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Article ; Online: Quantitative study of asymmetry in the manifestation of the wings-in and wings-out versions of the Müller-Lyer illusion.

Bulatov, Aleksandr / Bulatova, Natalija / Marma, Vilius / Kučinskas, Laimutis

2021 Volume 84, Issue 2, Page(s) 560–575

Abstract: The present study investigated whether the asymmetry in magnitude between the wings-in and wings-out versions of the Müller-Lyer illusion can be explained by the manifestation of accompanying effects of the filled-space illusion. In psychophysical ... ...

Abstract	The present study investigated whether the asymmetry in magnitude between the wings-in and wings-out versions of the Müller-Lyer illusion can be explained by the manifestation of accompanying effects of the filled-space illusion. In psychophysical experiments, the three-dot stimuli were used, and in different series, a single set of the Müller-Lyer wings was attached to the left or to right terminating dot. To check whether the summation of illusory effects occurs, experiments with two sets of the wings forming the Judd figure were performed. To evaluate the standalone manifestation of the filled-space illusion, we conducted experiments with distracting cross (two sets of coinciding and oppositely oriented wings) centered on the lateral terminator of the stimulus. To interpret the experimental data, we used computational procedures of previously developed quantitative models of hypothetical visual mechanisms underlying the emergence of the Müller-Lyer illusion and the filled-space illusion. It was demonstrated that theoretical calculations adequately account for the illusion magnitude variations for all modifications of stimuli, which convincingly supports the suggestion that the concomitant manifestation of the filled-space illusion is powerful enough to be considered as one of the main reasons for the asymmetric properties of illusions of extent of the Müller-Lyer type.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Optical Illusions
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-12-17
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2464550-3
ISSN	1943-393X ; 1943-3921
ISSN (online)	1943-393X
ISSN	1943-3921
DOI	10.3758/s13414-021-02412-z
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Article ; Online: Associations of Polymorphisms Localized in the 3'UTR Regions of the

Insodaite, Ruta / Smalinskiene, Alina / Liutkevicius, Vykintas / Ulozas, Virgilijus / Poceviciute, Roberta / Bielevicius, Arunas / Kucinskas, Laimutis

Genes

2021 Volume 12, Issue 11

Abstract: Background: Genetic variations, localized in the 3' untranslated region (UTR) in mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway-related genes, may alter the transcription and impact the pathogenesis of laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC). The ... ...

Abstract	Background: Genetic variations, localized in the 3' untranslated region (UTR) in mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway-related genes, may alter the transcription and impact the pathogenesis of laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC). The present study investigated the associations of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP), localized in the 3'UTR) of the Methods: Genomic DNA and clinical data were collected from 327 adult men with LSCC. The control group was formed from 333 healthy men. Genotyping of the SNPs was performed using TaqMan SNP genotyping assays. Five Results: Significant associations of the studied SNPs with reduced LSCC risk were observed between Conclusions: According to the present study, 3'UTR SNP in the
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-10-23
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2527218-4
ISSN	2073-4425 ; 2073-4425
ISSN (online)	2073-4425
ISSN	2073-4425
DOI	10.3390/genes12111679
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Article: Association of CX36 Protein Encoding Gene GJD2 with Refractive Errors

Kunceviciene, Edita / Muskieta, Tomas / Sriubiene, Margarita / Liutkeviciene, Rasa / Smalinskiene, Alina / Grabauskyte, Ingrida / Insodaite, Ruta / Juoceviciute, Dovile / Kucinskas, Laimutis

Genes. 2022 June 28, v. 13, no. 7

2022

Abstract: Purpose: This study aimed to evaluate the associations of GJD2 (rs634990, rs524952) and RASGRF1 (rs8027411, rs4778879, rs28412916) gene polymorphisms with refractive errors. Methods: The study included 373 subjects with refractive errors (48 myopia, 239 ... ...

Abstract	Purpose: This study aimed to evaluate the associations of GJD2 (rs634990, rs524952) and RASGRF1 (rs8027411, rs4778879, rs28412916) gene polymorphisms with refractive errors. Methods: The study included 373 subjects with refractive errors (48 myopia, 239 myopia with astigmatism, 14 hyperopia, and 72 hyperopia with astigmatism patients) and 104 ophthalmologically healthy subjects in the control group. A quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) method was chosen for genotyping. Statistical calculations and analysis of results were performed with IBM SPSS Statistics 27 software. Results: The correlations in monozygotic (MZ) twin pairs were higher compared to DZ pairs, indicating genetic effects on hyperopia and astigmatism. The heritability (h²) of hyperopia and astigmatism was 0.654 for the right eye and 0.492 for the left eye. The GJD2 rs634990 TT genotype increased the incidence of hyperopia with astigmatism by 2.4-fold and the CT genotype decreased the incidence of hyperopia with astigmatism by 0.51-fold (p < 0.05). The GJD2 rs524952 AT genotype reduced the incidence of hyperopia with astigmatism by 0.53-fold (p < 0.05). Haplotype analysis of SNPs in the GJD2 gene revealed two statistically significant haplotypes: ACTAGG for rs634990 and TTTAGA for rs524952, which statistically significantly reduced the incidence of hyperopia and hyperopia with astigmatism by 0.41-fold (95% CI: 0.220–0.765) and 0.383-fold (95% CI: 0.199–0.737), respectively (p < 0.05). It was also found that, in the presence of haplotypes ACTAGG for rs634990 and TATAGA for rs524952, the possibility of hyperopia was reduced by 0.4-fold (p < 0.05). Conclusions: the heritability of hyperopia and hyperopia with astigmatism was 0.654–0.492, according to different eyes in patients between 20 and 40 years. The GJD2 rs634990 was identified as an SNP, which has significant associations with the co-occurrence of hyperopia and astigmatism. Patients with the GJD2 gene rs634990 TT genotype were found to have a 2.4-fold higher risk of develop hyperopia with astigmatism.
Keywords	computer software ; eyes ; genes ; genotyping ; haplotypes ; heritability ; myopia ; quantitative polymerase chain reaction ; risk
Language	English
Dates of publication	2022-0628
Publishing place	Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	2527218-4
ISSN	2073-4425
ISSN	2073-4425
DOI	10.3390/genes13071166
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article: Associations of Polymorphisms Localized in the 3′UTR Regions of the KRAS, NRAS, MAPK1 Genes with Laryngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Insodaite, Ruta / Smalinskiene, Alina / Liutkevicius, Vykintas / Ulozas, Virgilijus / Poceviciute, Roberta / Bielevicius, Arunas / Kucinskas, Laimutis

Genes. 2021 Oct. 23, v. 12, no. 11

2021

Abstract: Background: Genetic variations, localized in the 3′ untranslated region (UTR) in mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway-related genes, may alter the transcription and impact the pathogenesis of laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC). The ... ...

Abstract	Background: Genetic variations, localized in the 3′ untranslated region (UTR) in mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway-related genes, may alter the transcription and impact the pathogenesis of laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC). The present study investigated the associations of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP), localized in the 3′UTR) of the KRAS, NRAS, and MAPK1 genes with LSCC risk and clinicopathological features. Methods: Genomic DNA and clinical data were collected from 327 adult men with LSCC. The control group was formed from 333 healthy men. Genotyping of the SNPs was performed using TaqMan SNP genotyping assays. Five KRAS, NRAS, and MAPK1 polymorphisms were analyzed. All studied genotypes were in Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium and had the same allele distribution as the 1000 Genomes project Phase 3 dataset for the European population. Results: Significant associations of the studied SNPs with reduced LSCC risk were observed between NRAS rs14804 major genotype CC. Significant associations of the studied SNPs with clinicopathologic variables were also observed between NRAS rs14804 minor T allele and advanced tumor stage and positive lymph node status. SNP of MAPK1 rs9340 was associated with distant metastasis. Moreover, haplotype analysis of two KRAS SNPs rs712 and rs7973450 revealed that TG haplotype was associated with positive lymph node status in LSCC patients. Conclusions: According to the present study, 3′UTR SNP in the NRAS and MAPK1 genes may contribute to the identifications of patients at higher risk of LSCC lymph node and distant metastasis development.
Keywords	DNA ; adults ; alleles ; data collection ; genotyping ; haplotypes ; larynx ; lymph nodes ; metastasis ; mitogen-activated protein kinase ; risk ; squamous cell carcinoma
Language	English
Dates of publication	2021-1023
Publishing place	Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	2527218-4
ISSN	2073-4425
ISSN	2073-4425
DOI	10.3390/genes12111679
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article ; Online: Association of CX36 Protein Encoding Gene

Kunceviciene, Edita / Muskieta, Tomas / Sriubiene, Margarita / Liutkeviciene, Rasa / Smalinskiene, Alina / Grabauskyte, Ingrida / Insodaite, Ruta / Juoceviciute, Dovile / Kucinskas, Laimutis

Genes

2022 Volume 13, Issue 7

Abstract	Purpose: This study aimed to evaluate the associations of GJD2 (rs634990, rs524952) and RASGRF1 (rs8027411, rs4778879, rs28412916) gene polymorphisms with refractive errors. Methods: The study included 373 subjects with refractive errors (48 myopia, 239 myopia with astigmatism, 14 hyperopia, and 72 hyperopia with astigmatism patients) and 104 ophthalmologically healthy subjects in the control group. A quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) method was chosen for genotyping. Statistical calculations and analysis of results were performed with IBM SPSS Statistics 27 software. Results: The correlations in monozygotic (MZ) twin pairs were higher compared to DZ pairs, indicating genetic effects on hyperopia and astigmatism. The heritability (h2) of hyperopia and astigmatism was 0.654 for the right eye and 0.492 for the left eye. The GJD2 rs634990 TT genotype increased the incidence of hyperopia with astigmatism by 2.4-fold and the CT genotype decreased the incidence of hyperopia with astigmatism by 0.51-fold (p < 0.05). The GJD2 rs524952 AT genotype reduced the incidence of hyperopia with astigmatism by 0.53-fold (p < 0.05). Haplotype analysis of SNPs in the GJD2 gene revealed two statistically significant haplotypes: ACTAGG for rs634990 and TTTAGA for rs524952, which statistically significantly reduced the incidence of hyperopia and hyperopia with astigmatism by 0.41-fold (95% CI: 0.220−0.765) and 0.383-fold (95% CI: 0.199−0.737), respectively (p < 0.05). It was also found that, in the presence of haplotypes ACTAGG for rs634990 and TATAGA for rs524952, the possibility of hyperopia was reduced by 0.4-fold (p < 0.05). Conclusions: the heritability of hyperopia and hyperopia with astigmatism was 0.654−0.492, according to different eyes in patients between 20 and 40 years. The GJD2 rs634990 was identified as an SNP, which has significant associations with the co-occurrence of hyperopia and astigmatism. Patients with the GJD2 gene rs634990 TT genotype were found to have a 2.4-fold higher risk of develop hyperopia with astigmatism.
MeSH term(s)	Astigmatism/epidemiology ; Connexins ; Humans ; Hyperopia/epidemiology ; Hyperopia/genetics ; Myopia/genetics ; Refractive Errors/genetics ; Gap Junction delta-2 Protein
Chemical Substances	Connexins
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-06-28
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2527218-4
ISSN	2073-4425 ; 2073-4425
ISSN (online)	2073-4425
ISSN	2073-4425
DOI	10.3390/genes13071166
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Article ; Online: Gut microbial similarity in twins is driven by shared environment and aging

Ramiro Vilchez-Vargas / Jurgita Skieceviciene / Konrad Lehr / Greta Varkalaite / Cosima Thon / Mindaugas Urba / Egidijus Morkūnas / Laimutis Kucinskas / Karolina Bauraite / Denny Schanze / Martin Zenker / Peter Malfertheiner / Juozas Kupcinskas / Alexander Link

EBioMedicine, Vol 79, Iss , Pp 104011- (2022)

2022

Abstract: Summary: Background: Human gut microbiome composition is influenced by genetics, diet and environmental factors. We investigated the microbial composition in several gastrointestinal (GI) compartments to evaluate the impact of genetics, delivery mode, ... ...

Abstract	Summary: Background: Human gut microbiome composition is influenced by genetics, diet and environmental factors. We investigated the microbial composition in several gastrointestinal (GI) compartments to evaluate the impact of genetics, delivery mode, diet, household sharing and aging on microbial similarity in monozygotic and dizygotic twins. Methods: Fecal, biopsy and saliva samples were obtained from total 108 twins. DNA and/or RNA was extracted and the region V1-V2 of the 16S rRNA gene was amplified and sequenced. Bray-Curtis similarity was used for further microbiome comparisons, Mann-Whitney test was applied to evaluate the significant differences between groups and Spearman test was applied to reveal potential correlations between data. Findings: The global bacterial profiles were grouped into two clusters separating the upper and lower GI. The upper GI microbiome composition was strictly dependent on the Helicobacter pylori status. With a positivity rate of 55%, H. pylori completely colonized the stomach and separated infected twins from non-infected twins irrespective of zygosity status. Lower GI microbiome similarity between the twins was defined mainly by household-sharing and aging; whereas delivery mode and host genetics had no influence. There was a progredient decrease in the bacterial similarity with aging. Shared vs. non-shared phylotypes analysis showed that in both siblings the shared phylotypes progressively diminished with aging, while the non-shared phylotypes increased. Interpretation: Our findings strongly highlight the aging and shared household as they key determinants in gut microbial similarity and drift in twins irrespective of their zygotic state. Funding: This work was supported by the grant of the Research Council of Lithuania (Project no. APP-2/2016) and also partially supported by the funds of European Commission through the “European funds for regional development” (EFRE) as well as by the regional Ministry of Economy, Science and Digitalization as part of the “LiLife” Project ...
Keywords	Microbiome ; 16S rRNA sequencing ; Aging ; Shared household ; Stomach ; Helicobacter pylori ; Medicine ; R ; Medicine (General) ; R5-920
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-05-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Elsevier
Document type	Article ; Online
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Article ; Online: Gut microbial similarity in twins is driven by shared environment and aging.

Vilchez-Vargas, Ramiro / Skieceviciene, Jurgita / Lehr, Konrad / Varkalaite, Greta / Thon, Cosima / Urba, Mindaugas / Morkūnas, Egidijus / Kucinskas, Laimutis / Bauraite, Karolina / Schanze, Denny / Zenker, Martin / Malfertheiner, Peter / Kupcinskas, Juozas / Link, Alexander

EBioMedicine

2022 Volume 79, Page(s) 104011

Abstract: Background: Human gut microbiome composition is influenced by genetics, diet and environmental factors. We investigated the microbial composition in several gastrointestinal (GI) compartments to evaluate the impact of genetics, delivery mode, diet, ... ...

Abstract	Background: Human gut microbiome composition is influenced by genetics, diet and environmental factors. We investigated the microbial composition in several gastrointestinal (GI) compartments to evaluate the impact of genetics, delivery mode, diet, household sharing and aging on microbial similarity in monozygotic and dizygotic twins. Methods: Fecal, biopsy and saliva samples were obtained from total 108 twins. DNA and/or RNA was extracted and the region V1-V2 of the 16S rRNA gene was amplified and sequenced. Bray-Curtis similarity was used for further microbiome comparisons, Mann-Whitney test was applied to evaluate the significant differences between groups and Spearman test was applied to reveal potential correlations between data. Findings: The global bacterial profiles were grouped into two clusters separating the upper and lower GI. The upper GI microbiome composition was strictly dependent on the Helicobacter pylori status. With a positivity rate of 55%, H. pylori completely colonized the stomach and separated infected twins from non-infected twins irrespective of zygosity status. Lower GI microbiome similarity between the twins was defined mainly by household-sharing and aging; whereas delivery mode and host genetics had no influence. There was a progredient decrease in the bacterial similarity with aging. Shared vs. non-shared phylotypes analysis showed that in both siblings the shared phylotypes progressively diminished with aging, while the non-shared phylotypes increased. Interpretation: Our findings strongly highlight the aging and shared household as they key determinants in gut microbial similarity and drift in twins irrespective of their zygotic state. Funding: This work was supported by the grant of the Research Council of Lithuania (Project no. APP-2/2016) and also partially supported by the funds of European Commission through the "European funds for regional development" (EFRE) as well as by the regional Ministry of Economy, Science and Digitalization as part of the "LiLife" Project as part of the "Autonomy in old Age" research group (Project ID: ZS/2018/11/95324).
MeSH term(s)	Aging ; Feces/microbiology ; Gastrointestinal Microbiome/genetics ; Helicobacter pylori ; Humans ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics
Chemical Substances	RNA, Ribosomal, 16S
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-04-29
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2851331-9
ISSN	2352-3964
ISSN (online)	2352-3964
DOI	10.1016/j.ebiom.2022.104011
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Article ; Online: Association of HFE gene C282Y and H63D mutations with liver cirrhosis in the Lithuanian population.

Juzėnas, Simonas / Kupčinskas, Juozas / Valantienė, Irena / Šumskienė, Jolanta / Petrenkienė, Vitalija / Kondrackienė, Jūrate / Kučinskas, Laimutis / Kiudelis, Gediminas / Skiecevičienė, Jurgita / Kupčinskas, Limas

Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania)

2016 Volume 52, Issue 5, Page(s) 269–275

Abstract: Background and objective: Liver cirrhosis is the end-stage disease of chronic liver injury. Due to differences in the natural course of chronic liver diseases, identification of genetic factors that influence individual outcomes is warranted. HFE-linked ...

Abstract	Background and objective: Liver cirrhosis is the end-stage disease of chronic liver injury. Due to differences in the natural course of chronic liver diseases, identification of genetic factors that influence individual outcomes is warranted. HFE-linked hereditary hemochromatosis (HH) predisposes disease progression to cirrhosis; however, the role of heterozygous C282Y or H63D mutations in the development of cirrhosis in the presence of other etiological factors is still debated. The aim of this study was to determine the association between heterozygous C282Y and H63D mutations and non-HH liver cirrhosis in Lithuanian population. Materials and methods: The patient cohort consisted of 209 individuals. Diagnosis of cirrhosis was confirmed by clinical, laboratory parameters, liver biopsy, and radiological imaging. Control samples were obtained from 1005 randomly selected unrelated healthy individuals. HFE gene mutations were determined using the PCR-RFLP method. Results: The most common causes of cirrhosis were hepatitis C (33.9%), hepatitis B (13.6%), and alcohol (25.8%). C282Y allele was associated with the presence of cirrhosis (OR=2.07; P=0.005); this was also observed under recessive model for C282Y (OR=2.06, P=0.008). The prevalence of C282Y allele was higher in cirrhotic men than in controls (7.0% vs. 2.8%, P=0.002). The carriage of H63D risk allele (OR=1.54; P=0.02), heterozygous C282Y/wt and homozygous H63D/H63D genotypes were associated with liver cirrhosis in males (OR=2.48, P=0.008, and OR=4.13, P=0.005, respectively). Conclusions: Heterozygous C282Y mutation of the HFE gene was associated with liver cirrhosis in the Lithuanian population. In gender-related analysis, heterozygous C282Y and homozygous H63D mutations were linked to liver cirrhosis in men, not in women.
MeSH term(s)	Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Alleles ; Chi-Square Distribution ; Cohort Studies ; Female ; Genetic Predisposition to Disease ; Hemochromatosis Protein/genetics ; Heterozygote ; Humans ; Lithuania/epidemiology ; Liver Cirrhosis/epidemiology ; Liver Cirrhosis/genetics ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Mutation ; Odds Ratio ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Prevalence ; Retrospective Studies ; Sex Factors
Chemical Substances	HFE protein, human ; Hemochromatosis Protein
Language	English
Publishing date	2016
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2188113-3
ISSN	1648-9144 ; 1010-660X
ISSN (online)	1648-9144
ISSN	1010-660X
DOI	10.1016/j.medici.2016.09.004
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Article ; Online: Association of HFE gene C282Y and H63D mutations with liver cirrhosis in the Lithuanian population

Simonas Juzėnas / Juozas Kupčinskas / Irena Valantienė / Jolanta Šumskienė / Vitalija Petrenkienė / Jūrate Kondrackienė / Laimutis Kučinskas / Gediminas Kiudelis / Jurgita Skiecevičienė / Limas Kupčinskas

Medicina, Vol 52, Iss 5, Pp 269-

2016 Volume 275

Abstract	Background and objective: Liver cirrhosis is the end-stage disease of chronic liver injury. Due to differences in the natural course of chronic liver diseases, identification of genetic factors that influence individual outcomes is warranted. HFE-linked hereditary hemochromatosis (HH) predisposes disease progression to cirrhosis; however, the role of heterozygous C282Y or H63D mutations in the development of cirrhosis in the presence of other etiological factors is still debated. The aim of this study was to determine the association between heterozygous C282Y and H63D mutations and non-HH liver cirrhosis in Lithuanian population. Materials and methods: The patient cohort consisted of 209 individuals. Diagnosis of cirrhosis was confirmed by clinical, laboratory parameters, liver biopsy, and radiological imaging. Control samples were obtained from 1005 randomly selected unrelated healthy individuals. HFE gene mutations were determined using the PCR-RFLP method. Results: The most common causes of cirrhosis were hepatitis C (33.9%), hepatitis B (13.6%), and alcohol (25.8%). C282Y allele was associated with the presence of cirrhosis (OR = 2.07; P = 0.005); this was also observed under recessive model for C282Y (OR = 2.06, P = 0.008). The prevalence of C282Y allele was higher in cirrhotic men than in controls (7.0% vs. 2.8%, P = 0.002). The carriage of H63D risk allele (OR = 1.54; P = 0.02), heterozygous C282Y/wt and homozygous H63D/H63D genotypes were associated with liver cirrhosis in males (OR = 2.48, P = 0.008, and OR = 4.13, P = 0.005, respectively). Conclusions: Heterozygous C282Y mutation of the HFE gene was associated with liver cirrhosis in the Lithuanian population. In gender-related analysis, heterozygous C282Y and homozygous H63D mutations were linked to liver cirrhosis in men, not in women.
Keywords	HFE ; C282Y ; H63D ; Liver cirrhosis ; Medicine (General) ; R5-920
Subject code	610
Language	English
Publishing date	2016-01-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	MDPI AG
Document type	Article ; Online
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Article ; Online: Human male sex determination and sexual differentiation: pathways, molecular interactions and genetic disorders.

Kucinskas, Laimutis / Just, Walter

Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania)

2005 Volume 41, Issue 8, Page(s) 633–640

Abstract: The complex mechanisms are responsible for male sex determination and differentiation. The steps of formation of the testes are dependent on a series of Y-linked, X-linked and autosomal genes actions and interactions. After formation of testes the gonads ...

Abstract	The complex mechanisms are responsible for male sex determination and differentiation. The steps of formation of the testes are dependent on a series of Y-linked, X-linked and autosomal genes actions and interactions. After formation of testes the gonads secrete hormones, which are essential for the formation of the male genitalia. Hormones are transcription regulators, which function by specific receptors. Ambiguous genitalia are result of disruption of genetic interaction. This review describes the mechanisms, which lead to differentiation of male sex and ways by which the determination and differentiation may be interrupted by naturally occurring mutations, causing different syndromes and diseases.
MeSH term(s)	Adolescent ; Adult ; Androgens/biosynthesis ; Androgens/physiology ; Chromosome Deletion ; Disorders of Sex Development/genetics ; Female ; Gestational Age ; Humans ; Infant, Newborn ; Male ; Mutation ; Pregnancy ; Sex Determination Processes ; Sex Differentiation/genetics ; Sex Differentiation/physiology ; Testicular Hormones/physiology ; Transcription Factors/genetics ; Transcription Factors/physiology ; Transcription, Genetic ; Virilism/genetics
Chemical Substances	Androgens ; Testicular Hormones ; Transcription Factors
Language	English
Publishing date	2005
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	2188113-3
ISSN	1648-9144 ; 1010-660X
ISSN (online)	1648-9144
ISSN	1010-660X
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