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  1. Article: Pediatric Malaria with Respiratory Distress: Prognostic Significance of Point-of-Care Lactate.

    Mitran, Catherine / Opoka, Robert O / Conroy, Andrea L / Namasopo, Sophie / Kain, Kevin C / Hawkes, Michael T

    Microorganisms

    2023  Volume 11, Issue 4

    Abstract: Respiratory distress (RD) in pediatric malaria portends a grave prognosis. Lactic acidosis is a biomarker of severe disease. We investigated whether lactate, measured at admission using a handheld device among children hospitalized with malaria and RD, ... ...

    Abstract Respiratory distress (RD) in pediatric malaria portends a grave prognosis. Lactic acidosis is a biomarker of severe disease. We investigated whether lactate, measured at admission using a handheld device among children hospitalized with malaria and RD, was predictive of subsequent mortality. We performed a pooled analysis of Ugandan children under five years of age hospitalized with malaria and RD from three past studies. In total, 1324 children with malaria and RD (median age 1.4 years, 46% female) from 21 health facilities were included. Median lactate level at admission was 4.6 mmol/L (IQR 2.6-8.5) and 586 patients (44%) had hyperlactatemia (lactate > 5 mmol/L). The mortality was 84/1324 (6.3%). In a mixed-effects Cox proportional hazard model adjusting for age, sex, clinical severity score (fixed effects), study, and site (random effects), hyperlactatemia was associated with a 3-fold increased hazard of death (aHR 3.0, 95%CI 1.8-5.3,
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-04-02
    Publishing country Switzerland
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2720891-6
    ISSN 2076-2607
    ISSN 2076-2607
    DOI 10.3390/microorganisms11040923
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  2. Article ; Online: sTREM-1: A Biomarker of Mortality in Severe Malaria Impacted by Acute Kidney Injury.

    Mufumba, Ivan / Kazinga, Caroline / Namazzi, Ruth / Opoka, Robert O / Batte, Anthony / Bond, Caitlin / John, Chandy C / Conroy, Andrea L

    The Journal of infectious diseases

    2024  Volume 229, Issue 4, Page(s) 936–946

    Abstract: Background: Malaria is an important cause of mortality in African children. Identification of biomarkers to identify children at risk of mortality has the potential to improve outcomes.: Methods: We evaluated 11 biomarkers of host response in 592 ... ...

    Abstract Background: Malaria is an important cause of mortality in African children. Identification of biomarkers to identify children at risk of mortality has the potential to improve outcomes.
    Methods: We evaluated 11 biomarkers of host response in 592 children with severe malaria. The primary outcome was biomarker performance for predicting mortality. Biomarkers were evaluated using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis comparing the area under the ROC curve (AUROC).
    Results: Mortality was 7.3% among children in the study with 72% of deaths occurring within 24 hours of admission. Among the candidate biomarkers, soluble triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 1 (sTREM-1) had the highest AUROC (0.78 [95% confidence interval, .70-.86]), outperforming several other biomarkers including C-reactive protein and procalcitonin. sTREM-1 was the top-performing biomarker across prespecified subgroups (malaria definition, site, sex, nutritional status, age). Using established cutoffs, we evaluated mortality across sTREM-1 risk zones. Among children with acute kidney injury, 39.9% of children with a critical-risk sTREM-1 result had an indication for dialysis. When evaluated relative to a disease severity score, sTREM-1 improved mortality prediction (difference in AUROC, P = .016).
    Conclusions: sTREM-1 is a promising biomarker to guide rational allocation of clinical resources and should be integrated into clinical decision support algorithms, particularly when acute kidney injury is suspected.
    MeSH term(s) Child ; Humans ; Triggering Receptor Expressed on Myeloid Cells-1 ; Biomarkers/analysis ; Malaria ; C-Reactive Protein ; Acute Kidney Injury
    Chemical Substances Triggering Receptor Expressed on Myeloid Cells-1 ; Biomarkers ; C-Reactive Protein (9007-41-4)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2024-04-17
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 3019-3
    ISSN 1537-6613 ; 0022-1899
    ISSN (online) 1537-6613
    ISSN 0022-1899
    DOI 10.1093/infdis/jiad561
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  3. Article ; Online: Obligations under global health partnerships in LMICs should be contractual.

    Olusanya, Bolajoko O / Opoka, Robert O

    The Lancet. Global health

    2017  Volume 5, Issue 9, Page(s) e869

    Language English
    Publishing date 2017-09
    Publishing country England
    Document type Letter
    ZDB-ID 2723488-5
    ISSN 2214-109X ; 2214-109X
    ISSN (online) 2214-109X
    ISSN 2214-109X
    DOI 10.1016/S2214-109X(17)30260-7
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  4. Article ; Online: Solar-powered O

    Conradi, Nicholas / Opoka, Robert O / Mian, Qaasim / Conroy, Andrea L / Hermann, Laura L / Charles, Olaro / Amone, Jackson / Nabwire, Juliet / Lee, Bonita E / Saleh, Abdullah / Mandhane, Piush / Namasopo, Sophie / Hawkes, Michael T

    Lancet (London, England)

    2024  Volume 403, Issue 10428, Page(s) 756–765

    Abstract: Background: Supplemental O: Methods: In this pragmatic, country-wide, stepped-wedge, cluster ... randomised controlled trial, solar-powered O: Findings: Between June 28, 2019, and Nov 30, 2021, 2409 ... with solar-powered O: Interpretation: This stepped-wedge, cluster randomised controlled trial shows the mortality ...

    Abstract Background: Supplemental O
    Methods: In this pragmatic, country-wide, stepped-wedge, cluster randomised controlled trial, solar-powered O
    Findings: Between June 28, 2019, and Nov 30, 2021, 2409 children were enrolled across 20 hospitals and, after exclusions, 2405 children were analysed. 964 children were enrolled before site randomisation and 1441 children were enrolled after site randomisation (intention to treat). There were 104 deaths, 91 of which occurred within 48 h of detection of hypoxaemia. The 48 h mortality was 49 (5·1%) of 964 children before randomisation and 42 (2·9%) of 1440 (one individual did not have vital status documented at 48 h) after randomisation (adjusted odds ratio 0·50, 95% CI 0·27-0·91, p=0·023). Results were sensitive to alternative parameterisations of the secular trend. There was a relative risk reduction of 48·7% (95% CI 8·5-71·5), and a number needed to treat with solar-powered O
    Interpretation: This stepped-wedge, cluster randomised controlled trial shows the mortality benefit of improving O
    Funding: Grand Challenges Canada and The Women and Children's Health Research Institute.
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Child ; Female ; Uganda/epidemiology ; Hypoxia/etiology ; Hypoxia/therapy ; Hospitalization ; Research Design ; Health Facilities
    Language English
    Publishing date 2024-02-14
    Publishing country England
    Document type Randomized Controlled Trial ; Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 3306-6
    ISSN 1474-547X ; 0023-7507 ; 0140-6736
    ISSN (online) 1474-547X
    ISSN 0023-7507 ; 0140-6736
    DOI 10.1016/S0140-6736(23)02502-3
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  5. Article ; Online: Biomarkers of Growth Faltering and Neurodevelopmental Delay in Children who are HIV-Exposed but Uninfected: A Systematic Review.

    Sirajee, Reshma / Brophy, Jason / Conroy, Andrea L / Namasopo, Sophie / Opoka, Robert O / Rai, Urvi / Forgie, Sarah / Salami, Bukola O / Hawkes, Michael T

    Current HIV research

    2023  Volume 21, Issue 3, Page(s) 172–184

    Abstract: Introduction: Children who are HIV-exposed but uninfected (CHEU) are at risk of linear growth faltering and neurodevelopmental delay. Circulating biomarkers associated with these adverse outcomes may elucidate pathways of injury.: Objective: To ... ...

    Abstract Introduction: Children who are HIV-exposed but uninfected (CHEU) are at risk of linear growth faltering and neurodevelopmental delay. Circulating biomarkers associated with these adverse outcomes may elucidate pathways of injury.
    Objective: To identify biomarkers associated with growth faltering and neurodevelopmental delay in CHEU.
    Methods: We performed a systematic review of electronic databases MEDLINE (1946-April 2021), EMBASE (1974-April 2021), Scopus (2004-April 2021), and PubMed (1985-April 2021), following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. The systematic review was registered on the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO, registration number CRD42021238363).
    Results: We found seven studies associating biomarker abnormalities and growth outcomes in CHEUs and two studies on biomarker abnormalities and neurodevelopmental delay. Biomarker abnormalities associated with growth restriction were: C-reactive protein (CRP), tumour necrosis factor (TNF), interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), interleukin (IL)-12p70, IFN-γ-induced protein-10 (CXCL10/IP-10), lipopolysaccharide binding protein (LBP), insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), and IGF-binding protein-1 (IGFBP-1). Biomarkers associated with motor, language, and cognitive delay were CRP, IFN-γ, IL-1β, -2, -4, -6, -10, -12p70, neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), and matrix metalloproteinase- 9 (MMP-9).
    Conclusion: Elevated markers of inflammation (acute phase reactants, pro-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines) and intestinal microbial translocation are associated with growth faltering. Elevated markers of inflammation are associated with adverse neurodevelopment.
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Child ; HIV Infections/complications ; Cytokines/metabolism ; Biomarkers ; C-Reactive Protein ; Inflammation ; Interferon-gamma
    Chemical Substances Cytokines ; Biomarkers ; C-Reactive Protein (9007-41-4) ; Interferon-gamma (82115-62-6)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-06-02
    Publishing country Netherlands
    Document type Systematic Review ; Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 2192348-6
    ISSN 1873-4251 ; 1570-162X
    ISSN (online) 1873-4251
    ISSN 1570-162X
    DOI 10.2174/1570162X21666230505152846
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  6. Article ; Online: Blood biomarkers of neuronal injury in paediatric cerebral malaria and severe malarial anaemia.

    Datta, Dibyadyuti / Gopinadhan, Adnan / Soto, Alejandro / Bangirana, Paul / Opoka, Robert O / Conroy, Andrea L / Saykin, Andrew J / Kawata, Keisuke / John, Chandy C

    Brain communications

    2023  Volume 5, Issue 6, Page(s) fcad323

    Abstract: Persistent neurodisability is a known complication in paediatric survivors of cerebral malaria and severe malarial anaemia. Tau, ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase-L1, neurofilament-light chain, and glial fibrillary acidic protein have proven utility as ... ...

    Abstract Persistent neurodisability is a known complication in paediatric survivors of cerebral malaria and severe malarial anaemia. Tau, ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase-L1, neurofilament-light chain, and glial fibrillary acidic protein have proven utility as biomarkers that predict adverse neurologic outcomes in adult and paediatric disorders. In paediatric severe malaria, elevated tau is associated with mortality and neurocognitive complications. We aimed to investigate whether a multi-analyte panel including ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase-L1, neurofilament-light chain, and glial fibrillary acidic protein can serve as biomarkers of brain injury associated with mortality and neurodisability in cerebral malaria and severe malarial anaemia. In a prospective cohort study of Ugandan children, 18 months to 12 years of age with cerebral malaria (
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-11-27
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ISSN 2632-1297
    ISSN (online) 2632-1297
    DOI 10.1093/braincomms/fcad323
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  7. Article ; Online: Circulating markers of neutrophil activation and lung injury in pediatric pneumonia in low-resource settings.

    Konrad, Emily R / Soo, Jeremy / Conroy, Andrea L / Namasopo, Sophie / Opoka, Robert O / Hawkes, Michael T

    Pathogens and global health

    2022  Volume 117, Issue 8, Page(s) 708–716

    Abstract: Diagnostic biomarkers for childhood pneumonia could guide management and improve antibiotic stewardship in low-resource settings where chest x-ray (CXR) is not always available. In this cross-sectional study, we measured chitinase 3-like protein 1 ( ... ...

    Abstract Diagnostic biomarkers for childhood pneumonia could guide management and improve antibiotic stewardship in low-resource settings where chest x-ray (CXR) is not always available. In this cross-sectional study, we measured chitinase 3-like protein 1 (CHI3L1), surfactant protein D (SP-D), lipocalin-2 (LCN2), and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-1 (TIMP-1) in Ugandan children under the age of five hospitalized with acute lower respiratory tract infection. We determined the association between biomarker levels and primary end-point pneumonia, indicated by CXR consolidation. We included 89 children (median age 11 months, 39% female). Primary endpoint pneumonia was present in 22 (25%). Clinical signs were similar in children with and without CXR consolidation. Broad-spectrum antibiotics (ceftriaxone) were administered in 83 (93%). Levels of CHI3L1, SP-D, LCN2 and TIMP-1 were higher in patients with primary end-point pneumonia compared to patients with normal CXR or other infiltrates. All markers were moderately accurate predictors of primary end-point pneumonia, with area under receiver operator characteristic curves of 0.66-0.70 (
    MeSH term(s) Child ; Humans ; Female ; Infant ; Male ; Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-1 ; Lung Injury ; Neutrophil Activation ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Pulmonary Surfactant-Associated Protein D ; Pneumonia/diagnosis ; Pneumonia/drug therapy ; Biomarkers ; Anti-Bacterial Agents ; Lung
    Chemical Substances Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-1 ; Pulmonary Surfactant-Associated Protein D ; Biomarkers ; Anti-Bacterial Agents
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-12-22
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2625162-0
    ISSN 2047-7732 ; 2047-7724
    ISSN (online) 2047-7732
    ISSN 2047-7724
    DOI 10.1080/20477724.2022.2160885
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  8. Article ; Online: Perceptions of orthopaedic medicine students and their supervisors about practice-based learning: an exploratory qualitative study.

    Nsubuga, Muhamed / Opoka, Robert O / Galukande, Moses / Munabi, Ian G / Mubuuke, Aloysius G / Kiguli, Sarah

    BMC medical education

    2022  Volume 22, Issue 1, Page(s) 705

    Abstract: Background: Practice-based learning is crucial in forming appropriate strategies for improving learning among the medical students that support the country's understaffed health sector. Unsatisfactory learning consequently results in poor performance of ...

    Abstract Background: Practice-based learning is crucial in forming appropriate strategies for improving learning among the medical students that support the country's understaffed health sector. Unsatisfactory learning consequently results in poor performance of students and poor quality of health care workforce in the long run. Exploring the perceptions about the current practice-based learning system and how to improve is thus vital. This study set out to explore the perceptions of Orthopaedic medicine students and their supervisors about practice-based learning at a tertiary training hospital.
    Methods: This was an exploratory phenomenological qualitative study that involved in-depth interviews among 10 Orthopedic students during their rotation in the emergency ward of Mulago hospital and 6 of their supervisors. Interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed, and then imported into Atlas ti 8.3 for analysis. The data were coded and grouped into themes relating to perceptions of practice-based learning, general inductive analysis was used. The general inductive approach involved condensing the raw textual data into a brief and summary format. The summarized format was then analyzed to establish clear links between the perceptions of practice-based learning and the summary findings derived from the raw data.
    Results: The mean age of the students was 23 ± 1.5 years. Four out of the six supervisors were Orthopaedic officers while the remaining two were principal Orthopaedic officers, four out of the six had a university degree while the other two were diploma holders. The main themes arising were hands-on skills, an unconducive learning environment, the best form of learning, and having an undefined training structure. Particularly, the perceptions included the presence of too many students on the wards during the rotation, frequent stock-outs of supplies for learning, and supervisors being overwhelmed caring for a large number of patients.
    Conclusion: Barriers to satisfactory practice-based learning were overcrowding on the wards and insufficient training materials. To improve practice-based learning, adequate learning materials are required and the number of students enrolled needs to be appropriate for the student - supervisor ratio.
    MeSH term(s) Adult ; Humans ; Learning ; Orthopedics ; Qualitative Research ; Students, Medical ; Young Adult
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-10-05
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2044473-4
    ISSN 1472-6920 ; 1472-6920
    ISSN (online) 1472-6920
    ISSN 1472-6920
    DOI 10.1186/s12909-022-03771-3
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  9. Article ; Online: Cost-Effectiveness of Hydroxyurea for Sickle Cell Anemia in a Low-Income African Setting: A Model-Based Evaluation of Two Dosing Regimens.

    Teigen, David / Opoka, Robert O / Kasirye, Phillip / Nabaggala, Catherine / Hume, Heather A / Blomberg, Bjørn / John, Chandy C / Ware, Russell E / Robberstad, Bjarne

    PharmacoEconomics

    2023  Volume 41, Issue 12, Page(s) 1603–1615

    Abstract: Background and objective: The disease burden of sickle cell anemia (SCA) in sub-Saharan African (SSA) countries is substantial, with many children dying without an established diagnosis or proper treatment. The global burden of SCA is increasing each ... ...

    Abstract Background and objective: The disease burden of sickle cell anemia (SCA) in sub-Saharan African (SSA) countries is substantial, with many children dying without an established diagnosis or proper treatment. The global burden of SCA is increasing each year, making therapeutic intervention a high priority. Hydroxyurea is the only disease-modifying therapy with proven feasibility and efficacy suitable for SSA; however, no one has quantified the health economic implications of its use. Therefore, from the perspective of the health care provider, we estimated the incremental cost-effectiveness of hydroxyurea as a fixed-dose regimen or maximum tolerated dose (MTD) regimen, versus SCA care without hydroxyurea.
    Methods: We estimated the cost of providing outpatient treatment at a pediatric sickle cell clinic in Kampala, Uganda. These estimates were used in a discrete-event simulation model to project mean costs (2021 US$), disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), and consumption of blood products per patient (450 mL units), for patients between 9 months and 18 years of age. We calculated cost-effectiveness as the ratio of incremental costs over incremental DALYs averted, discounted at 3% annually. To test the robustness of our findings, and the impact of uncertainty, we conducted probabilistic and one-way sensitivity analyses, scenario analysis, and price threshold analyses.
    Results: Hydroxyurea treatment averted an expected 1.37 DALYs and saved US$ 191 per patient if administered at the MTD, compared with SCA care without hydroxyurea. In comparison, hydroxyurea at a fixed dose averted 0.80 DALYs per patient at an incremental cost of US$ 2. The MTD strategy saved 11.2 (95% CI 11.1-11.4) units of blood per patient, compared with 9.1 (95% CI 9.0-9.2) units of blood per patient at the fixed-dose alternative.
    Conclusions: Hydroxyurea at MTD is likely to improve quality of life and reduce the consumption of blood products for children with SCA living in Uganda. Compared with a fixed dose regimen, treatment dosing at MTD is likely to be a cost-effective treatment for SCA, using realistic ranges of hydroxyurea costs that are relevant across SSA. Compared with no use of the drug, hydroxyurea could lead to substantial net savings per patient, while reducing the disease morbidity and mortality and increasing quality of life.
    MeSH term(s) Child ; Humans ; Hydroxyurea/therapeutic use ; Cost-Benefit Analysis ; Quality of Life ; Uganda ; Anemia, Sickle Cell/drug therapy
    Chemical Substances Hydroxyurea (X6Q56QN5QC)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-07-18
    Publishing country New Zealand
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 1100273-6
    ISSN 1179-2027 ; 1170-7690
    ISSN (online) 1179-2027
    ISSN 1170-7690
    DOI 10.1007/s40273-023-01294-3
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  10. Article: Neurocognitive Impairment in Ugandan Children with Sickle Cell Anemia Compared to Sibling Controls: A cross-sectional study.

    Bangirana, Paul / Boehme, Amelia K / Birabwa, Annet / Opoka, Robert O / Munube, Deogratias / Mupere, Ezekiel / Kasirye, Phillip / Muwanguzi, Grace / Musiimenta, Maxencia / Ru, George / Green, Nancy S / Idro, Richard

    medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences

    2024  

    Abstract: Introduction: Neurocognitive function in Ugandan children aged 1-12 years with sickle cell anemia (SCA) were compared to their non-SCA siblings to identify risk factors for disease-associated impairment.: Methods: This cross-sectional neurocognitive ... ...

    Abstract Introduction: Neurocognitive function in Ugandan children aged 1-12 years with sickle cell anemia (SCA) were compared to their non-SCA siblings to identify risk factors for disease-associated impairment.
    Methods: This cross-sectional neurocognitive function study of children with SCA (N=242) and non-SCA siblings (N=127) used age- and linguistically-appropriate standardized tests of cognition, executive function and attention for children ages 1-4 and 5-12 years. Test scores were converted to locally derived age-normalized z-scores. The SCA group underwent standardized stroke examination for prior stroke and transcranial doppler ultrasound (TCD) to determine stroke risk by arterial flow velocity.
    Results: The SCA group was younger than siblings (mean ages 5.46±3.0 versus 7.11±3.51 years, respectively; p <.001), with lower hemoglobin concentration (7.32±1.02 vs. 12.06±1.42, p <.001). Overall cognitive SCA z-scores were lower: -0.73 ±0.98 vs. siblings -0.25 ±1.12 (p<.001), with comparable findings for executive function of -1.09±0.94 versus -0.84±1.26 (p=0.045), respectively. Attention z-scores for ages 5-12 for the SCA group and controls were similar: -0.37±1.4 vs. -0.11±0.17 (p=.09). Overall differences by SCA status were largely driven by the older age group, as z-scores in the younger sub-sample did not differ from controls. Analyses revealed the strongest predictors of poor neurocognitive outcomes among the SCA sample to be the disease, age and prior stroke (each p<.001). Impact from anemia and SCA were indistinguishable.
    Discussion: Neurocognitive testing in children with SCA compared to non-SCA siblings revealed poorer SCA-associated functioning in children older than age 4. Results indicate need for trials assessing impact from disease modification for children with SCA.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2024-01-29
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Preprint
    DOI 10.1101/2023.11.09.23298329
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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