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Article ; Online: Comparison of the Usability of Apple M2 and M1 Processors for Various Machine Learning Tasks.

Kasperek, David / Antonowicz, Pawel / Baranowski, Marek / Sokolowska, Marta / Podpora, Michal

2023 Volume 23, Issue 12

Abstract: Thispaper compares the usability of various Apple MacBook Pro laptops were tested for basic machine learning research applications, including text-based, vision-based, and tabular data. Four tests/benchmarks were conducted using four different MacBook ... ...

Abstract	Thispaper compares the usability of various Apple MacBook Pro laptops were tested for basic machine learning research applications, including text-based, vision-based, and tabular data. Four tests/benchmarks were conducted using four different MacBook Pro models-M1, M1 Pro, M2, and M2 Pro. A script written in Swift was used to train and evaluate four machine learning models using the Create ML framework, and the process was repeated three times. The script also measured performance metrics, including time results. The results were presented in tables, allowing for a comparison of the performance of each device and the impact of their hardware architectures.
MeSH term(s)	Malus ; Machine Learning ; Computers
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-06-08
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2052857-7
ISSN	1424-8220 ; 1424-8220
ISSN (online)	1424-8220
ISSN	1424-8220
DOI	10.3390/s23125424
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Implementation of a Hybrid Intelligence System Enabling the Effectiveness Assessment of Interaction Channels Use in HMI.

Gardecki, Arkadiusz / Rut, Joanna / Klin, Bartlomiej / Podpora, Michal / Beniak, Ryszard

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)

2023 Volume 23, Issue 8

Abstract: The article presents a novel idea of Interaction Quality Sensor (IQS), introduced in the complete solution of Hybrid INTelligence (HINT) architecture for intelligent control systems. The proposed system is designed to use and prioritize multiple ... ...

Abstract	The article presents a novel idea of Interaction Quality Sensor (IQS), introduced in the complete solution of Hybrid INTelligence (HINT) architecture for intelligent control systems. The proposed system is designed to use and prioritize multiple information channels (speech, images, videos) in order to optimize the information flow efficiency of interaction in HMI systems. The proposed architecture is implemented and validated in a real-world application of training unskilled workers-new employees (with lower competencies and/or a language barrier). With the help of the HINT system, the man-machine communication information channels are deliberately chosen based on IQS readouts to enable an untrained, inexperienced, foreign employee candidate to become a good worker, while not requiring the presence of either an interpreter or an expert during training. The proposed implementation is in line with the labor market trend, which displays significant fluctuations. The HINT system is designed to activate human resources and support organizations/enterprises in the effective assimilation of employees to the tasks performed on the production assembly line. The market need of solving this noticeable problem was caused by a large migration of employees within (and between) enterprises. The research results presented in the work show significant benefits of the methods used, while supporting multilingualism and optimizing the preselection of information channels.
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-04-08
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2052857-7
ISSN	1424-8220 ; 1424-8220
ISSN (online)	1424-8220
ISSN	1424-8220
DOI	10.3390/s23083826
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Article ; Online: Digital Stereotypes in HMI-The Influence of Feature Quantity Distribution in Deep Learning Models Training.

Antonowicz, Pawel / Podpora, Michal / Rut, Joanna

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)

2022 Volume 22, Issue 18

Abstract: This paper proposes a concept of Digital Stereotypes, observed during research on quantitative overrepresentation of one class over others, and its impact on the results of the training of Deep Learning models. The real-life observed data classes are ... ...

Abstract	This paper proposes a concept of Digital Stereotypes, observed during research on quantitative overrepresentation of one class over others, and its impact on the results of the training of Deep Learning models. The real-life observed data classes are rarely of the same size, and the intuition of presenting multiple examples of one class and then showing a few counterexamples may be very misleading in multimodal classification. Deep Learning models, when taught with overrepresentation, may produce incorrect inferring results, similar to stereotypes. The generic idea of stereotypes seems to be helpful for categorisation from the training point of view, but it has a negative influence on the inferring result. Authors evaluate a large dataset in various scenarios: overrepresentation of one or two classes, underrepresentation of some classes, and same-size (trimmed) classes. The presented research can be applied to any multiclassification applications, but it may be especially important in AI, where the classification, uncertainty and building new knowledge overlap. This paper presents specific 'decreases in accuracy' observed within multiclassification of unleveled datasets. The 'decreases in accuracy', named by the authors 'stereotypes', can also bring an inspiring insight into other fields and applications, not only multimodal sentiment analysis.
MeSH term(s)	Artificial Intelligence ; Deep Learning
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-09-06
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2052857-7
ISSN	1424-8220 ; 1424-8220
ISSN (online)	1424-8220
ISSN	1424-8220
DOI	10.3390/s22186739
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Comparison of the Usability of Apple M1 Processors for Various Machine Learning Tasks.

Kasperek, David / Podpora, Michal / Kawala-Sterniuk, Aleksandra

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)

2022 Volume 22, Issue 20

Abstract: In this paper, the authors have compared all of the currently available Apple MacBook Pro laptops, in terms of their usability for basic machine learning research applications (text-based, vision-based, tabular). The paper presents four tests/benchmarks, ...

Abstract	In this paper, the authors have compared all of the currently available Apple MacBook Pro laptops, in terms of their usability for basic machine learning research applications (text-based, vision-based, tabular). The paper presents four tests/benchmarks, comparing four Apple Macbook Pro laptop versions: Intel based (i5) and three Apple based (M1, M1 Pro and M1 Max). A script in the Swift programming language was prepared, whose goal was to conduct the training and evaluation process for four machine learning (ML) models. It used the Create ML framework-Apple's solution dedicated to ML model creation on macOS devices. The training and evaluation processes were performed three times. While running, the script performed measurements of their performance, including the time results. The results were compared with each other in tables, which allowed to compare and discuss the performance of individual devices and the benefits of the specificity of their hardware architectures.
MeSH term(s)	Malus ; Machine Learning ; Computers
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-10-20
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2052857-7
ISSN	1424-8220 ; 1424-8220
ISSN (online)	1424-8220
ISSN	1424-8220
DOI	10.3390/s22208005
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Article ; Online: Review of the application of the most current sophisticated image processing methods for the skin cancer diagnostics purposes.

Myslicka, Maria / Kawala-Sterniuk, Aleksandra / Bryniarska, Anna / Sudol, Adam / Podpora, Michal / Gasz, Rafal / Martinek, Radek / Kahankova Vilimkova, Radana / Vilimek, Dominik / Pelc, Mariusz / Mikolajewski, Dariusz

Archives of dermatological research

2024 Volume 316, Issue 4, Page(s) 99

Abstract: This paper presents the most current and innovative solutions applying modern digital image processing methods for the purpose of skin cancer diagnostics. Skin cancer is one of the most common types of cancers. It is said that in the USA only, one in ... ...

Abstract	This paper presents the most current and innovative solutions applying modern digital image processing methods for the purpose of skin cancer diagnostics. Skin cancer is one of the most common types of cancers. It is said that in the USA only, one in five people will develop skin cancer and this trend is constantly increasing. Implementation of new, non-invasive methods plays a crucial role in both identification and prevention of skin cancer occurrence. Early diagnosis and treatment are needed in order to decrease the number of deaths due to this disease. This paper also contains some information regarding the most common skin cancer types, mortality and epidemiological data for Poland, Europe, Canada and the USA. It also covers the most efficient and modern image recognition methods based on the artificial intelligence applied currently for diagnostics purposes. In this work, both professional, sophisticated as well as inexpensive solutions were presented. This paper is a review paper and covers the period of 2017 and 2022 when it comes to solutions and statistics. The authors decided to focus on the latest data, mostly due to the rapid technology development and increased number of new methods, which positively affects diagnosis and prognosis.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Artificial Intelligence ; Skin ; Skin Neoplasms/diagnosis ; Skin Neoplasms/epidemiology ; Canada ; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-03-06
Publishing country	Germany
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	130131-7
ISSN	1432-069X ; 0340-3696
ISSN (online)	1432-069X
ISSN	0340-3696
DOI	10.1007/s00403-024-02828-1
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: User Experience Sensor for Man-Machine Interaction Modeled as an Analogy to the Tower of Hanoi.

Gardecki, Arkadiusz / Podpora, Michal / Beniak, Ryszard / Klin, Bartlomiej / Pochwała, Sławomir

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)

2020 Volume 20, Issue 15

Abstract: This paper presents a novel user experience optimization concept and method, named User Experience Sensor, applied within the Hybrid Intelligence System (HINT). The HINT system, defined as a combination of an extensive AI system and the possibility of ... ...

Abstract	This paper presents a novel user experience optimization concept and method, named User Experience Sensor, applied within the Hybrid Intelligence System (HINT). The HINT system, defined as a combination of an extensive AI system and the possibility of attaching a human expert, is designed to be used by relational agents, which may have a physical form, such as a robot, a kiosk, be embodied in an avatar, or may also exist as only software. The proposed method focuses on automatic process evaluation as a common sensor for optimization of the user experience for every process stage and the indicator for human-expert automatic session activation. This functionality is realized by the User Experience Sensor, which constitutes one of main elements of the self-optimizing interaction system. The authors present the optimization mechanism of the HINT system as an analogy to the process of building a Tower of Hanoi. The proposed sensor evaluates the user experience and measures the user/employee efficiency at every stage of a given process, offering the user to choose other forms of information, interaction, or expert support. The designed HINT system is able to learn and self-optimize, making the entire process more intuitive and easy for each and every user individually. The HINT system with the proposed sensor, implemented in a window assembly facility, successfully reduced assembly time, increased employees' satisfaction, and assembly quality. The proposed approach can be implemented in numerous man-machine interaction applications.
MeSH term(s)	Artificial Intelligence ; Humans ; Software ; User-Computer Interface
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-07-22
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2052857-7
ISSN	1424-8220 ; 1424-8220
ISSN (online)	1424-8220
ISSN	1424-8220
DOI	10.3390/s20154074
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Article ; Online: Location Optimisation in the Process of Designing Infrastructure of Point Pollutant Emitters to Meet Specific Environmental Protection Standards

Marcin Majer / Piotr M. Dzierwa / Marek Deja / Mariusz Herz / Michal Podpora

Applied Sciences, Vol 12, Iss 3031, p

2022 Volume 3031

Abstract: This article addresses the challenge of searching for the optimal location for a newly designed pollutant emitter (new factory or other facility) in relation to the requirements imposed by environmental protection regulations on the concentrations of ... ...

Abstract	This article addresses the challenge of searching for the optimal location for a newly designed pollutant emitter (new factory or other facility) in relation to the requirements imposed by environmental protection regulations on the concentrations of selected pollutants in a given area, taking into account the currently existing levels of analysed substances. The paper presents the key issues of the dispersion of pollutants in atmospheric air and pollutant dispersion models. The Gaussian model of a plume, based on the Pasquill diffusion equation, is chosen to simulate the dispersion of pollutants in atmospheric air. The key issue within the paper constitutes the research section responsible for using the Monte Carlo global optimisation method in order to find the optimal location. The proposed algorithm is intended to offer measurable and subjective arguments and options to preliminary discussions on choosing a location for new factories, while such discussions choices should be fact-based and ecologically acceptable instead of fulfilling only political or economical goals. The paper is intended to present the need for easily interpretable arguments for discussions and responsible decisions on choosing the lowest-impact location of pollutant emitters to the scientific community.
Keywords	pasquill ; monte carlo ; emitter ; environmental protection ; Technology ; T ; Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General) ; TA1-2040 ; Biology (General) ; QH301-705.5 ; Physics ; QC1-999 ; Chemistry ; QD1-999
Subject code	333
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-03-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	MDPI AG
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Human Interaction Smart Subsystem-Extending Speech-Based Human-Robot Interaction Systems with an Implementation of External Smart Sensors.

Podpora, Michal / Gardecki, Arkadiusz / Beniak, Ryszard / Klin, Bartlomiej / Vicario, Jose Lopez / Kawala-Sterniuk, Aleksandra

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)

2020 Volume 20, Issue 8

Abstract: This paper presents a more detailed concept of Human-Robot Interaction systems architecture. One of the main differences between the proposed architecture and other ones is the methodology of information acquisition regarding the robot's interlocutor. In ...

Abstract	This paper presents a more detailed concept of Human-Robot Interaction systems architecture. One of the main differences between the proposed architecture and other ones is the methodology of information acquisition regarding the robot's interlocutor. In order to obtain as much information as possible before the actual interaction took place, a custom Internet-of-Things-based sensor subsystems connected to Smart Infrastructure was designed and implemented, in order to support the interlocutor identification and acquisition of initial interaction parameters. The Artificial Intelligence interaction framework of the developed robotic system (including humanoid Pepper with its sensors and actuators, additional local, remote and cloud computing services) is being extended with the use of custom external subsystems for additional knowledge acquisition: device-based human identification, visual identification and audio-based interlocutor localization subsystems. These subsystems were deeply introduced and evaluated in this paper, presenting the benefits of integrating them into the robotic interaction system. In this paper a more detailed analysis of one of the external subsystems-Bluetooth Human Identification Smart Subsystem-was also included. The idea, use case, and a prototype, integration of elements of Smart Infrastructure systems and the prototype implementation were performed in a small front office of the Weegree company as a decent test-bed application area.
Keywords	covid19
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-04-22
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2052857-7
ISSN	1424-8220 ; 1424-8220
ISSN (online)	1424-8220
ISSN	1424-8220
DOI	10.3390/s20082376
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article: Comparison of Smoothing Filters' Influence on Quality of Data Recorded with the Emotiv EPOC Flex Brain-Computer Interface Headset during Audio Stimulation.

Browarska, Natalia / Kawala-Sterniuk, Aleksandra / Zygarlicki, Jaroslaw / Podpora, Michal / Pelc, Mariusz / Martinek, Radek / Gorzelańczyk, Edward Jacek

Brain sciences

2021 Volume 11, Issue 1

Abstract: Off-the-shelf, consumer-grade EEG equipment is nowadays becoming the first-choice equipment for many scientists when it comes to recording brain waves for research purposes. On one hand, this is perfectly understandable due to its availability and ... ...

Abstract	Off-the-shelf, consumer-grade EEG equipment is nowadays becoming the first-choice equipment for many scientists when it comes to recording brain waves for research purposes. On one hand, this is perfectly understandable due to its availability and relatively low cost (especially in comparison to some clinical-level EEG devices), but, on the other hand, quality of the recorded signals is gradually increasing and reaching levels that were offered just a few years ago by much more expensive devices used in medicine for diagnostic purposes. In many cases, a well-designed filter and/or a well-thought signal acquisition method improve the signal quality to the level that it becomes good enough to become subject of further analysis allowing to formulate some valid scientific theories and draw far-fetched conclusions related to human brain operation. In this paper, we propose a smoothing filter based upon the Savitzky-Golay filter for the purpose of EEG signal filtering. Additionally, we provide a summary and comparison of the applied filter to some other approaches to EEG data filtering. All the analyzed signals were acquired from subjects performing visually involving high-concentration tasks with audio stimuli using Emotiv EPOC Flex equipment.
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-01-13
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2651993-8
ISSN	2076-3425
ISSN	2076-3425
DOI	10.3390/brainsci11010098
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Comparison of Smoothing Filters in Analysis of EEG Data for the Medical Diagnostics Purposes.

Kawala-Sterniuk, Aleksandra / Podpora, Michal / Pelc, Mariusz / Blaszczyszyn, Monika / Gorzelanczyk, Edward Jacek / Martinek, Radek / Ozana, Stepan

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)

2020 Volume 20, Issue 3

Abstract: This paper covers a brief review of both the advantages and disadvantages of the implementation of various smoothing filters in the analysis of electroencephalography (EEG) data for the purpose of potential medical diagnostics. The EEG data are very ... ...

Abstract	This paper covers a brief review of both the advantages and disadvantages of the implementation of various smoothing filters in the analysis of electroencephalography (EEG) data for the purpose of potential medical diagnostics. The EEG data are very prone to the occurrence of various internal and external artifacts and signal distortions. In this paper, three types of smoothing filters were compared: smooth filter, median filter and Savitzky-Golay filter. The authors of this paper compared those filters and proved their usefulness, as they made the analyzed data more legible for diagnostic purposes. The obtained results were promising, however, the studies on finding perfect filtering methods are still in progress.
MeSH term(s)	Adult ; Algorithms ; Artifacts ; Brain/diagnostic imaging ; Brain/physiology ; Electroencephalography/methods ; Female ; Filtration ; Humans ; Male ; Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted/instrumentation ; Young Adult
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-02-02
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2052857-7
ISSN	1424-8220 ; 1424-8220
ISSN (online)	1424-8220
ISSN	1424-8220
DOI	10.3390/s20030807
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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