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Article: Hit parade: the future of the sports concussion crisis.

Nowinski, Chris

Cerebrum : the Dana forum on brain science

2013 Volume 2013, Page(s) 2

Abstract: While concussions have long been linked to brain and central nervous system issues, a new study suggests that repeated hits to the head-mild or otherwise-can lead to memory loss, depression, and dementia. This postmortem brain study, conducted at the ... ...

Abstract	While concussions have long been linked to brain and central nervous system issues, a new study suggests that repeated hits to the head-mild or otherwise-can lead to memory loss, depression, and dementia. This postmortem brain study, conducted at the Boston University Center for the Study of Traumatic Encephalopathy, provides new and troubling evidence about chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE), a long-term degenerative and incurable brain disease. Although military personnel and others are vulnerable to the disease, the highest risk is among athletes involved in contact sports in which hits to the head are considered "part of the game."
Language	English
Publishing date	2013-02-01
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2251230-5
ISSN	1524-6205
ISSN	1524-6205
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Article ; Online: Relationship Between Level of American Football Playing and Diagnosis of Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy in a Selection Bias Analysis.

LeClair, Jessica / Weuve, Jennifer / Fox, Matthew P / Mez, Jesse / Alosco, Michael L / Nowinski, Chris / McKee, Ann / Tripodis, Yorghos

American journal of epidemiology

2022 Volume 191, Issue 8, Page(s) 1429–1443

Abstract: Chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) is a neurodegenerative disease associated with exposure to repetitive head impacts such as those from American football. Our understanding of this association is based on research in autopsied brains, since CTE can ... ...

Abstract	Chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) is a neurodegenerative disease associated with exposure to repetitive head impacts such as those from American football. Our understanding of this association is based on research in autopsied brains, since CTE can only be diagnosed postmortem. Such studies are susceptible to selection bias, which needs to be accounted for to ensure a generalizable estimate of the association between repetitive head impacts and CTE. We evaluated the relationship between level of American football playing and CTE diagnosis after adjusting for selection bias. The sample included 290 deceased male former American football players who donated their brains to the Veterans Affairs-Boston University-Concussion Legacy Foundation (VA-BU-CLF) Brain Bank between 2008 and 2019. After adjustment for selection bias, college-level and professional football players had 2.38 (95% simulation interval (SI): 1.16, 5.94) and 2.47 (95% SI: 1.46, 4.79) times the risk of being diagnosed with CTE as high-school-level players, respectively; these estimates are larger than estimates with no selection bias adjustment. Since CTE is currently diagnosed only postmortem, we additionally provide plausible scenarios for CTE risk ratios for each level of play during the former players' lifetime. This study provides further evidence to support a dose-response relationship between American football playing and CTE.
MeSH term(s)	Brain ; Brain Concussion ; Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy/diagnosis ; Football ; Humans ; Male ; Neurodegenerative Diseases
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-04-14
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
ZDB-ID	2937-3
ISSN	1476-6256 ; 0002-9262
ISSN (online)	1476-6256
ISSN	0002-9262
DOI	10.1093/aje/kwac075
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Article: Evolutionary and immune microenvironment dynamics during neoadjuvant treatment of oesophagael adenocarcinoma.

Barroux, Melissa / Househam, Jacob / Lakatos, Eszter / Ronel, Tahel / Baker, Ann-Marie / Salié, Henrike / Mossner, Max / Smith, Kane / Kimberley, Chris / Nowinski, Salpie / Berner, Alison / Gunasri, Vinaya / Jansen, Mamix / Caravagna, Giulio / Steiger, Katja / Slotta-Huspenina, Julia / Weichert, Wilko / Alberstmeier, Markus / Chain, Benny /

Friess, Helmut / Bengsch, Bertram / Schmid, Roland / Siveke, Jens / Quante, Michael / Graham, Trevor

Research square

2023

Abstract: Locally advanced oesophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) remains difficult to treat because of common resistance to neoadjuvant therapy and high recurrence rates. The ecological and evolutionary dynamics responsible for treatment failure are incompletely ... ...

Abstract	Locally advanced oesophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) remains difficult to treat because of common resistance to neoadjuvant therapy and high recurrence rates. The ecological and evolutionary dynamics responsible for treatment failure are incompletely understood. Here, we performed a comprehensive multi-omic analysis of samples collected from EAC patients in the MEMORI clinical trial, revealing major changes in gene expression profiles and immune microenvironment composition that did not appear to be driven by changes in clonal composition. Multi-region multi-timepoint whole exome (300x depth) and paired transcriptome sequencing was performed on 27 patients pre-, during and after neoadjuvant treatment. EAC showed major transcriptomic changes during treatment with upregulation of immune and stromal pathways and oncogenic pathways such as KRAS, Hedgehog and WNT. However, genetic data revealed that clonal sweeps were rare, suggesting that gene expression changes were not clonally driven. Additional longitudinal image mass cytometry was performed in a subset of 15 patients and T-cell receptor sequencing in 10 patients, revealing remodelling of the T-cell compartment during treatment and other shifts in microenvironment composition. The presence of immune escape mechanisms and a lack of clonal T-cell expansions were linked to poor clinical treatment response. This study identifies profound transcriptional changes during treatment with limited evidence that clonal replacement is the cause, suggesting phenotypic plasticity and immune dynamics as mechanisms for therapy resistance with pharmacological relevance.
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-04-13
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Preprint
DOI	10.21203/rs.3.rs-2738048/v1
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Article ; Online: American Football Play and Parkinson Disease Among Men.

JAMA network open

2023 Volume 6, Issue 8, Page(s) e2328644

Abstract: Importance: Parkinsonism and Parkinson disease (PD) are known to result from repetitive head impacts from boxing. Repetitive head impacts from American football may also be associated with increased risk of neurodegenerative pathologies that cause ... ...

Abstract	Importance: Parkinsonism and Parkinson disease (PD) are known to result from repetitive head impacts from boxing. Repetitive head impacts from American football may also be associated with increased risk of neurodegenerative pathologies that cause parkinsonism, yet in vivo research on the association between football play and PD is scarce and limited by small samples and equivocal findings. Objective: To evaluate the association between football participation and self-reported parkinsonism or PD diagnosis. Design, setting, and participants: This cross-sectional study leveraged data from the online Fox Insight study. Participants completed online questionnaires and self-reported whether they currently had a diagnosis of Parkinson disease or parkinsonism by a physician or other health care professional. In November 2020, the Boston University Head Impact Exposure Assessment was launched for data collection on repetitive head impacts. Data used for this manuscript were obtained from the Fox Insight database on June 9, 2022. A total of 1875 men who endorsed playing any organized sport were included. Former athletes were divided into those who participated in football (n = 729 [38.9%]) and those who participated in other sports (reference group). Exposures: Self-reported participation in football, duration and level of football play, age at first exposure. Main outcomes and measures: Logistic regression tested associations between PD status and history of football play, duration of football play, highest level played, and age at first exposure, controlling for age, education, history of diabetes or heart disease, body mass index, history of traumatic brain injury with loss of consciousness, and family history of PD. Results: In this sample of 1875 men (mean [SD] age, 67.69 [9.84] years) enriched for parkinsonism or PD (n = 1602 [85.4%]), 729 (38.9%) played football (mean [SD] duration, 4.35 [2.91] years). History of playing football was associated with higher odds of having a parkinsonism or PD diagnosis (odds ratio [OR], 1.61; 95% CI, 1.19-2.17). Among the entire sample, longer duration of play was associated with higher odds of having a parkinsonism or PD diagnosis (OR, 1.12; 95% CI, 1.06-1.19). Among football players, longer duration of football play (OR, 1.12; 95% CI, 1.02-1.23) and higher level of play (OR, 2.93; 95% CI, 1.28-6.73) were associated with higher odds of having parkinsonism or PD. Conclusions and relevance: In this cross-sectional study of participants enriched for PD, participation in football was associated with higher odds of having a reported parkinsonism or PD diagnosis.
MeSH term(s)	Male ; Humans ; Aged ; Football/injuries ; Parkinson Disease/epidemiology ; Parkinson Disease/etiology ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Universities
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-08-01
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	2574-3805
ISSN (online)	2574-3805
DOI	10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.28644
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Article ; Online: Gene transcription, metabolite and lipid profiling in eco-indicator daphnia magna indicate diverse mechanisms of toxicity by legacy and emerging flame-retardants.

Scanlan, Leona D / Loguinov, Alexandre V / Teng, Quincy / Antczak, Philipp / Dailey, Kathleen P / Nowinski, Daniel T / Kornbluh, Jonah / Lin, Xin Xin / Lachenauer, Erica / Arai, Audrey / Douglas, Nora K / Falciani, Francesco / Stapleton, Heather M / Vulpe, Chris D

Environmental science & technology

2015 Volume 49, Issue 12, Page(s) 7400–7410

Abstract: The use of chemical flame-retardants (FR) in consumer products has steadily increased over the last 30 years. Toxicity data exist for legacy FRs such as pentabromodiphenyl ether (pentaBDE), but less is known about effects of new formulations. To address ... ...

Abstract	The use of chemical flame-retardants (FR) in consumer products has steadily increased over the last 30 years. Toxicity data exist for legacy FRs such as pentabromodiphenyl ether (pentaBDE), but less is known about effects of new formulations. To address this issue, the toxicity of seven FR chemicals and formulations was assessed on the freshwater crustacean Daphnia magna. Acute 48-h nominal LC50 values for penta- and octabromodiphenyl ether (pentaBDE, octaBDE), Firemaster 550 (FM550), Firemaster BZ-54 (BZ54), bis(2-ethylhexyl) tetrabromophthalate (BEH-TEBP), triphenyl phosphate (TPhP), and nonbrominated BEH-TEBP analog bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (BEHP) ranged from 0.058 mg/L (pentaBDE) to 3.96 mg/L (octaBDE). mRNA expression, (1)H NMR-based metabolomic and lipidomic profiling at 1/10 LC50 revealed distinct patterns of molecular response for each exposure, suggesting pentaPBDE affects transcription and translation, octaBDE and BEH-TEBP affect glycosphingolipid biosynthesis and BZ54 affects Wnt and Hedgehog signal pathways as well as glycosaminoglycan degradation. Brominated components of FM550 (i.e., BZ54) were significantly higher in Daphnia after 48 h following 1/10 LC50 exposure. FM550 elicited significant mRNA changes at five concentrations across a range from 1/10(6) LC50 to 1/2 LC50. Analyses suggest FM550 impairs nutrient utilization or uptake in Daphnia.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Biomarkers/metabolism ; Cluster Analysis ; Daphnia/drug effects ; Daphnia/genetics ; Daphnia/metabolism ; Environmental Exposure/analysis ; Flame Retardants/toxicity ; Gene Expression Profiling ; Lipid Metabolism/drug effects ; Lipid Metabolism/genetics ; Metabolome/drug effects ; Metabolome/genetics ; Metabolomics ; Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy ; RNA, Messenger/genetics ; RNA, Messenger/metabolism ; Transcription, Genetic/drug effects
Chemical Substances	Biomarkers ; Flame Retardants ; RNA, Messenger
Language	English
Publishing date	2015-06-16
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
ISSN	1520-5851
ISSN (online)	1520-5851
DOI	10.1021/acs.est.5b00977
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Article ; Online: Microbial metagenomes and metatranscriptomes during a coastal phytoplankton bloom.

Nowinski, Brent / Smith, Christa B / Thomas, Courtney M / Esson, Kaitlin / Marin, Roman / Preston, Christina M / Birch, James M / Scholin, Christopher A / Huntemann, Marcel / Clum, Alicia / Foster, Brian / Foster, Bryce / Roux, Simon / Palaniappan, Krishnaveni / Varghese, Neha / Mukherjee, Supratim / Reddy, T B K / Daum, Chris / Copeland, Alex /

Chen, I-Min A / Ivanova, Natalia N / Kyrpides, Nikos C / Glavina Del Rio, Tijana / Whitman, William B / Kiene, Ronald P / Eloe-Fadrosh, Emiley A / Moran, Mary Ann

Scientific data

2019 Volume 6, Issue 1, Page(s) 129

Abstract: Metagenomic and metatranscriptomic time-series data covering a 52-day period in the fall of 2016 provide an inventory of bacterial and archaeal community genes, transcripts, and taxonomy during an intense dinoflagellate bloom in Monterey Bay, CA, USA. ... ...

Abstract	Metagenomic and metatranscriptomic time-series data covering a 52-day period in the fall of 2016 provide an inventory of bacterial and archaeal community genes, transcripts, and taxonomy during an intense dinoflagellate bloom in Monterey Bay, CA, USA. The dataset comprises 84 metagenomes (0.8 terabases), 82 metatranscriptomes (1.1 terabases), and 88 16S rRNA amplicon libraries from samples collected on 41 dates. The dataset also includes 88 18S rRNA amplicon libraries, characterizing the taxonomy of the eukaryotic community during the bloom. Accompanying the sequence data are chemical and biological measurements associated with each sample. These datasets will facilitate studies of the structure and function of marine bacterial communities during episodic phytoplankton blooms.
MeSH term(s)	Archaea/classification ; Bacteria/classification ; California ; Dinoflagellida/growth & development ; Eutrophication ; Metagenome ; Phytoplankton/growth & development ; Transcriptome
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-07-22
Publishing country	England
Document type	Dataset ; Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
ZDB-ID	2775191-0
ISSN	2052-4463 ; 2052-4463
ISSN (online)	2052-4463
ISSN	2052-4463
DOI	10.1038/s41597-019-0132-4
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Article ; Online: Imaging of Glial Cell Activation and White Matter Integrity in Brains of Active and Recently Retired National Football League Players.

Coughlin, Jennifer M / Wang, Yuchuan / Minn, Il / Bienko, Nicholas / Ambinder, Emily B / Xu, Xin / Peters, Matthew E / Dougherty, John W / Vranesic, Melin / Koo, Soo Min / Ahn, Hye-Hyun / Lee, Merton / Cottrell, Chris / Sair, Haris I / Sawa, Akira / Munro, Cynthia A / Nowinski, Christopher J / Dannals, Robert F / Lyketsos, Constantine G /

Kassiou, Michael / Smith, Gwenn / Caffo, Brian / Mori, Susumu / Guilarte, Tomas R / Pomper, Martin G

JAMA neurology

2017 Volume 74, Issue 1, Page(s) 67–74

Abstract: Importance: Microglia, the resident immune cells of the central nervous system, play an important role in the brain's response to injury and neurodegenerative processes. It has been proposed that prolonged microglial activation occurs after single and ... ...

Abstract	Importance: Microglia, the resident immune cells of the central nervous system, play an important role in the brain's response to injury and neurodegenerative processes. It has been proposed that prolonged microglial activation occurs after single and repeated traumatic brain injury, possibly through sports-related concussive and subconcussive injuries. Limited in vivo brain imaging studies months to years after individuals experience a single moderate to severe traumatic brain injury suggest widespread persistent microglial activation, but there has been little study of persistent glial cell activity in brains of athletes with sports-related traumatic brain injury. Objective: To measure translocator protein 18 kDa (TSPO), a marker of activated glial cell response, in a cohort of National Football League (NFL) players and control participants, and to report measures of white matter integrity. Design, setting, and participants: This cross-sectional, case-control study included young active (n = 4) or former (n = 10) NFL players recruited from across the United States, and 16 age-, sex-, highest educational level-, and body mass index-matched control participants. This study was conducted at an academic research institution in Baltimore, Maryland, from January 29, 2015, to February 18, 2016. Main outcomes and measures: Positron emission tomography-based regional measures of TSPO using [11C]DPA-713, diffusion tensor imaging measures of regional white matter integrity, regional volumes on structural magnetic resonance imaging, and neuropsychological performance. Results: The mean (SD) ages of the 14 NFL participants and 16 control participants were 31.3 (6.1) years and 27.6 (4.9) years, respectively. Players reported a mean (SD) of 7.0 (6.4) years (range, 1-21 years) since the last self-reported concussion. Using [11C]DPA-713 positron emission tomographic data from 12 active or former NFL players and 11 matched control participants, the NFL players showed higher total distribution volume in 8 of the 12 brain regions examined (P < .004). We also observed limited change in white matter fractional anisotropy and mean diffusivity in 13 players compared with 15 control participants. In contrast, these young players did not differ from control participants in regional brain volumes or in neuropsychological performance. Conclusions and relevance: The results suggest that localized brain injury and repair, indicated by higher TSPO signal and white matter changes, may be associated with NFL play. Further study is needed to confirm these findings and to determine whether TSPO signal and white matter changes in young NFL athletes are related to later onset of neuropsychiatric symptoms.
MeSH term(s)	Acetamides/pharmacokinetics ; Adult ; Athletes ; Brain Concussion/complications ; Brain Concussion/diagnostic imaging ; Brain Concussion/etiology ; Carbon Radioisotopes/pharmacokinetics ; Case-Control Studies ; Cohort Studies ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Football/injuries ; Humans ; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Male ; Neuropsychological Tests ; Positron-Emission Tomography ; Pyrazoles/pharmacokinetics ; Pyrimidines/pharmacokinetics ; Receptors, GABA/metabolism ; Retirement ; United States ; White Matter/diagnostic imaging ; White Matter/drug effects ; White Matter/metabolism ; Young Adult
Chemical Substances	Acetamides ; Carbon Radioisotopes ; N,N-diethyl-2-(2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-5,7-dimethyl-pyrazolo(1,5-a)pyrimidin-3-yl)-acetamide ; Pyrazoles ; Pyrimidines ; Receptors, GABA ; TSPO protein, human
Language	English
Publishing date	2017-01-02
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2702023-X
ISSN	2168-6157 ; 2168-6149
ISSN (online)	2168-6157
ISSN	2168-6149
DOI	10.1001/jamaneurol.2016.3764
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Article ; Online: Microbial metagenomes and metatranscriptomes during a coastal phytoplankton bloom

Brent Nowinski / Christa B. Smith / Courtney M. Thomas / Kaitlin Esson / Roman Marin / Christina M. Preston / James M. Birch / Christopher A. Scholin / Marcel Huntemann / Alicia Clum / Brian Foster / Bryce Foster / Simon Roux / Krishnaveni Palaniappan / Neha Varghese / Supratim Mukherjee / T. B. K. Reddy / Chris Daum / Alex Copeland /

I.-Min A. Chen / Natalia N. Ivanova / Nikos C. Kyrpides / Tijana Glavina del Rio / William B. Whitman / Ronald P. Kiene / Emiley A. Eloe-Fadrosh / Mary Ann Moran

Scientific Data, Vol 6, Iss 1, Pp 1-

2019 Volume 7

Abstract: Design Type(s)transcription profiling design • sequence assembly objective • biodiversity assessment objectiveMeasurement Type(s)transcription profiling assay • marine metagenome • microbial communityTechnology Type(s)RNA sequencing • DNA sequencing • ... ...

Abstract	Design Type(s)transcription profiling design • sequence assembly objective • biodiversity assessment objectiveMeasurement Type(s)transcription profiling assay • marine metagenome • microbial communityTechnology Type(s)RNA sequencing • DNA sequencing • amplicon sequencingFactor Type(s)assay protocol • temporal_instantSample Characteristic(s)marine metagenome • Monterey Bay • ocean biome Machine-accessible metadata file describing the reported data (ISA-Tab format)
Keywords	Science ; Q
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-07-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Nature Publishing Group
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article: Gene Transcription, Metabolite and Lipid Profiling in Eco-Indicator Daphnia magna Indicate Diverse Mechanisms of Toxicity by Legacy and Emerging Flame-Retardants

Scanlan, LeonaD / Loguinov, Alexandre V / Teng, Quincy / Antczak, Philipp / Dailey, KathleenP / Nowinski, Daniel T / Kornbluh, Jonah / Lin, Xin Xin / Lachenauer, Erica / Arai, Audrey / Douglas, Nora K / Falciani, Francesco / Stapleton, Heather M / Vulpe, Chris D

Environmental Science & Technology. 2015 June 16, v. 49, no. 12

2015

Abstract	The use of chemical flame-retardants (FR) in consumer products has steadily increased over the last 30 years. Toxicity data exist for legacy FRs such as pentabromodiphenyl ether (pentaBDE), but less is known about effects of new formulations. To address this issue, the toxicity of seven FR chemicals and formulations was assessed on the freshwater crustacean Daphnia magna. Acute 48-h nominal LC50 values for penta- and octabromodiphenyl ether (pentaBDE, octaBDE), Firemaster 550 (FM550), Firemaster BZ-54 (BZ54), bis(2-ethylhexyl) tetrabromophthalate (BEH-TEBP), triphenyl phosphate (TPhP), and nonbrominated BEH-TEBP analog bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (BEHP) ranged from 0.058 mg/L (pentaBDE) to 3.96 mg/L (octaBDE). mRNA expression, 1H NMR-based metabolomic and lipidomic profiling at 1/10 LC50 revealed distinct patterns of molecular response for each exposure, suggesting pentaPBDE affects transcription and translation, octaBDE and BEH-TEBP affect glycosphingolipid biosynthesis and BZ54 affects Wnt and Hedgehog signal pathways as well as glycosaminoglycan degradation. Brominated components of FM550 (i.e., BZ54) were significantly higher in Daphnia after 48 h following 1/10 LC50 exposure. FM550 elicited significant mRNA changes at five concentrations across a range from 1/106 LC50 to 1/2 LC50. Analyses suggest FM550 impairs nutrient utilization or uptake in Daphnia.
Keywords	Daphnia magna ; biosynthesis ; flame retardants ; freshwater crustaceans ; gene expression ; glycosaminoglycans ; lethal concentration 50 ; lipid composition ; messenger RNA ; metabolites ; metabolomics ; nutrient utilization ; phosphates ; phthalates ; signal transduction ; toxicity ; transcription (genetics) ; translation (genetics)
Language	English
Dates of publication	2015-0616
Size	p. 7400-7410.
Publishing place	American Chemical Society
Document type	Article
ISSN	1520-5851
DOI	10.1021%2Facs.est.5b00977
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Article ; Online: Silver nanowire exposure results in internalization and toxicity to Daphnia magna.

Scanlan, Leona D / Reed, Robert B / Loguinov, Alexandre V / Antczak, Philipp / Tagmount, Abderrahmane / Aloni, Shaul / Nowinski, Daniel Thomas / Luong, Pauline / Tran, Christine / Karunaratne, Nadeeka / Pham, Don / Lin, Xin Xin / Falciani, Francesco / Higgins, Christopher P / Ranville, James F / Vulpe, Chris D / Gilbert, Benjamin

ACS nano

2013 Volume 7, Issue 12, Page(s) 10681–10694

Abstract: Nanowires (NWs), high-aspect-ratio nanomaterials, are increasingly used in technological materials and consumer products and may have toxicological characteristics distinct from nanoparticles. We carried out a comprehensive evaluation of the ... ...

Abstract	Nanowires (NWs), high-aspect-ratio nanomaterials, are increasingly used in technological materials and consumer products and may have toxicological characteristics distinct from nanoparticles. We carried out a comprehensive evaluation of the physicochemical stability of four silver nanowires (AgNWs) of two sizes and coatings and their toxicity to Daphnia magna . Inorganic aluminum-doped silica coatings were less effective than organic poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) coatings at preventing silver oxidation or Ag(+) release and underwent a significant morphological transformation within 1 h following addition to low ionic strength Daphnia growth media. All AgNWs were highly toxic to D. magna but less toxic than ionic silver. Toxicity varied as a function of AgNW dimension, coating, and solution chemistry. Ag(+) release in the media could not account for observed AgNW toxicity. Single-particle inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry distinguished and quantified dissolved and nanoparticulate silver in microliter-scale volumes of Daphnia magna hemolymph with a limit of detection of approximately 10 ppb. The silver levels within the hemolymph of Daphnia exposed to both Ag(+) and AgNW met or exceeded the initial concentration in the growth medium, indicating effective accumulation during filter feeding. Silver-rich particles were the predominant form of silver in hemolymph following exposure to both AgNWs and Ag(+). Scanning electron microscopy imaging of dried hemolymph found both AgNWs and silver precipitates that were not present in the AgNW stock or the growth medium. Both organic and inorganic coatings on the AgNW were transformed during ingestion or absorption. Pathway, gene ontology, and clustering analyses of gene expression response indicated effects of AgNWs distinct from ionic silver on Daphnia magna .
MeSH term(s)	Aluminum/chemistry ; Animals ; Daphnia/drug effects ; Gene Expression Profiling ; Hemolymph/drug effects ; Lethal Dose 50 ; Metal Nanoparticles/toxicity ; Nanowires/toxicity ; Oxygen/chemistry ; Povidone/chemistry ; Silicon Dioxide/chemistry ; Silver/chemistry ; Silver/toxicity ; Silver Compounds/chemistry ; Silver Compounds/toxicity ; Toxicity Tests ; Toxicity Tests, Acute ; Water Pollutants, Chemical/toxicity
Chemical Substances	Silver Compounds ; Water Pollutants, Chemical ; Silver (3M4G523W1G) ; Silicon Dioxide (7631-86-9) ; Aluminum (CPD4NFA903) ; Povidone (FZ989GH94E) ; Oxygen (S88TT14065)
Language	English
Publishing date	2013-12-05
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
ISSN	1936-086X
ISSN (online)	1936-086X
DOI	10.1021/nn4034103
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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