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Article ; Online: Psychometric curves reveal changes in bias, lapse rate, and guess rate in an online vigilance task.

Gyles, Shannon P / McCarley, Jason S / Yamani, Yusuke

2023 Volume 85, Issue 8, Page(s) 2879–2893

Abstract: When human monitors are required to detect infrequent signals among noise, they typically exhibit a decline in correct detections over time. Researchers have attributed this vigilance decrement to three alternative mechanisms: shifts in response bias, ... ...

Abstract	When human monitors are required to detect infrequent signals among noise, they typically exhibit a decline in correct detections over time. Researchers have attributed this vigilance decrement to three alternative mechanisms: shifts in response bias, losses of sensitivity, and attentional lapses. The current study examined the extent to which changes in these mechanisms contributed to the vigilance decrement in an online monitoring task. Participants in two experiments (N = 102, N = 192) completed an online signal detection task, judging whether the separation between two probes each trial exceeded a criterion value. Separation was varied across trials and data were fit with logistic psychometric curves using Bayesian hierarchical parameter estimation. Parameters representing sensitivity, response bias, attentional lapse rate, and guess rate were compared across the first and last 4 minutes of the vigil. Data gave decisive evidence of conservative bias shifts, an increased attentional lapse rate, and a decreased positive guess rate over time on task, but no strong evidence for or against an effect of sensitivity. Sensitivity decrements appear less robust than criterion shifts or attention lapses as causes of the vigilance loss.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Psychomotor Performance/physiology ; Psychometrics ; Bayes Theorem ; Attention/physiology ; Modafinil ; Reaction Time/physiology
Chemical Substances	Modafinil (R3UK8X3U3D)
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-04-28
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2464550-3
ISSN	1943-393X ; 1943-3921
ISSN (online)	1943-393X
ISSN	1943-3921
DOI	10.3758/s13414-023-02652-1
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Article ; Online: Psychometric Curves Reveal Three Mechanisms of Vigilance Decrement.

McCarley, Jason S / Yamani, Yusuke

Psychological science

2021 Volume 32, Issue 10, Page(s) 1675–1683

Abstract: The vigilance decrement is a decline in signal detection rate that occurs over time on a sustained-attention task. The effect has typically been ascribed to conservative shifts of response bias and losses of perceptual sensitivity. Recent work, though, ... ...

Abstract	The vigilance decrement is a decline in signal detection rate that occurs over time on a sustained-attention task. The effect has typically been ascribed to conservative shifts of response bias and losses of perceptual sensitivity. Recent work, though, has suggested that sensitivity losses in vigilance tasks are spurious, and other findings have implied that attentional lapses contribute to vigilance failures. To test these possibilities, we used Bayesian hierarchical modeling to compare psychometric curves for the first and last blocks of a visual vigilance task. Participants were a convenience sample of 99 young adults. Data showed evidence for all three postulated mechanisms of vigilance loss: a conservative shift of response bias, a decrease in perceptual sensitivity, and a tendency toward more frequent attentional lapses. Results confirm that sensitivity losses are possible in a sustained-attention task but indicate that mental lapses can also contribute to the vigilance decrement.
MeSH term(s)	Attention ; Bayes Theorem ; Humans ; Psychometrics ; Psychomotor Performance ; Young Adult
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-09-20
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
ZDB-ID	2022256-7
ISSN	1467-9280 ; 0956-7976
ISSN (online)	1467-9280
ISSN	0956-7976
DOI	10.1177/09567976211007559
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Article ; Online: Human-Automation Trust to Technologies for Naïve Users Amidst and Following the COVID-19 Pandemic.

Yamani, Yusuke / Long, Shelby K / Itoh, Makoto

Human factors

2020 Volume 62, Issue 7, Page(s) 1087–1094

Abstract: Objective and background: Trust is a critical factor that influences the success or failure of human-automation interaction in a variety of professional domains such as transportation, military, and healthcare. The unprecedented COVID-19 crisis will ... ...

Abstract	Objective and background: Trust is a critical factor that influences the success or failure of human-automation interaction in a variety of professional domains such as transportation, military, and healthcare. The unprecedented COVID-19 crisis will likely accelerate the implementation of automation and create unique problems involving human-automation trust for naïve users of automated technologies in the future. Method: We briefly review factors that can influence the development of human-automation trust amidst and following the COVID-19 pandemic. We focus on two theories on human-automation trust and how naïve users develop and maintain their trust in unfamiliar technologies. Results: The current review identifies user workload and perceived risk as critical factors that will impact human-automation trust during the COVID-19 pandemic. Both theories predict that it is important for naïve users to accumulate and analyze behavioral evidence of automated technologies to maintain appropriate trust levels as the pandemic progresses. Conclusion and application: Theories of human-automation trust inform trajectories of trust development toward unfamiliar technologies for naïve users. In application, manufacturers and distributers should focus on communicating system information effectively to retain users who may be "forced" to use unfamiliar technologies during the COVID-19 pandemic.
MeSH term(s)	Automation ; COVID-19 ; Coronavirus Infections/prevention & control ; Humans ; Inservice Training ; Pandemics/prevention & control ; Pneumonia, Viral/prevention & control ; Risk Assessment ; Trust ; Workload
Keywords	covid19
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-08-07
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	212725-8
ISSN	1547-8181 ; 0018-7208
ISSN (online)	1547-8181
ISSN	0018-7208
DOI	10.1177/0018720820948981
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Article ; Online: Does automation trust evolve from a leap of faith? An analysis using a reprogrammed pasteurizer simulation task.

Long, Shelby K / Lee, Jieun / Yamani, Yusuke / Unverricht, James / Itoh, Makoto

Applied ergonomics

2022 Volume 100, Page(s) 103674

Abstract: Trust is a critical factor that drives successful human-automation interaction in a myriad of modern professional environments. One seminal work on human-automation trust is Muir and Moray (1996) showing that human-machine trust evolves from faith, then ... ...

Abstract	Trust is a critical factor that drives successful human-automation interaction in a myriad of modern professional environments. One seminal work on human-automation trust is Muir and Moray (1996) showing that human-machine trust evolves from faith, then dependability, and finally predictability in a simulated supervisory control task. However, our recent work failed to replicate the finding of the original study, calling for further replication efforts. Experiment 1 aimed to fully replicate Muir and Moray (1996) where participants performed a simulated pasteurizer task. Experiment 2 attempted to replicate Experiment 1 using participants who major in Engineering as used in the original study. Both experiments showed that dependability was the best initial predictor of trust, building later to predictability and faith. Two experiments consistently failed to support both the hypothesis proposed by Muir and Moray (1996), that trust develops from predictability to dependability to faith, and their original findings that trust develops initially from faith. The results of the current experiments challenge this widely cited view of how human-machine trust develops. Modern automation designers should be aware that dependability might control initial trust development for general users and incorporate dependability information into their designs.
MeSH term(s)	Automation ; Computer Simulation ; Humans ; Man-Machine Systems ; Trust
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-01-10
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2003513-5
ISSN	1872-9126 ; 0003-6870
ISSN (online)	1872-9126
ISSN	0003-6870
DOI	10.1016/j.apergo.2021.103674
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Article ; Online: Post Take-Over Performance Varies in Drivers of Automated and Connected Vehicle Technology in Near-Miss Scenarios.

Yamani, Yusuke / Glassman, Jeffrey / Alruwaili, Abdalziz / Yahoodik, Sarah E / Davis, Emily / Lugo, Samantha / Xie, Kun / Ishak, Sherif

Human factors

2023 , Page(s) 187208231219184

Abstract: Objective: This study examined the impact of monitoring instructions when using an automated driving system (ADS) and road obstructions on post take-over performance in near-miss scenarios.: Background: Past research indicates partial ADS reduces the ...

Abstract	Objective: This study examined the impact of monitoring instructions when using an automated driving system (ADS) and road obstructions on post take-over performance in near-miss scenarios. Background: Past research indicates partial ADS reduces the driver's situation awareness and degrades post take-over performance. Connected vehicle technology may alert drivers to impending hazards in time to safely avoid near-miss events. Method: Forty-eight licensed drivers using ADS were randomly assigned to either the active driving or passive driving condition. Participants navigated eight scenarios with or without a visual obstruction in a distributed driving simulator. The experimenter drove the other simulated vehicle to manually cause near-miss events. Participants' mean longitudinal velocity, standard deviation of longitudinal velocity, and mean longitudinal acceleration were measured. Results: Participants in passive ADS group showed greater, and more variable, deceleration rates than those in the active ADS group. Despite a reliable audiovisual warning, participants failed to slow down in the red-light running scenario when the conflict vehicle was occluded. Participant's trust in the automated driving system did not vary between the beginning and end of the experiment. Conclusion: Drivers interacting with ADS in a passive manner may continue to show increased and more variable deceleration rates in near-miss scenarios even with reliable connected vehicle technology. Future research may focus on interactive effects of automated and connected driving technologies on drivers' ability to anticipate and safely navigate near-miss scenarios. Application: Designers of automated and connected vehicle technologies may consider different timing and types of cues to inform the drivers of imminent hazard in high-risk scenarios for near-miss events.
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-12-05
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	212725-8
ISSN	1547-8181 ; 0018-7208
ISSN (online)	1547-8181
ISSN	0018-7208
DOI	10.1177/00187208231219184
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Article: The Gaze-Cueing Effect in the United States and Japan: Influence of Cultural Differences in Cognitive Strategies on Control of Attention.

Takao, Saki / Yamani, Yusuke / Ariga, Atsunori

Frontiers in psychology

2018 Volume 8, Page(s) 2343

Abstract: The direction of gaze automatically and exogenously guides visual spatial attention, a phenomenon termed as ... ...

Abstract	The direction of gaze automatically and exogenously guides visual spatial attention, a phenomenon termed as the
Language	English
Publishing date	2018-01-15
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2563826-9
ISSN	1664-1078
ISSN	1664-1078
DOI	10.3389/fpsyg.2017.02343
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Article ; Online: Revisiting human-machine trust: a replication study of Muir and Moray (1996) using a simulated pasteurizer plant task.

Lee, Jieun / Yamani, Yusuke / Long, Shelby K / Unverricht, James / Itoh, Makoto

Ergonomics

2021 Volume 64, Issue 9, Page(s) 1132–1145

Abstract: This study aimed to replicate Muir and Moray that demonstrated operators' trust in automated machines developing from faith, then dependability, and lastly predictability. Following the procedure of Muir and Moray, we asked undergraduate participants to ... ...

Abstract	This study aimed to replicate Muir and Moray that demonstrated operators' trust in automated machines developing from faith, then dependability, and lastly predictability. Following the procedure of Muir and Moray, we asked undergraduate participants to complete a training program in a simulated pasteuriser plant and an experimental program including various errors in the pasteuriser. Results showed that the best predictor of overall trust was not faith but dependability, and that dependability consistently governed trust throughout the interaction with the pasteuriser. Thus, the obtained data patterns were inconsistent with those reported in Muir and Moray. We observed that operators in the current study used automatic control more frequently than manual control to successfully produce performance scores contrary to the operators in Muir and Moray. The results imply that dependability is a critical predictor of human-machine trust, which automation designer may focus on. More extensive future research using more modern automated technologies is necessary for understanding what factors control human-autonomy trust in modern ages.
MeSH term(s)	Attention ; Automation ; Biometry ; Humans ; Man-Machine Systems ; Task Performance and Analysis ; Trust
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-04-22
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1920-3
ISSN	1366-5847 ; 0014-0139
ISSN (online)	1366-5847
ISSN	0014-0139
DOI	10.1080/00140139.2021.1909752
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Article ; Online: Minding the Gap: Effects of an Attention Maintenance Training Program on Driver Calibration.

Unverricht, James / Yamani, Yusuke / Chen, Jing / Horrey, William J

Human factors

2020 Volume 64, Issue 5, Page(s) 890–903

Abstract: Objective: The present study examines the effect of an existing driver training program, FOrward Concentration and Attention Learning (FOCAL) on young drivers' calibration, drivers' ability to estimate the length of their in-vehicle glances while ... ...

Abstract	Objective: The present study examines the effect of an existing driver training program, FOrward Concentration and Attention Learning (FOCAL) on young drivers' calibration, drivers' ability to estimate the length of their in-vehicle glances while driving, using two different measures, normalized difference scores and Brier Scores. Background: Young drivers are poor at maintaining attention to the forward roadway while driving a vehicle. Additionally, drivers may overestimate their attention maintenance abilities. Driver training programs such as FOCAL may train target skills such as attention maintenance but also might serve as a promising way to reduce errors in drivers' calibration of their self-perceived attention maintenance behaviors in comparison to their actual performance. Method: Thirty-six participants completed either FOCAL or a Placebo training program, immediately followed by driving simulator evaluations of their attention maintenance performance. In the evaluation drive, participants navigated four driving simulator scenarios during which their eyes were tracked. In each scenario, participants performed a map task on a tablet simulating an in-vehicle infotainment system. Results: FOCAL-trained drivers maintained their attention to the forward roadway more and reported better calibration using the normalized difference measure than Placebo-trained drivers. However, the Brier scores did not distinguish the two groups on their calibration. Conclusion: The study implies that FOCAL has the potential to improve not only attention maintenance skills but also calibration of the skills for young drivers. Application: Driver training programs may be designed to train not only targeted higher cognitive skills but also driver calibration-both critical for driving safety in young drivers.
MeSH term(s)	Automobile Driving ; Calibration ; Humans
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-10-15
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	212725-8
ISSN	1547-8181 ; 0018-7208
ISSN (online)	1547-8181
ISSN	0018-7208
DOI	10.1177/0018720820965293
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Article ; Online: Novice driver crashes: The relation between putative causal factors, countermeasures, real world implementations, and policy - A case study in simple, scalable solutions.

Fisher, Donald L / Agrawal, Ravi / Divekar, Gautam / Hamid, Malek Abdul / Krishnan, Akhilesh / Mehranian, Hasmik / Muttart, Jeff / Pradhan, Anuj / Roberts, Shannon / Romoser, Matthew / Samuel, Siby / Vlakveld, Willem / Yamani, Yusuke / Young, Jared / Zafian, Tracy / Zhang, Lisa

Accident; analysis and prevention

2024 Volume 198, Page(s) 107397

Abstract: Novice drivers are at a greatly inflated risk of crashing. This led in the 20th century to numerous attempts to develop training programs that could reduce their crash risk. Yet, none proved effective. Novice drivers were largely considered careless, not ...

Abstract	Novice drivers are at a greatly inflated risk of crashing. This led in the 20th century to numerous attempts to develop training programs that could reduce their crash risk. Yet, none proved effective. Novice drivers were largely considered careless, not clueless. This article is a case study in the United States of how a better understanding of the causes of novice driver crashes led to training countermeasures targeting teen driving behaviors with known associations with crashes. These effects on behaviors were large enough and long-lasting enough to convince insurance companies to develop training programs that they offered around the country to teen drivers. The success of the training programs at reducing the frequency of behaviors linked to crashes also led to several large-scale evaluations of the effect of the training programs on actual crashes. A reduction in crashes was observed. The cumulative effect has now led to state driver licensing agencies considering as a matter of policy both to include items testing the behaviors linked to crashes on licensing exams and to require training on safety critical behaviors. The effort has been ongoing for over a quarter century and is continuing. The case study highlights the critical elements that made it possible to move from a paradigm shift in the understanding of crash causes to the development and evaluation of crash countermeasures, to the implementation of those crash countermeasures, and to subsequent policy changes at the state and federal level. Key among these elements is the development of simple, scalable solutions.
MeSH term(s)	Adolescent ; Humans ; United States ; Accidents, Traffic/prevention & control ; Automobile Driving ; Licensure ; Policy ; Causality
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-01-24
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	210223-7
ISSN	1879-2057 ; 0001-4575
ISSN (online)	1879-2057
ISSN	0001-4575
DOI	10.1016/j.aap.2023.107397
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Article ; Online: Booster Dose of Attention Training Program for Young Novice Drivers: A Longitudinal Driving Simulator Evaluation Study.

Glassman, Jeffrey / Yahoodik, Sarah / Samuel, Siby / Young, Jared / Knodler, Michael K / Zhang, Tingru / Zafian, Tracy / Fisher, Donald L / Yamani, Yusuke

Human factors

2022 Volume 66, Issue 3, Page(s) 933–953

Abstract: Objective: We examined the effectiveness of a second exposure to ACCEL, a novel driving training program, on latent hazard anticipation (HA) performance several months after their first exposure.: Background: Past research has demonstrated that PC- ... ...

Abstract	Objective: We examined the effectiveness of a second exposure to ACCEL, a novel driving training program, on latent hazard anticipation (HA) performance several months after their first exposure. Background: Past research has demonstrated that PC-based driver training programs can improve latent HA performance in young novice drivers, but these improvements are below the ceiling level. Method: Twenty-five participants were randomly assigned to either the Placebo group, the ACCEL-1 group, or the ACCEL-2 group. Following the completion of the assigned training program, participants drove a series of eighteen scenarios incorporating latent hazards in a high-fidelity driving simulator with their eyes tracked. Participants returned two to six months following the first session and completed either the placebo program (ACCEL-1 and Placebo groups), or a second dose of training program (ACCEL-2 group), again followed by simulated evaluation drives. Results: The ACCEL-2 group showed improved HA performance compared to the ACCEL-1 and Placebo groups in the second evaluation. Conclusion: ACCEL enhances young novice drivers' latent HA performance. The effectiveness of ACCEL is retained up to 6 months, and a second dose further improves HA performance. Application: Policy makers should consider requiring such training before the completion of graduate driver license programs. Young novice drivers that do not show successful latent HA performance could be required to complete additional training before being allowed to drive without restrictions.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Automobile Driving ; Accidents, Traffic ; Attention
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-06-28
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Randomized Controlled Trial ; Journal Article
ZDB-ID	212725-8
ISSN	1547-8181 ; 0018-7208
ISSN (online)	1547-8181
ISSN	0018-7208
DOI	10.1177/00187208221109993
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