIREs Cognitive Science is launching a special issue gathering contributions from various perspectives in the field of autobiographical memory. To introduce this ... ...

Abstract	To provide a comprehensive understanding of the characteristics of autobiographical memory, WIREs Cognitive Science is launching a special issue gathering contributions from various perspectives in the field of autobiographical memory. To introduce this special issue, I outline the philosophy of this collaborative project and summarize the knowledge gained from each of the 12 articles included. Insights into the next important steps in studying autobiographical memory are also provided. As shown in this article, research on autobiographical memory covers a wide range of disciplines (e.g., neuropsychology, cognitive psychology, social psychology, developmental psychology, neurology, psychiatry). However, there has been little interdisciplinary dialogue between autobiographical memory scholars until recently. For the first time, this special issue brings together theoretical contributions that offer different yet complementary approaches to the study of autobiographical memory. This article is categorized under: Psychology > Memory.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Memory, Episodic ; Mental Recall
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-04-27
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Editorial
ZDB-ID	2553336-8
ISSN	1939-5086 ; 1939-5078
ISSN (online)	1939-5086
ISSN	1939-5078
DOI	10.1002/wcs.1652
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Article: Destination memory: Memory associated with social interactions.

El Haj, Mohamad

Frontiers in psychology

2023 Volume 13, Page(s) 1061275

Abstract: Within the field of memory research, studies on destination memory (e.g., the ability to remember to whom information was previously told) show how it is closely associated with social cognition. The present review thus summarizes the literature on ... ...

Abstract	Within the field of memory research, studies on destination memory (e.g., the ability to remember to whom information was previously told) show how it is closely associated with social cognition. The present review thus summarizes the literature on destination memory and demonstrates how it involves social interaction. It offers a comprehensive picture of the many factors that may influence destination memory and distinguishes factors related to the recipient (e.g., familiarity, emotional states, and distinctiveness/attractiveness) and sender of information (e.g., the sender's extroversion) in social communications. It suggests that destination memory involves the ability of the sender to infer the cognitive/affective state of the recipient and to attribute the output message to a recipient-related stereotype. Extrovert senders may also easily remember the destination as they typically value social communication, public sharing and processing of social information. Destination memory also involves features such as familiarity, age, emotional state, distinctiveness, and attractiveness of the recipient. By offering a comprehensive framework of how destination memory functions in everyday life interactions, the present review shows how destination memory is intimately associated with communicative efficacy and social interactions.
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-02-20
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	2563826-9
ISSN	1664-1078
ISSN	1664-1078
DOI	10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1061275
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Article ; Online: ODor-evoked Autobiographical Memory in Alzheimer's disease?

El Haj, Mohamad

Archives of clinical neuropsychology : the official journal of the National Academy of Neuropsychologists

2022 Volume 37, Issue 2, Page(s) 513–520

Abstract: Objective: Because memory decline is the hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD), an important endeavor for both clinicians and researchers is to improve memory performances in AD. This can be pursued by olfactory stimulation of memory in patients with AD ... ...

Abstract	Objective: Because memory decline is the hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD), an important endeavor for both clinicians and researchers is to improve memory performances in AD. This can be pursued by olfactory stimulation of memory in patients with AD and by studying the effects of olfactory stimulation on autobiographical memory (i.e., memory for personal information). The effects of olfactory stimulation on autobiographical memory in patients with mild AD have been reported by recent research. We thus provide the first comprehensive overview of research on odor-evoked autobiographical memory in AD. We also establish the basis for solid theoretical analysis concerning the memory improvement reported by research on odor-evoked autobiographical memory in AD. Method: We examined literature on odor-evoked autobiographical memories in AD and propose the "OdAMA" (Odor-evoked Autobiographical Memory in Alzheimer's disease) model. Results and discussion: According to OdAMA model, odor exposure activates involuntary access to specific autobiographical memories, which promotes enhanced experience subjective of retrieval in patients with AD and improves their ability to construct not only recent and remote events but also future ones. The OdAMA model could serve as a guide for researchers and clinicians interested in odor-evoked autobiographical memory in AD.
MeSH term(s)	Alzheimer Disease/complications ; Humans ; Memory, Episodic ; Neuropsychological Tests ; Odorants ; Smell/physiology
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-02-25
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	632972-x
ISSN	1873-5843 ; 0887-6177
ISSN (online)	1873-5843
ISSN	0887-6177
DOI	10.1093/arclin/acab074
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Article ; Online: Eyes don't lie: Eye movements differ during covert and overt autobiographical recall.

Gautier, Joanna / El Haj, Mohamad

Cognition

2023 Volume 235, Page(s) 105416

Abstract: In everyday life, autobiographical memories are revisited silently (i.e., covert recall) or shared with others (i.e., overt recall), yet most research regarding eye movements and autobiographical recall has focused on overt recall. With that in mind, the ...

Abstract	In everyday life, autobiographical memories are revisited silently (i.e., covert recall) or shared with others (i.e., overt recall), yet most research regarding eye movements and autobiographical recall has focused on overt recall. With that in mind, the aim of the current study was to evaluate eye movements during the retrieval of autobiographical memories (with a focus on emotion), recollected during covert and overt recall. Forty-three participants recalled personal memories out loud and silently, while wearing eye-tracking glasses, and rated these memories in terms of mental imagery and emotional intensity. Analyses showed fewer and longer fixations, fewer and shorter saccades, and fewer blinks during covert recall compared with overt recall. Participants perceived more mental images and had a more intense emotional experience during covert recall. These results are discussed considering cognitive load theories and the various functions of autobiographical recall. We theorize that fewer and longer fixations during covert recall may be due to more intense mental imagery. This study enriches the field of research on eye movements and autobiographical memory by addressing how we retrieve memories silently, a common activity of everyday life. More broadly, our results contribute to building objective tools to measure autobiographical memory, alongside already existing subjective scales.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Eye Movements ; Saccades ; Emotions ; Mental Recall ; Memory, Episodic
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-02-21
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	1499940-7
ISSN	1873-7838 ; 0010-0277
ISSN (online)	1873-7838
ISSN	0010-0277
DOI	10.1016/j.cognition.2023.105416
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Article ; Online: "Do not take that medication": negative prospective memory in Korsakoff's syndrome.

El Haj, Mohamad / Questel, Frank / Moustafa, Ahmed A

Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology

2024

Abstract: Background: While prospective memory (i.e., the ability to execute a future plan) has been extensively researched, little is known about negative prospective memory (i.e., the ability to remember not to execute a future plan) in Korsakoff's syndrome (KS) ...

Abstract	Background: While prospective memory (i.e., the ability to execute a future plan) has been extensively researched, little is known about negative prospective memory (i.e., the ability to remember not to execute a future plan) in Korsakoff's syndrome (KS). We thus evaluated both prospective memory and negative prospective memory in KS, as well as the relationship between both types of prospective memory and inhibition. Methods: Patients with KS and control participants were invited to press a button on the keyboard (i.e., prospective memory) or not to press a button when a cue word (e.g., negative prospective memory) was encountered. Results: The analysis demonstrated that patients with KS had more prospective memory errors (i.e., forgetting to click the keyboard when the instruction was to do so) than control participants. The analysis also demonstrated that patients with KS had more negative prospective memory errors (i.e., clicking the keyboard when the instruction was not to do so) than control participants. Similar levels of commissions and omissions were observed in patients with KS than in control participants. Interestingly, prospective and negative prospective performances were significantly correlated with performance on an inhibition assessment task. Discussion: Our study demonstrates that KS is characterized by not only difficulty in remembering to execute a future intention but also by difficulty in remembering not to execute a future intention. A decline in negative prospective memory in KS can be associated with difficulty in inhibiting no longer appropriate previously learned intentions.
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-01-03
Publishing country	Italy
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2016546-8
ISSN	1590-3478 ; 1590-1874
ISSN (online)	1590-3478
ISSN	1590-1874
DOI	10.1007/s10072-023-07295-6
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Article ; Online: The fabricated past: intentionally fabricated autobiographical memories in Alzheimer's disease.

El Haj, Mohamad / Robin, Frédérique

Cognitive neuropsychiatry

2022 Volume 27, Issue 4, Page(s) 273–288

Abstract: Objective: We investigated intentionally fabricated autobiographical memories in Alzheimer's Disease (AD).: Method: We invited AD patients and control participants to construct real events as well as fabricated events describing fictitious personal ... ...

Abstract	Objective: We investigated intentionally fabricated autobiographical memories in Alzheimer's Disease (AD). Method: We invited AD patients and control participants to construct real events as well as fabricated events describing fictitious personal events that occurred in the past. Results: Results demonstrated slower retrieval time for intentionally fabricated memories than for real ones in both AD patients and control participants. The analysis also showed similar vividness for intentionally fabricated memories and real ones in AD patients but lower vividness for intentionally fabricated memories than for real ones in control participants. Conclusions: The slow retrieval time of intentionally fabricated memories may be attributed to the cognitive effort required to retrieve elements from autobiographical memory and edit them to construct a new memory. We suggest that the vividness of intentionally fabricated memories observed in AD may induce confusion with real memories. In addition to the experimental approach of our study, we offer a theoretical rationale for intentionally fabricated autobiographical memories by situating them in the wider context of different facets of false memories in AD (e.g. confabulations, source monitoring errors).
MeSH term(s)	Alzheimer Disease/psychology ; Humans ; Memory Disorders ; Memory, Episodic ; Mental Recall
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-02-07
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	1324282-9
ISSN	1464-0619 ; 1354-6805
ISSN (online)	1464-0619
ISSN	1354-6805
DOI	10.1080/13546805.2022.2036114
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Article ; Online: Reduced Contextual Information During Future Thinking in Alzheimer's Disease.

El Haj, Mohamad / Antoine, Pascal

Current Alzheimer research

2022 Volume 18, Issue 11, Page(s) 876–883

Abstract: Objective: This study assessed the ability of patients with Alzheimer's Disease (AD) to produce "when, where, and who" information during future thinking.: Methods: AD patients and control participants were invited to imagine future scenarios. Future ...

Abstract	Objective: This study assessed the ability of patients with Alzheimer's Disease (AD) to produce "when, where, and who" information during future thinking. Methods: AD patients and control participants were invited to imagine future scenarios. Future thinking was analyzed with respect to the number of "when, where, and who" details. Analysis showed fewer "when, where, and who" details in AD participants than in control participants. Fewer "when" than "where" details and fewer "where" than "who" details were observed in AD and control participants. Results: Production of temporal information in participants with AD was found to be associated with general cognitive functioning, as assessed with the Mini Mental State Exam. Future thinking in AD is mainly associated with reduced contextual information. Conclusion: The diminished ability to construct time-related details during future thinking in AD can be mainly associated with the diminished general cognitive ability in AD, and probably with hippocampal compromise in the disease. We also propose a socio-emotional account according to which, confronted with a limited-time perspective during future thinking, AD patients may tend to maximize their emotional well-being by avoiding time-related information and thinking about friends, family and beloved ones.
MeSH term(s)	Alzheimer Disease/psychology ; Cognition ; Emotions ; Humans ; Memory, Episodic ; Thinking
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-01-11
Publishing country	United Arab Emirates
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2205170-3
ISSN	1875-5828 ; 1567-2050
ISSN (online)	1875-5828
ISSN	1567-2050
DOI	10.2174/1567205019666211216101901
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