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Article ; Online: How can we interpret SARS-CoV-2 antibody test results?

Føns, Sofie / Krogfelt, Karen A

Pathogens and disease

2021 Volume 79, Issue 1

Abstract: Since the outbreak of COVID-19, the world has raced to understand and accurately diagnose infection caused by SARS-CoV-2. Today, hundreds of commercial antibody tests are on the market despite often lacking proper validation and with unsatisfactory ... ...

Abstract	Since the outbreak of COVID-19, the world has raced to understand and accurately diagnose infection caused by SARS-CoV-2. Today, hundreds of commercial antibody tests are on the market despite often lacking proper validation and with unsatisfactory sensitivity and/or specificity. In addition, many questions related to the humoral response remain unresolved, although research is carried out at an unprecedented speed. Despite the shortcomings, serological assays have an important part to play in combating the pandemic by aiding in diagnosis and sero-epidemiological studies. However, careful attention must be paid to the application of serology and the interpretation of serological data-especially in low prevalence regions, both at an individual and at a population level. In this article, we argue that serological results are often misinterpreted, and in the eagerness to be first, methodological rigor is often taking a backseat.
MeSH term(s)	Antibodies, Viral/blood ; Antibodies, Viral/immunology ; Antigens, Viral ; COVID-19/diagnosis ; COVID-19/epidemiology ; COVID-19/immunology ; COVID-19/virology ; Humans ; Kinetics ; Reproducibility of Results ; SARS-CoV-2/immunology ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Seroepidemiologic Studies ; Serologic Tests/methods ; Serologic Tests/standards
Chemical Substances	Antibodies, Viral ; Antigens, Viral
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-02-18
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ISSN	2049-632X
ISSN (online)	2049-632X
DOI	10.1093/femspd/ftaa069
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: The COVID-19 pandemic: key considerations for the epidemic and its control.

Ørskov, Søren / Nielsen, Bjarke Frost / Føns, Sofie / Sneppen, Kim / Simonsen, Lone

APMIS : acta pathologica, microbiologica, et immunologica Scandinavica

2021 Volume 129, Issue 7, Page(s) 408–420

Abstract: The response to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has been characterized by draconian measures and far too many important unknowns, such as the true mortality risk, the role of children as transmitters and the development and duration of immunity in the ... ...

Abstract	The response to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has been characterized by draconian measures and far too many important unknowns, such as the true mortality risk, the role of children as transmitters and the development and duration of immunity in the population. More than a year into the pandemic much has been learned and insights into this novel type of pandemic and options for control are shaping up. Using a historical lens, we review what we know and still do not know about the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. A pandemic caused by a member of the coronavirus family is a new situation following more than a century of influenza A pandemics. However, recent pandemic threats such as outbreaks of the related and novel deadly coronavirus SARS in 2003 and of MERS since 2012 had put coronaviruses on WHOs blueprint list of priority diseases. Like pandemic influenza, SARS-CoV-2 is highly transmissible (R
MeSH term(s)	Adult ; COVID-19/epidemiology ; COVID-19/prevention & control ; COVID-19/transmission ; COVID-19 Vaccines/immunology ; Child ; Humans ; Influenza, Human/epidemiology ; SARS-CoV-2/immunology
Chemical Substances	COVID-19 Vaccines
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-07-12
Publishing country	Denmark
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	93340-5
ISSN	1600-0463 ; 0903-4641
ISSN (online)	1600-0463
ISSN	0903-4641
DOI	10.1111/apm.13141
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Book ; Online: Fokusrapport

Ørskov, Søren / Føns, Sofie / Simonsen, Lone / Haase, Nicolai

Ørskov , S , Føns , S , Simonsen , L & Haase , N 2020 , Fokusrapport: Mørketal : COVID-19 i Danmark . Statens Serum Institut , København .

Mørketal:COVID-19 i Danmark

2020

Abstract: Mørketallet for COVID-19 – hvad ved vi, hvorfor er det vigtigt, og hvor er udfordringerne? ...

Abstract	Mørketallet for COVID-19 – hvad ved vi, hvorfor er det vigtigt, og hvor er udfordringerne?
Keywords	covid19
Language	Danish
Publisher	Statens Serum Institut
Publishing country	dk
Document type	Book ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Discovery of a Recombinant Human Monoclonal Immunoglobulin G Antibody Against α-Latrotoxin From the Mediterranean Black Widow Spider (

Føns, Sofie / Ledsgaard, Line / Nikolaev, Maxim V / Vassilevski, Alexander A / Sørensen, Christoffer V / Chevalier, Manon K / Fiebig, Michael / Laustsen, Andreas H

Frontiers in immunology

2020 Volume 11, Page(s) 587825

Abstract: Widow spiders are among the few spider species worldwide that can cause serious envenoming in humans. The clinical syndrome resulting ... ...

Abstract	Widow spiders are among the few spider species worldwide that can cause serious envenoming in humans. The clinical syndrome resulting from
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology ; Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacology ; Black Widow Spider/immunology ; Female ; Humans ; Immunoglobulin G/immunology ; Immunoglobulin G/pharmacology ; Male ; Pyramidal Cells/drug effects ; Pyramidal Cells/physiology ; Rats, Wistar ; Spider Venoms/immunology ; Spider Venoms/toxicity
Chemical Substances	Antibodies, Monoclonal ; Immunoglobulin G ; Spider Venoms ; alpha-latrotoxin (65988-34-3)
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-11-12
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2606827-8
ISSN	1664-3224 ; 1664-3224
ISSN (online)	1664-3224
ISSN	1664-3224
DOI	10.3389/fimmu.2020.587825
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Article ; Online: Snakebite Envenoming Diagnosis and Diagnostics.

Knudsen, Cecilie / Jürgensen, Jonas A / Føns, Sofie / Haack, Aleksander M / Friis, Rasmus U W / Dam, Søren H / Bush, Sean P / White, Julian / Laustsen, Andreas H

Frontiers in immunology

2021 Volume 12, Page(s) 661457

Abstract: Snakebite envenoming is predominantly an occupational disease of the rural tropics, causing death or permanent disability to hundreds of thousands of victims annually. The diagnosis of snakebite envenoming is commonly based on a combination of patient ... ...

Abstract	Snakebite envenoming is predominantly an occupational disease of the rural tropics, causing death or permanent disability to hundreds of thousands of victims annually. The diagnosis of snakebite envenoming is commonly based on a combination of patient history and a syndromic approach. However, the availability of auxiliary diagnostic tests at the disposal of the clinicians vary from country to country, and the level of experience within snakebite diagnosis and intervention may be quite different for clinicians from different hospitals. As such, achieving timely diagnosis, and thus treatment, is a challenge faced by treating personnel around the globe. For years, much effort has gone into developing novel diagnostics to support diagnosis of snakebite victims, especially in rural areas of the tropics. Gaining access to affordable and rapid diagnostics could potentially facilitate more favorable patient outcomes due to early and appropriate treatment. This review aims to highlight regional differences in epidemiology and clinical snakebite management on a global scale, including an overview of the past and ongoing research efforts within snakebite diagnostics. Finally, the review is rounded off with a discussion on design considerations and potential benefits of novel snakebite diagnostics.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Antivenins/immunology ; Antivenins/therapeutic use ; Early Diagnosis ; Health Services Accessibility/statistics & numerical data ; Humans ; Outcome Assessment, Health Care/methods ; Outcome Assessment, Health Care/statistics & numerical data ; Rural Population/statistics & numerical data ; Snake Bites/diagnosis ; Snake Bites/drug therapy ; Snake Bites/immunology ; Snakes/classification ; Snakes/immunology ; Tropical Climate
Chemical Substances	Antivenins
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-04-28
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Review
ZDB-ID	2606827-8
ISSN	1664-3224 ; 1664-3224
ISSN (online)	1664-3224
ISSN	1664-3224
DOI	10.3389/fimmu.2021.661457
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Article ; Online: Toxin Neutralization Using Alternative Binding Proteins.

Jenkins, Timothy Patrick / Fryer, Thomas / Dehli, Rasmus Ibsen / Jürgensen, Jonas Arnold / Fuglsang-Madsen, Albert / Føns, Sofie / Laustsen, Andreas Hougaard

Toxins

2019 Volume 11, Issue 1

Abstract: Animal toxins present a major threat to human health worldwide, predominantly through snakebite envenomings, which are responsible for over 100,000 deaths each year. To date, the only available treatment against snakebite envenoming is plasma-derived ... ...

Abstract	Animal toxins present a major threat to human health worldwide, predominantly through snakebite envenomings, which are responsible for over 100,000 deaths each year. To date, the only available treatment against snakebite envenoming is plasma-derived antivenom. However, despite being key to limiting morbidity and mortality among snakebite victims, current antivenoms suffer from several drawbacks, such as immunogenicity and high cost of production. Consequently, avenues for improving envenoming therapy, such as the discovery of toxin-sequestering monoclonal antibodies against medically important target toxins through phage display selection, are being explored. However, alternative binding protein scaffolds that exhibit certain advantages compared to the well-known immunoglobulin G scaffold, including high stability under harsh conditions and low cost of production, may pose as possible low-cost alternatives to antibody-based therapeutics. There is now a plethora of alternative binding protein scaffolds, ranging from antibody derivatives (e.g., nanobodies), through rationally designed derivatives of other human proteins (e.g., DARPins), to derivatives of non-human proteins (e.g., affibodies), all exhibiting different biochemical and pharmacokinetic profiles. Undeniably, the high level of engineerability and potentially low cost of production, associated with many alternative protein scaffolds, present an exciting possibility for the future of snakebite therapeutics and merit thorough investigation. In this review, a comprehensive overview of the different types of binding protein scaffolds is provided together with a discussion on their relevance as potential modalities for use as next-generation antivenoms.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use ; Antitoxins/therapeutic use ; Bites and Stings/therapy ; Carrier Proteins/therapeutic use ; Humans ; Immunization, Passive ; Toxins, Biological/toxicity
Chemical Substances	Antibodies, Monoclonal ; Antitoxins ; Carrier Proteins ; Toxins, Biological
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-01-17
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	2518395-3
ISSN	2072-6651 ; 2072-6651
ISSN (online)	2072-6651
ISSN	2072-6651
DOI	10.3390/toxins11010053
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Article ; Online: Toxin Neutralization Using Alternative Binding Proteins

Timothy Patrick Jenkins / Thomas Fryer / Rasmus Ibsen Dehli / Jonas Arnold Jürgensen / Albert Fuglsang-Madsen / Sofie Føns / Andreas Hougaard Laustsen

Toxins, Vol 11, Iss 1, p

2019 Volume 53

Abstract	Animal toxins present a major threat to human health worldwide, predominantly through snakebite envenomings, which are responsible for over 100,000 deaths each year. To date, the only available treatment against snakebite envenoming is plasma-derived antivenom. However, despite being key to limiting morbidity and mortality among snakebite victims, current antivenoms suffer from several drawbacks, such as immunogenicity and high cost of production. Consequently, avenues for improving envenoming therapy, such as the discovery of toxin-sequestering monoclonal antibodies against medically important target toxins through phage display selection, are being explored. However, alternative binding protein scaffolds that exhibit certain advantages compared to the well-known immunoglobulin G scaffold, including high stability under harsh conditions and low cost of production, may pose as possible low-cost alternatives to antibody-based therapeutics. There is now a plethora of alternative binding protein scaffolds, ranging from antibody derivatives (e.g., nanobodies), through rationally designed derivatives of other human proteins (e.g., DARPins), to derivatives of non-human proteins (e.g., affibodies), all exhibiting different biochemical and pharmacokinetic profiles. Undeniably, the high level of engineerability and potentially low cost of production, associated with many alternative protein scaffolds, present an exciting possibility for the future of snakebite therapeutics and merit thorough investigation. In this review, a comprehensive overview of the different types of binding protein scaffolds is provided together with a discussion on their relevance as potential modalities for use as next-generation antivenoms.
Keywords	Snakebite envenoming ; next-generation antivenom ; toxin neutralization ; alternative binding protein scaffolds ; envenoming therapy ; recombinant binding proteins ; venom neutralization ; Medicine ; R
Subject code	570
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-01-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	MDPI AG
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Innovative Immunization Strategies for Antivenom Development.

Bermúdez-Méndez, Erick / Fuglsang-Madsen, Albert / Føns, Sofie / Lomonte, Bruno / Gutiérrez, José María / Laustsen, Andreas Hougaard

Toxins

2018 Volume 10, Issue 11

Abstract: Snakes, scorpions, and spiders are venomous animals that pose a threat to human health, and severe envenomings from the bites or stings of these animals must be treated with antivenom. Current antivenoms are based on plasma-derived immunoglobulins or ... ...

Abstract	Snakes, scorpions, and spiders are venomous animals that pose a threat to human health, and severe envenomings from the bites or stings of these animals must be treated with antivenom. Current antivenoms are based on plasma-derived immunoglobulins or immunoglobulin fragments from hyper-immunized animals. Although these medicines have been life-saving for more than 120 years, opportunities to improve envenoming therapy exist. In the later decades, new biotechnological tools have been applied with the aim of improving the efficacy, safety, and affordability of antivenoms. Within the avenues explored, novel immunization strategies using synthetic peptide epitopes, recombinant toxins (or toxoids), or DNA strings as immunogens have demonstrated potential for generating antivenoms with high therapeutic antibody titers and broad neutralizing capacity. Furthermore, these approaches circumvent the need for venom in the production process of antivenoms, thereby limiting some of the complications associated with animal captivity and venom collection. Finally, an important benefit of innovative immunization approaches is that they are often compatible with existing antivenom manufacturing setups. In this review, we compile all reported studies examining venom-independent innovative immunization strategies for antivenom development. In addition, a brief description of toxin families of medical relevance found in snake, scorpion, and spider venoms is presented, as well as how biochemical, bioinformatic, and omics tools could aid the development of next-generation antivenoms.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Antivenins/administration & dosage ; Antivenins/biosynthesis ; Antivenins/immunology ; Humans ; Snake Bites/drug therapy ; Snake Venoms/immunology ; Spider Bites/drug therapy ; Spider Venoms/immunology
Chemical Substances	Antivenins ; Snake Venoms ; Spider Venoms
Language	English
Publishing date	2018-11-02
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	2518395-3
ISSN	2072-6651 ; 2072-6651
ISSN (online)	2072-6651
ISSN	2072-6651
DOI	10.3390/toxins10110452
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Article ; Online: Innovative Immunization Strategies for Antivenom Development

Erick Bermúdez-Méndez / Albert Fuglsang-Madsen / Sofie Føns / Bruno Lomonte / José María Gutiérrez / Andreas Hougaard Laustsen

Toxins, Vol 10, Iss 11, p

2018 Volume 452

Abstract	Snakes, scorpions, and spiders are venomous animals that pose a threat to human health, and severe envenomings from the bites or stings of these animals must be treated with antivenom. Current antivenoms are based on plasma-derived immunoglobulins or immunoglobulin fragments from hyper-immunized animals. Although these medicines have been life-saving for more than 120 years, opportunities to improve envenoming therapy exist. In the later decades, new biotechnological tools have been applied with the aim of improving the efficacy, safety, and affordability of antivenoms. Within the avenues explored, novel immunization strategies using synthetic peptide epitopes, recombinant toxins (or toxoids), or DNA strings as immunogens have demonstrated potential for generating antivenoms with high therapeutic antibody titers and broad neutralizing capacity. Furthermore, these approaches circumvent the need for venom in the production process of antivenoms, thereby limiting some of the complications associated with animal captivity and venom collection. Finally, an important benefit of innovative immunization approaches is that they are often compatible with existing antivenom manufacturing setups. In this review, we compile all reported studies examining venom-independent innovative immunization strategies for antivenom development. In addition, a brief description of toxin families of medical relevance found in snake, scorpion, and spider venoms is presented, as well as how biochemical, bioinformatic, and omics tools could aid the development of next-generation antivenoms.
Keywords	animal envenoming ; antivenom development ; immunization ; synthetic epitope ; recombinant toxin ; DNA immunization ; neutralization ; omics technologies ; bioinformatics ; high-density peptide microarray technology ; snakebite envenoming ; scorpion envenoming ; spider envenoming ; Medicine ; R
Language	English
Publishing date	2018-11-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	MDPI AG
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Blood-derived macrophages prone to accumulate lysosomal lipids trigger oxLDL-dependent murine hepatic inflammation.

Houben, Tom / Oligschlaeger, Yvonne / Bitorina, Albert V / Hendrikx, Tim / Walenbergh, Sofie M A / Lenders, Marie-Hélène / Gijbels, Marion J J / Verheyen, Fons / Lütjohann, Dieter / Hofker, Marten H / Binder, Christoph J / Shiri-Sverdlov, Ronit

Scientific reports

2017 Volume 7, Issue 1, Page(s) 12550

Abstract: Despite the consistent rise of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) worldwide, the mechanisms that govern the inflammatory aspect of this disease remain unknown. Previous research showed an association between hepatic inflammation and lysosomal lipid ... ...

Abstract	Despite the consistent rise of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) worldwide, the mechanisms that govern the inflammatory aspect of this disease remain unknown. Previous research showed an association between hepatic inflammation and lysosomal lipid accumulation in blood-derived hepatic macrophages. Additionally, in vitro findings indicated that lipids, specifically derived from the oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) particle, are resistant to removal from lysosomes. On this basis, we investigated whether lysosomal lipid accumulation in blood-derived hepatic macrophages is causally linked to hepatic inflammation and assessed to what extent increasing anti-oxLDL IgM autoantibodies can affect this mechanism. By creating a proof-of-concept mouse model, we demonstrate a causal role for lysosomal lipids in blood-derived hepatic macrophages in mediating hepatic inflammation and initiation of fibrosis. Furthermore, our findings show that increasing anti-oxLDL IgM autoantibody levels reduces inflammation. Hence, therapies aimed at improving lipid-induced lysosomal dysfunction and blocking oxLDL-formation deserve further investigation in the context of NASH.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Autoantibodies/biosynthesis ; Autoantibodies/immunology ; Autoantibodies/therapeutic use ; Cholesterol/metabolism ; Disease Models, Animal ; Humans ; Immunoglobulin M/biosynthesis ; Immunoglobulin M/immunology ; Inflammation/blood ; Inflammation/complications ; Inflammation/metabolism ; Inflammation/therapy ; Kupffer Cells/metabolism ; Lipids/blood ; Lipoproteins, LDL/antagonists & inhibitors ; Lipoproteins, LDL/immunology ; Lipoproteins, LDL/metabolism ; Liver/metabolism ; Liver/pathology ; Lysosomes/metabolism ; Macrophages/metabolism ; Macrophages/pathology ; Mice ; Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease/blood ; Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease/metabolism ; Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease/pathology ; Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease/therapy
Chemical Substances	Autoantibodies ; Immunoglobulin M ; Lipids ; Lipoproteins, LDL ; oxidized low density lipoprotein ; Cholesterol (97C5T2UQ7J)
Language	English
Publishing date	2017-10-02
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2615211-3
ISSN	2045-2322 ; 2045-2322
ISSN (online)	2045-2322
ISSN	2045-2322
DOI	10.1038/s41598-017-13058-z
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