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  1. Article ; Online: Super-enhancer acquisition drives oncogene expression in triple negative breast cancer.

    Raisner, Ryan / Bainer, Russell / Haverty, Peter M / Benedetti, Kelli L / Gascoigne, Karen E

    PloS one

    2020  Volume 15, Issue 6, Page(s) e0235343

    Abstract: Triple Negative Breast Cancer (TNBC) is a heterogeneous disease lacking known molecular drivers and effective targeted therapies. Cytotoxic chemotherapy remains the mainstay of treatment for TNBCs, which have significantly poorer survival rates compared ... ...

    Abstract Triple Negative Breast Cancer (TNBC) is a heterogeneous disease lacking known molecular drivers and effective targeted therapies. Cytotoxic chemotherapy remains the mainstay of treatment for TNBCs, which have significantly poorer survival rates compared to other breast cancer subtypes. In addition to changes within the coding genome, aberrant enhancer activity is a well-established contributor to tumorigenesis. Here we use H3K27Ac chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by sequencing (ChIP-Seq) to map the active cis-regulatory landscape in TNBC. We identify distinct disease subtypes associated with specific enhancer activity, and over 2,500 unique superenhancers acquired by tumor cells but absent from normal breast tissue. To identify potential actionable disease drivers, we probed the dependency on genes that associate with tumor-specific enhancers by CRISPR screening. In this way we identify a number of tumor-specific dependencies, including a previously uncharacterized dependency on the TGFβ pseudo-receptor BAMBI.
    MeSH term(s) Cell Line, Tumor ; Chromatin Immunoprecipitation ; Enhancer Elements, Genetic/genetics ; Female ; Gene Editing ; Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic ; Histones/chemistry ; Histones/genetics ; Histones/metabolism ; Humans ; Membrane Proteins/genetics ; Membrane Proteins/metabolism ; Oncogenes/genetics ; RNA, Guide, CRISPR-Cas Systems/metabolism ; Triple Negative Breast Neoplasms/genetics ; Triple Negative Breast Neoplasms/pathology
    Chemical Substances BAMBI protein, human ; Histones ; Membrane Proteins ; RNA, Guide, CRISPR-Cas Systems
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-06-25
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 2267670-3
    ISSN 1932-6203 ; 1932-6203
    ISSN (online) 1932-6203
    ISSN 1932-6203
    DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0235343
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  2. Article ; Online: Induced dicentric chromosome formation promotes genomic rearrangements and tumorigenesis.

    Gascoigne, Karen E / Cheeseman, Iain M

    Chromosome research : an international journal on the molecular, supramolecular and evolutionary aspects of chromosome biology

    2013  Volume 21, Issue 4, Page(s) 407–418

    Abstract: Chromosomal rearrangements can radically alter gene products and their function, driving tumor formation or progression. However, the molecular origins and evolution of such rearrangements are varied and poorly understood, with cancer cells often ... ...

    Abstract Chromosomal rearrangements can radically alter gene products and their function, driving tumor formation or progression. However, the molecular origins and evolution of such rearrangements are varied and poorly understood, with cancer cells often containing multiple, complex rearrangements. One mechanism that can lead to genomic rearrangements is the formation of a "dicentric" chromosome containing two functional centromeres. Indeed, such dicentric chromosomes have been observed in cancer cells. Here, we tested the ability of a single dicentric chromosome to contribute to genomic instability and neoplastic conversion in vertebrate cells. We developed a system to transiently and reversibly induce dicentric chromosome formation on a single chromosome with high temporal control. We find that induced dicentric chromosomes are frequently damaged and mis-segregated during mitosis, and that this leads to extensive chromosomal rearrangements including translocations with other chromosomes. Populations of pre-neoplastic cells in which a single dicentric chromosome is induced acquire extensive genomic instability and display hallmarks of cellular transformation including anchorage-independent growth in soft agar. Our results suggest that a single dicentric chromosome could contribute to tumor initiation.
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Carcinogenesis/genetics ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Centromere/genetics ; Chromosome Aberrations ; Fluorescent Antibody Technique ; Gene Rearrangement ; Genomic Instability ; Genomics/methods ; In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence ; Mice ; Mitosis/genetics ; Translocation, Genetic
    Language English
    Publishing date 2013-06-22
    Publishing country Netherlands
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 1161632-5
    ISSN 1573-6849 ; 0967-3849
    ISSN (online) 1573-6849
    ISSN 0967-3849
    DOI 10.1007/s10577-013-9368-6
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  3. Article ; Online: CDK-dependent phosphorylation and nuclear exclusion coordinately control kinetochore assembly state.

    Gascoigne, Karen E / Cheeseman, Iain M

    The Journal of cell biology

    2013  Volume 201, Issue 1, Page(s) 23–32

    Abstract: Accurate chromosome segregation requires assembly of the multiprotein kinetochore complex. Prior work has identified more than 100 different kinetochore components in human cells. However, little is known about the regulatory processes that specify their ...

    Abstract Accurate chromosome segregation requires assembly of the multiprotein kinetochore complex. Prior work has identified more than 100 different kinetochore components in human cells. However, little is known about the regulatory processes that specify their assembly upon mitotic entry and disassembly at mitotic exit. In this paper, we used a live-cell imaging-based assay to quantify kinetochore disassembly kinetics and systematically analyze the role of potential regulatory mechanisms in controlling kinetochore assembly state. We find that kinetochore assembly and disassembly was driven primarily by mitotic phosphorylation downstream of cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK). In addition, we demonstrate that nuclear exclusion of the Ndc80 complex helped restrict kinetochore formation to mitosis. Combining constitutive CDK-dependent phosphorylation of CENP-T and forced nuclear localization of the Ndc80 complex partially prevented kinetochore disassembly at mitotic exit and led to chromosome segregation defects in subsequent divisions. In total, we find that the coordinated temporal regulation of outer kinetochore assembly is essential for accurate cell division.
    MeSH term(s) Active Transport, Cell Nucleus/physiology ; Cell Line ; Cell Nucleus/genetics ; Cell Nucleus/metabolism ; Chromosomal Proteins, Non-Histone/genetics ; Chromosomal Proteins, Non-Histone/metabolism ; Chromosome Segregation/physiology ; Cyclin-Dependent Kinases/genetics ; Cyclin-Dependent Kinases/metabolism ; Cytoskeletal Proteins ; Humans ; Kinetochores/metabolism ; Mitosis/physiology ; Nuclear Proteins/genetics ; Nuclear Proteins/metabolism ; Phosphorylation/physiology
    Chemical Substances CENPT protein, human ; Chromosomal Proteins, Non-Histone ; Cytoskeletal Proteins ; NDC80 protein, human ; Nuclear Proteins ; Cyclin-Dependent Kinases (EC 2.7.11.22)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2013-03-25
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 218154-x
    ISSN 1540-8140 ; 0021-9525
    ISSN (online) 1540-8140
    ISSN 0021-9525
    DOI 10.1083/jcb.201301006
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  4. Article ; Online: Super-enhancer acquisition drives oncogene expression in triple negative breast cancer.

    Ryan Raisner / Russell Bainer / Peter M Haverty / Kelli L Benedetti / Karen E Gascoigne

    PLoS ONE, Vol 15, Iss 6, p e

    2020  Volume 0235343

    Abstract: Triple Negative Breast Cancer (TNBC) is a heterogeneous disease lacking known molecular drivers and effective targeted therapies. Cytotoxic chemotherapy remains the mainstay of treatment for TNBCs, which have significantly poorer survival rates compared ... ...

    Abstract Triple Negative Breast Cancer (TNBC) is a heterogeneous disease lacking known molecular drivers and effective targeted therapies. Cytotoxic chemotherapy remains the mainstay of treatment for TNBCs, which have significantly poorer survival rates compared to other breast cancer subtypes. In addition to changes within the coding genome, aberrant enhancer activity is a well-established contributor to tumorigenesis. Here we use H3K27Ac chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by sequencing (ChIP-Seq) to map the active cis-regulatory landscape in TNBC. We identify distinct disease subtypes associated with specific enhancer activity, and over 2,500 unique superenhancers acquired by tumor cells but absent from normal breast tissue. To identify potential actionable disease drivers, we probed the dependency on genes that associate with tumor-specific enhancers by CRISPR screening. In this way we identify a number of tumor-specific dependencies, including a previously uncharacterized dependency on the TGFβ pseudo-receptor BAMBI.
    Keywords Medicine ; R ; Science ; Q
    Subject code 610 ; 616
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-01-01T00:00:00Z
    Publisher Public Library of Science (PLoS)
    Document type Article ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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  5. Article ; Online: T time for point centromeres.

    Gascoigne, Karen E / Cheeseman, Iain M

    Nature cell biology

    2012  Volume 14, Issue 6, Page(s) 559–561

    Abstract: The diverse nature of eukaryotic centromere structure has led to a prevailing view that the kinetochore-chromatin interface is fundamentally different in distinct species. Two studies now challenge this dogma with the identification of budding yeast ... ...

    Abstract The diverse nature of eukaryotic centromere structure has led to a prevailing view that the kinetochore-chromatin interface is fundamentally different in distinct species. Two studies now challenge this dogma with the identification of budding yeast homologues of the vertebrate centromere DNA-binding proteins CENP-T and CENP-W.
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Cell Cycle Proteins/metabolism ; Centromere/metabolism ; Chromosomal Proteins, Non-Histone/metabolism ; Cytoskeletal Proteins ; Humans ; Kinetochores/metabolism ; Microtubule-Associated Proteins/metabolism ; Nuclear Proteins/metabolism ; Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases/metabolism ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae/metabolism ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins/metabolism
    Chemical Substances CENPT protein, human ; Cell Cycle Proteins ; Chromosomal Proteins, Non-Histone ; Cnn1 protein, S cerevisiae ; Cytoskeletal Proteins ; MTW1 protein, S cerevisiae ; Microtubule-Associated Proteins ; NDC80 protein, human ; Nuclear Proteins ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins ; Spc105 protein, S cerevisiae ; Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases (EC 2.7.11.1) ; MPS1 protein, S cerevisiae (EC 2.7.12.2)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2012-05-30
    Publishing country England
    Document type News ; Comment
    ZDB-ID 1474722-4
    ISSN 1476-4679 ; 1465-7392
    ISSN (online) 1476-4679
    ISSN 1465-7392
    DOI 10.1038/ncb2509
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  6. Article ; Online: Distinct organization and regulation of the outer kinetochore KMN network downstream of CENP-C and CENP-T.

    Rago, Florencia / Gascoigne, Karen E / Cheeseman, Iain M

    Current biology : CB

    2015  Volume 25, Issue 5, Page(s) 671–677

    Abstract: The kinetochore provides a vital connection between chromosomes and spindle microtubules [1, 2]. Defining the molecular architecture of the core kinetochore components is critical for understanding the mechanisms by which the kinetochore directs ... ...

    Abstract The kinetochore provides a vital connection between chromosomes and spindle microtubules [1, 2]. Defining the molecular architecture of the core kinetochore components is critical for understanding the mechanisms by which the kinetochore directs chromosome segregation. The KNL1/Mis12 complex/Ndc80 complex (KMN) network acts as the primary microtubule-binding interface at kinetochores [3] and provides a platform to recruit regulatory proteins [4]. Recent work found that the inner kinetochore components CENP-C and CENP-T act in parallel to recruit the KMN network to kinetochores [5-8]. However, due to the presence of these dual pathways, it has not been possible to distinguish differences in the nature of kinetochore assembly downstream of CENP-C or CENP-T. Here, we separated these pathways by targeting CENP-C and CENP-T independently to an ectopic chromosomal locus in human cells. Our work reveals that the organization of the KMN network components downstream of CENP-C and CENP-T is distinct. CENP-C recruits the Ndc80 complex through its interactions with KNL1 and the Mis12 complex. In contrast, CENP-T directly interacts with Ndc80, which in turn promotes KNL1/Mis12 complex recruitment through a separate region on CENP-T, resulting in functional relationships for KMN network localization that are inverted relative to the CENP-C pathway. We also find that distinct regulatory paradigms control the assembly of these pathways, with Aurora B kinase promoting KMN network recruitment to CENP-C and cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) regulating KMN network recruitment to CENP-T. This work reveals unexpected complexity for the architecture and regulation of the core components of the kinetochore-microtubule interface.
    MeSH term(s) Cell Line, Tumor ; Chromosomal Proteins, Non-Histone/genetics ; Chromosomal Proteins, Non-Histone/metabolism ; Chromosome Segregation/physiology ; Cytoskeletal Proteins ; Fluorescent Antibody Technique ; Gene Components ; Humans ; Kinetochores/physiology ; M Phase Cell Cycle Checkpoints/physiology ; Microtubule-Associated Proteins/metabolism ; Multiprotein Complexes/metabolism ; Nuclear Proteins/metabolism ; Phosphorylation
    Chemical Substances CENPT protein, human ; Chromosomal Proteins, Non-Histone ; Cytoskeletal Proteins ; Knl1 protein, human ; MIS12 protein, human ; Microtubule-Associated Proteins ; Multiprotein Complexes ; NDC80 protein, human ; Nuclear Proteins ; centromere protein C
    Language English
    Publishing date 2015-02-05
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 1071731-6
    ISSN 1879-0445 ; 0960-9822
    ISSN (online) 1879-0445
    ISSN 0960-9822
    DOI 10.1016/j.cub.2015.01.059
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  7. Article ; Online: Kinetochore assembly: if you build it, they will come.

    Gascoigne, Karen E / Cheeseman, Iain M

    Current opinion in cell biology

    2010  Volume 23, Issue 1, Page(s) 102–108

    Abstract: Accurate chromosome segregation requires the interaction of chromosomes with the microtubules from the mitotic spindle. This interaction is mediated by the macro-molecular kinetochore complex, which assembles only at the centromeric region of each ... ...

    Abstract Accurate chromosome segregation requires the interaction of chromosomes with the microtubules from the mitotic spindle. This interaction is mediated by the macro-molecular kinetochore complex, which assembles only at the centromeric region of each chromosome. However, how this site is specified and how assembly of the kinetochore structure is regulated in coordination with cell cycle progression remains unclear. Recent studies have begun to shed light on the mechanisms underlying assembly of this complex structure.
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Humans ; Kinetochores/metabolism ; Microfilament Proteins/metabolism ; Protein Processing, Post-Translational
    Chemical Substances Microfilament Proteins
    Language English
    Publishing date 2010-08-09
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Review
    ZDB-ID 1026381-0
    ISSN 1879-0410 ; 0955-0674
    ISSN (online) 1879-0410
    ISSN 0955-0674
    DOI 10.1016/j.ceb.2010.07.007
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  8. Article ; Online: Multiple-gene targeting and mismatch tolerance can confound analysis of genome-wide pooled CRISPR screens.

    Fortin, Jean-Philippe / Tan, Jenille / Gascoigne, Karen E / Haverty, Peter M / Forrest, William F / Costa, Michael R / Martin, Scott E

    Genome biology

    2019  Volume 20, Issue 1, Page(s) 21

    Abstract: Background: Genome-wide loss-of-function screens using the CRISPR/Cas9 system allow the efficient discovery of cancer cell vulnerabilities. While several studies have focused on correcting for DNA cleavage toxicity biases associated with copy number ... ...

    Abstract Background: Genome-wide loss-of-function screens using the CRISPR/Cas9 system allow the efficient discovery of cancer cell vulnerabilities. While several studies have focused on correcting for DNA cleavage toxicity biases associated with copy number alterations, the effects of sgRNAs co-targeting multiple genomic loci in CRISPR screens have not been discussed.
    Results: In this work, we analyze CRISPR essentiality screen data from 391 cancer cell lines to characterize biases induced by multi-target sgRNAs. We investigate two types of multi-targets: on-targets predicted through perfect sequence complementarity and off-targets predicted through sequence complementarity with up to two nucleotide mismatches. We find that the number of on-targets and off-targets both increase sgRNA activity in a cell line-specific manner and that existing additive models of gene knockout effects fail at capturing genetic interactions that may occur between co-targeted genes. We use synthetic lethality between paralog genes to show that genetic interactions can introduce biases in essentiality scores estimated from multi-target sgRNAs. We further show that single-mismatch tolerant sgRNAs can confound the analysis of gene essentiality and lead to incorrect co-essentiality functional networks. Lastly, we also find that single nucleotide polymorphisms located in protospacer regions can impair on-target activity as a result of mismatch tolerance.
    Conclusion: We show the impact of multi-target effects on estimating cancer cell dependencies and the impact of off-target effects caused by mismatch tolerance in sgRNA-DNA binding.
    MeSH term(s) Cell Line, Tumor ; Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats ; Gene Targeting ; Genomics/methods ; Humans ; Myosin Light Chains/genetics ; Neoplasms/genetics ; RNA, Guide, CRISPR-Cas Systems ; SOX9 Transcription Factor/genetics ; SOXE Transcription Factors/genetics
    Chemical Substances Myosin Light Chains ; RNA, Guide, CRISPR-Cas Systems ; SOX10 protein, human ; SOX9 Transcription Factor ; SOX9 protein, human ; SOXE Transcription Factors
    Language English
    Publishing date 2019-01-25
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2040529-7
    ISSN 1474-760X ; 1474-760X
    ISSN (online) 1474-760X
    ISSN 1474-760X
    DOI 10.1186/s13059-019-1621-7
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  9. Article: How do anti-mitotic drugs kill cancer cells?

    Gascoigne, Karen E / Taylor, Stephen S

    Journal of cell science

    2009  Volume 122, Issue Pt 15, Page(s) 2579–2585

    Abstract: In 2007, over 12-million people were diagnosed with cancer. According to the American Cancer Society, at least one third of these individuals are not expected to survive the disease, making cancer the second most prevalent cause of death worldwide. ... ...

    Abstract In 2007, over 12-million people were diagnosed with cancer. According to the American Cancer Society, at least one third of these individuals are not expected to survive the disease, making cancer the second most prevalent cause of death worldwide. Systemic chemotherapy forms the mainstay of cancer treatment, and agents that disrupt mitotic spindle assembly - so called ;anti-mitotics' - are commonly used to treat a wide variety of cancers. Traditional anti-mitotic agents include the microtubule toxins such as taxol, other taxanes and the vinca alkaloids, all of which have proven successful in the clinic. However, patient response remains highly unpredictable, and drug resistance is common. In addition, toxicity is a problem. To address these limitations, a new generation of anti-mitotic drugs is being developed. As the first wave of these new agents enters clinical trails, much hope rests on their outcome. Meanwhile, significant attention is being focused on trying to predict which tumour types are likely to respond. In this Commentary, we outline recent advances in our understanding of how cancer cells respond to anti-mitotic drugs, and discuss the relevance of these studies to their use in the clinic.
    MeSH term(s) Antimitotic Agents/pharmacology ; Cell Death ; Humans ; Mitosis/drug effects ; Neoplasms/pathology
    Chemical Substances Antimitotic Agents
    Language English
    Publishing date 2009-08-01
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Review
    ZDB-ID 2993-2
    ISSN 1477-9137 ; 0021-9533
    ISSN (online) 1477-9137
    ISSN 0021-9533
    DOI 10.1242/jcs.039719
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  10. Article: Induced dicentric chromosome formation promotes genomic rearrangements and tumorigenesis

    Gascoigne, Karen E / Cheeseman, Iain M

    Chromosome research. 2013 July, v. 21, no. 4

    2013  

    Abstract: Chromosomal rearrangements can radically alter gene products and their function, driving tumor formation or progression. However, the molecular origins and evolution of such rearrangements are varied and poorly understood, with cancer cells often ... ...

    Abstract Chromosomal rearrangements can radically alter gene products and their function, driving tumor formation or progression. However, the molecular origins and evolution of such rearrangements are varied and poorly understood, with cancer cells often containing multiple, complex rearrangements. One mechanism that can lead to genomic rearrangements is the formation of a “dicentric” chromosome containing two functional centromeres. Indeed, such dicentric chromosomes have been observed in cancer cells. Here, we tested the ability of a single dicentric chromosome to contribute to genomic instability and neoplastic conversion in vertebrate cells. We developed a system to transiently and reversibly induce dicentric chromosome formation on a single chromosome with high temporal control. We find that induced dicentric chromosomes are frequently damaged and mis-segregated during mitosis, and that this leads to extensive chromosomal rearrangements including translocations with other chromosomes. Populations of pre-neoplastic cells in which a single dicentric chromosome is induced acquire extensive genomic instability and display hallmarks of cellular transformation including anchorage-independent growth in soft agar. Our results suggest that a single dicentric chromosome could contribute to tumor initiation.
    Keywords agar ; carcinogenesis ; centromeres ; chromosome translocation ; evolution ; genes ; mitosis ; vertebrates
    Language English
    Dates of publication 2013-07
    Size p. 407-418.
    Publishing place Springer-Verlag
    Document type Article
    ZDB-ID 1161632-5
    ISSN 1573-6849 ; 0967-3849
    ISSN (online) 1573-6849
    ISSN 0967-3849
    DOI 10.1007/s10577-013-9368-6
    Database NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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