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Article ; Online: Erratum: AC-DC Electropenetrography as a Tool to Quantify Probing and Ingestion Behaviors of the Yellow Fever Mosquito (

Vaughan, Lyndsi D / Jameson, Samuel B / Wesson, Dawn M / Silver, Kristopher S / Mitzel, Dana N / Dobek, Georgina L / Londoño-Renteria, Berlin

Comparative medicine

2024

Abstract: This corrects the article DOI: ... 10.30802/AALAS-CM-23-000037 ... When the above article was first published in the Vol 3 No 6 (December 2023) issue ... ...

Abstract	This corrects the article DOI: 10.30802/AALAS-CM-23-000037 When the above article was first published in the Vol 3 No 6 (December 2023) issue of
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-03-04
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Published Erratum
ZDB-ID	2006425-1
ISSN	2769-819X ; 0023-6764 ; 1532-0820
ISSN (online)	2769-819X
ISSN	0023-6764 ; 1532-0820
DOI	10.30802/AALAS-CM-24-000009
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Article ; Online: An electropenetrography waveform library for the probing and ingestion behaviors of Culex tarsalis on human hands.

Cooper, Anastasia M W / Jameson, Samuel B / Pickens, Victoria / Osborne, Cameron / Backus, Elaine A / Silver, Kristopher / Mitzel, Dana N

Insect science

2023

Abstract: Culex tarsalis Coquillett (Diptera: Culicidae) mosquitoes are capable of vectoring numerous pathogens affecting public and animal health. Unfortunately, the probing behaviors of mosquitoes are poorly understood because they occur in opaque tissues. ... ...

Abstract	Culex tarsalis Coquillett (Diptera: Culicidae) mosquitoes are capable of vectoring numerous pathogens affecting public and animal health. Unfortunately, the probing behaviors of mosquitoes are poorly understood because they occur in opaque tissues. Electropenetrography (EPG) has the potential to elucidate these behaviors by recording the electrical signals generated during probing. We used an AC-DC EPG with variable input resistors (Ri levels) to construct a waveform library for Cx. tarsalis feeding on human hands. Biological events associated with mosquito probing were used to characterize waveforms at four Ri levels and with two electrical current types. The optimal settings for EPG recordings of Cx. tarsalis probing on human hands was an Ri level of 10
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-11-09
Publishing country	Australia
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2179775-4
ISSN	1744-7917 ; 1672-9609
ISSN (online)	1744-7917
ISSN	1672-9609
DOI	10.1111/1744-7917.13292
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Article: In Vitro Infection Dynamics of Japanese Encephalitis Virus in Established Porcine Cell Lines.

Adetunji, Shakirat A / Smolensky, Dmitriy / Mitzel, Dana N / Owens, Jeana L / Chitko-McKown, Carol G / Cernicchiaro, Natalia / Noronha, Leela E

Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland)

2021 Volume 10, Issue 11

Abstract: Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is a zoonotic mosquito-borne pathogen that regularly causes severe neurological disease in humans in Southeast Asia and the Western Pacific region. Pigs are one of the main amplifying hosts of JEV and play a central role ...

Abstract	Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is a zoonotic mosquito-borne pathogen that regularly causes severe neurological disease in humans in Southeast Asia and the Western Pacific region. Pigs are one of the main amplifying hosts of JEV and play a central role in the virus transmission cycle. The objective of this study was to identify in vitro cell systems to investigate early effects of JEV infection including viral replication and host cell death. Here, we demonstrate the susceptibility of several porcine cell lines to the attenuated genotype III JEV strain SA14-14-2. Monolayers of porcine nasal turbinate (PT-K75), kidney (SK-RST), testis (ST), and monocyte-derived macrophage (CΔ2+) cells were infected with SA14-14-2 for up to five days at a multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 0.1. The hamster kidney cell line BHK-21, previously shown to be susceptible to SA14-14-2, was used as a positive control. Culture supernatants and cells were collected between 0 and 120 h post infection (hpi), and monolayers were observed for cytopathic effect (CPE) using brightfield microscopy. The number of infectious virus particles was quantified by plaque assay and cell viability was determined using trypan blue staining. An indirect immunofluorescence assay was used to detect the presence of JEV NS1 antigens in cells infected at 1 MOI. All four porcine cell lines demonstrated susceptibility to SA14-14-2 and produced infectious virus by 12 hpi. Virus titers peaked at 48 hpi in CΔ2+, BHK-21, and SK-RST cells, at 72 hpi in PT-K75, and at 120 hpi in ST cells. CPE was visible in infected CΔ2+ and BHK-21 cells, but not the other three cell lines. The proportion of viable cells, as measured by trypan blue exclusion, declined after 24 hpi in BHK-21 and 48 hpi in CΔ2+ cells, but did not substantially decline in SK-RST, PT-K75 or ST cells. At 48 hpi, JEV NS1 was detected in all infected cell lines by fluorescence microscopy. These findings demonstrate several porcine cell lines which have the potential to serve as useful research tools for investigating JEV infection dynamics and host cell mechanisms in a natural amplifying host species, such as pigs, in vitro.
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-11-12
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2695572-6
ISSN	2076-0817
ISSN	2076-0817
DOI	10.3390/pathogens10111468
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Article ; Online: Mechanical transmission of SARS-CoV-2 by house flies.

Balaraman, Velmurugan / Drolet, Barbara S / Mitzel, Dana N / Wilson, William C / Owens, Jeana / Gaudreault, Natasha N / Meekins, David A / Bold, Dashzeveg / Trujillo, Jessie D / Noronha, Leela E / Richt, Juergen A / Nayduch, Dana

Parasites & vectors

2021 Volume 14, Issue 1, Page(s) 214

Abstract: Background: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a recently emerged coronavirus that is the causative agent of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. COVID-19 in humans is characterized by a wide range of symptoms ... ...

Abstract	Background: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a recently emerged coronavirus that is the causative agent of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. COVID-19 in humans is characterized by a wide range of symptoms that range from asymptomatic to mild or severe illness including death. SARS-CoV-2 is highly contagious and is transmitted via the oral-nasal route through droplets and aerosols, or through contact with contaminated fomites. House flies are known to transmit bacterial, parasitic and viral diseases to humans and animals as mechanical vectors. Previous studies have shown that house flies can mechanically transmit coronaviruses, such as turkey coronavirus; however, the house fly's role in SARS-CoV-2 transmission has not yet been explored. The goal of this work was to investigate the potential of house flies to mechanically transmit SARS-CoV-2. For this purpose, it was determined whether house flies can acquire SARS-CoV-2, harbor live virus and mechanically transmit the virus to naive substrates and surfaces. Methods: Two independent studies were performed to address the study objectives. In the first study, house flies were tested for infectivity after exposure to SARS-CoV-2-spiked medium or milk. In the second study, environmental samples were tested for infectivity after contact with SARS-CoV-2-exposed flies. During both studies, samples were collected at various time points post-exposure and evaluated by SARS-CoV-2-specific RT-qPCR and virus isolation. Results: All flies exposed to SARS-CoV-2-spiked media or milk substrates were positive for viral RNA at 4 h and 24 h post-exposure. Infectious virus was isolated only from the flies exposed to virus-spiked milk but not from those exposed to virus-spiked medium. Moreover, viral RNA was detected in environmental samples after contact with SARS-CoV-2 exposed flies, although no infectious virus was recovered from these samples. Conclusions: Under laboratory conditions, house flies acquired and harbored infectious SARS-CoV-2 for up to 24 h post-exposure. In addition, house flies were able to mechanically transmit SARS-CoV-2 genomic RNA to the surrounding environment up to 24 h post-exposure. Further studies are warranted to determine if house fly transmission occurs naturally and the potential public health implications of such events.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; COVID-19/transmission ; Chlorocebus aethiops ; Female ; Houseflies/virology ; Insect Vectors/virology ; RNA, Viral/analysis ; SARS-CoV-2/isolation & purification ; Vero Cells
Chemical Substances	RNA, Viral
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-04-20
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2409480-8
ISSN	1756-3305 ; 1756-3305
ISSN (online)	1756-3305
ISSN	1756-3305
DOI	10.1186/s13071-021-04703-8
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Article ; Online: Susceptibility of Midge and Mosquito Vectors to SARS-CoV-2.

Balaraman, Velmurugan / Drolet, Barbara S / Gaudreault, Natasha N / Wilson, William C / Owens, Jeana / Bold, Dashzeveg / Swanson, Dustin A / Jasperson, Dane C / Noronha, Leela E / Richt, Juergen A / Mitzel, Dana N

Journal of medical entomology

2021 Volume 58, Issue 4, Page(s) 1948–1951

Abstract: SARS-CoV-2 is a recently emerged, highly contagious virus and the cause of the current COVID-19 pandemic. It is a zoonotic virus, although its animal origin is not clear yet. Person-to-person transmission occurs by inhalation of infected droplets and ... ...

Abstract	SARS-CoV-2 is a recently emerged, highly contagious virus and the cause of the current COVID-19 pandemic. It is a zoonotic virus, although its animal origin is not clear yet. Person-to-person transmission occurs by inhalation of infected droplets and aerosols, or by direct contact with contaminated fomites. Arthropods transmit numerous viral, parasitic, and bacterial diseases; however, the potential role of arthropods in SARS-CoV-2 transmission is not fully understood. Thus far, a few studies have demonstrated that SARS-CoV-2 replication is not supported in cells from certain insect species nor in certain species of mosquitoes after intrathoracic inoculation. In this study, we expanded the work of SARS-CoV-2 susceptibility to biting insects after ingesting a SARS-CoV-2-infected bloodmeal. Species tested included Culicoides sonorensis (Wirth & Jones) (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) biting midges, as well as Culex tarsalis (Coquillett) and Culex quinquefasciatus (Say) mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae), all known biological vectors for numerous RNA viruses. Arthropods were allowed to feed on SARS-CoV-2-spiked blood and at a time point postinfection analyzed for the presence of viral RNA and infectious virus. Additionally, cell lines derived from C. sonorensis (W8a), Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus) (Diptera: Culicidae) (C6/36), Cx. quinquefasciatus (HSU), and Cx. tarsalis (CxTrR2) were tested for SARS-CoV-2 susceptibility. Our results indicate that none of the biting insects, nor the insect cell lines evaluated support SARS-CoV-2 replication, suggesting that these species are unable to be biological vectors of SARS-CoV-2.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; COVID-19/transmission ; Ceratopogonidae/virology ; Culicidae/virology ; Female ; Host-Pathogen Interactions ; Mosquito Vectors/virology ; SARS-CoV-2
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-03-05
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	410635-0
ISSN	1938-2928 ; 0022-2585
ISSN (online)	1938-2928
ISSN	0022-2585
DOI	10.1093/jme/tjab013
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Article ; Online: Mechanical transmission of SARS-CoV-2 by house flies

Balaraman, Velmurugan / Drolet, Barbara S. / Mitzel, Dana N. / Wilson, William C. / Owens, Jeana / Gaudreault, Natasha N. / Meekins, David A. / Bold, Dashzeveg / Trujillo, Jessie D. / Noronha, Leela E. / Richt, Juergen A. / Nayduch, Dana

Parasites & vectors. 2021 Dec., v. 14, no. 1 p.214-214

2021

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a recently emerged coronavirus that is the causative agent of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. COVID-19 in humans is characterized by a wide range of symptoms ... ...

Abstract	BACKGROUND: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a recently emerged coronavirus that is the causative agent of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. COVID-19 in humans is characterized by a wide range of symptoms that range from asymptomatic to mild or severe illness including death. SARS-CoV-2 is highly contagious and is transmitted via the oral–nasal route through droplets and aerosols, or through contact with contaminated fomites. House flies are known to transmit bacterial, parasitic and viral diseases to humans and animals as mechanical vectors. Previous studies have shown that house flies can mechanically transmit coronaviruses, such as turkey coronavirus; however, the house fly’s role in SARS-CoV-2 transmission has not yet been explored. The goal of this work was to investigate the potential of house flies to mechanically transmit SARS-CoV-2. For this purpose, it was determined whether house flies can acquire SARS-CoV-2, harbor live virus and mechanically transmit the virus to naive substrates and surfaces. METHODS: Two independent studies were performed to address the study objectives. In the first study, house flies were tested for infectivity after exposure to SARS-CoV-2-spiked medium or milk. In the second study, environmental samples were tested for infectivity after contact with SARS-CoV-2-exposed flies. During both studies, samples were collected at various time points post-exposure and evaluated by SARS-CoV-2-specific RT-qPCR and virus isolation. RESULTS: All flies exposed to SARS-CoV-2-spiked media or milk substrates were positive for viral RNA at 4 h and 24 h post-exposure. Infectious virus was isolated only from the flies exposed to virus-spiked milk but not from those exposed to virus-spiked medium. Moreover, viral RNA was detected in environmental samples after contact with SARS-CoV-2 exposed flies, although no infectious virus was recovered from these samples. CONCLUSIONS: Under laboratory conditions, house flies acquired and harbored infectious SARS-CoV-2 for up to 24 h post-exposure. In addition, house flies were able to mechanically transmit SARS-CoV-2 genomic RNA to the surrounding environment up to 24 h post-exposure. Further studies are warranted to determine if house fly transmission occurs naturally and the potential public health implications of such events.
Keywords	COVID-19 infection ; Musca domestica ; Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 ; aerosols ; airborne transmission ; droplets ; etiological agents ; insect vectors ; milk ; pandemic ; pathogenicity ; virus transmission
Language	English
Dates of publication	2021-12
Size	p. 214.
Publishing place	BioMed Central
Document type	Article ; Online
ZDB-ID	2409480-8
ISSN	1756-3305
ISSN	1756-3305
DOI	10.1186/s13071-021-04703-8
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article ; Online: Susceptibility of sheep to experimental co-infection with the ancestral lineage of SARS-CoV-2 and its alpha variant.

Gaudreault, Natasha N / Cool, Konner / Trujillo, Jessie D / Morozov, Igor / Meekins, David A / McDowell, Chester / Bold, Dashzeveg / Carossino, Mariano / Balaraman, Velmurugan / Mitzel, Dana / Kwon, Taeyong / Madden, Daniel W / Artiaga, Bianca Libanori / Pogranichniy, Roman M / Roman-Sosa, Gleyder / Wilson, William C / Balasuriya, Udeni B R / García-Sastre, Adolfo / Richt, Juergen A

Emerging microbes & infections

2022 Volume 11, Issue 1, Page(s) 662–675

Abstract: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is responsible for a global pandemic that has had significant impacts on human health and economies worldwide. SARS-CoV-2 is highly transmissible and the cause of coronavirus disease 2019 in ... ...

Abstract	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is responsible for a global pandemic that has had significant impacts on human health and economies worldwide. SARS-CoV-2 is highly transmissible and the cause of coronavirus disease 2019 in humans. A wide range of animal species have also been shown to be susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 by experimental and/or natural infections. Sheep are a commonly farmed domestic ruminant that have not been thoroughly investigated for their susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2. Therefore, we performed
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; COVID-19/veterinary ; Coinfection/veterinary ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Sheep/virology
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-02-02
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2681359-2
ISSN	2222-1751 ; 2222-1751
ISSN (online)	2222-1751
ISSN	2222-1751
DOI	10.1080/22221751.2022.2037397
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Article: In Vitro Infection Dynamics of Japanese Encephalitis Virus in Established Porcine Cell Lines

Adetunji, Shakirat A. / Smolensky, Dmitriy / Mitzel, Dana N. / Owens, Jeana L. / Chitko-McKown, Carol G. / Cernicchiaro, Natalia / Noronha, Leela E.

Pathogens. 2021 Nov. 12, v. 10, no. 11

2021

Abstract	Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is a zoonotic mosquito-borne pathogen that regularly causes severe neurological disease in humans in Southeast Asia and the Western Pacific region. Pigs are one of the main amplifying hosts of JEV and play a central role in the virus transmission cycle. The objective of this study was to identify in vitro cell systems to investigate early effects of JEV infection including viral replication and host cell death. Here, we demonstrate the susceptibility of several porcine cell lines to the attenuated genotype III JEV strain SA14-14-2. Monolayers of porcine nasal turbinate (PT-K75), kidney (SK-RST), testis (ST), and monocyte-derived macrophage (CΔ2+) cells were infected with SA14-14-2 for up to five days at a multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 0.1. The hamster kidney cell line BHK-21, previously shown to be susceptible to SA14-14-2, was used as a positive control. Culture supernatants and cells were collected between 0 and 120 h post infection (hpi), and monolayers were observed for cytopathic effect (CPE) using brightfield microscopy. The number of infectious virus particles was quantified by plaque assay and cell viability was determined using trypan blue staining. An indirect immunofluorescence assay was used to detect the presence of JEV NS1 antigens in cells infected at 1 MOI. All four porcine cell lines demonstrated susceptibility to SA14-14-2 and produced infectious virus by 12 hpi. Virus titers peaked at 48 hpi in CΔ2+, BHK-21, and SK-RST cells, at 72 hpi in PT-K75, and at 120 hpi in ST cells. CPE was visible in infected CΔ2+ and BHK-21 cells, but not the other three cell lines. The proportion of viable cells, as measured by trypan blue exclusion, declined after 24 hpi in BHK-21 and 48 hpi in CΔ2+ cells, but did not substantially decline in SK-RST, PT-K75 or ST cells. At 48 hpi, JEV NS1 was detected in all infected cell lines by fluorescence microscopy. These findings demonstrate several porcine cell lines which have the potential to serve as useful research tools for investigating JEV infection dynamics and host cell mechanisms in a natural amplifying host species, such as pigs, in vitro.
Keywords	Japanese encephalitis virus ; cell death ; cell lines ; cell viability ; cytopathogenicity ; fluorescence microscopy ; fluorescent antibody technique ; genotype ; hamsters ; hosts ; kidneys ; macrophages ; nervous system diseases ; nose ; pathogens ; swine ; testes ; virus replication ; virus transmission ; viruses ; South East Asia
Language	English
Dates of publication	2021-1112
Publishing place	Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	2695572-6
ISSN	2076-0817
ISSN	2076-0817
DOI	10.3390/pathogens10111468
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article ; Online: In Vitro Infection Dynamics of Japanese Encephalitis Virus in Established Porcine Cell Lines

Shakirat A. Adetunji / Dmitriy Smolensky / Dana N. Mitzel / Jeana L. Owens / Carol G. Chitko-McKown / Natalia Cernicchiaro / Leela E. Noronha

Pathogens, Vol 10, Iss 1468, p

2021 Volume 1468

Abstract	Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is a zoonotic mosquito-borne pathogen that regularly causes severe neurological disease in humans in Southeast Asia and the Western Pacific region. Pigs are one of the main amplifying hosts of JEV and play a central role in the virus transmission cycle. The objective of this study was to identify in vitro cell systems to investigate early effects of JEV infection including viral replication and host cell death. Here, we demonstrate the susceptibility of several porcine cell lines to the attenuated genotype III JEV strain SA14-14-2. Monolayers of porcine nasal turbinate (PT-K75), kidney (SK-RST), testis (ST), and monocyte-derived macrophage (C <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mo>Δ</mo></semantics></math> 2+) cells were infected with SA14-14-2 for up to five days at a multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 0.1. The hamster kidney cell line BHK-21, previously shown to be susceptible to SA14-14-2, was used as a positive control. Culture supernatants and cells were collected between 0 and 120 h post infection (hpi), and monolayers were observed for cytopathic effect (CPE) using brightfield microscopy. The number of infectious virus particles was quantified by plaque assay and cell viability was determined using trypan blue staining. An indirect immunofluorescence assay was used to detect the presence of JEV NS1 antigens in cells infected at 1 MOI. All four porcine cell lines demonstrated susceptibility to SA14-14-2 and produced infectious virus by 12 hpi. Virus titers peaked at 48 hpi in C <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mo>Δ</mo></semantics></math> 2+, BHK-21, and SK-RST cells, at 72 hpi in PT-K75, and at 120 hpi in ST cells. CPE was visible in infected C <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mo>Δ</mo></semantics></math> 2+ and BHK-21 cells, but not ...
Keywords	arboviruses ; cell culture ; Japanese encephalitis ; infection ; in vitro ; porcine ; Medicine ; R
Subject code	570
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-11-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	MDPI AG
Document type	Article ; Online
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Article ; Online: Infection and transmission of ancestral SARS-CoV-2 and its alpha variant in pregnant white-tailed deer.

Emerging microbes & infections

2021 Volume 11, Issue 1, Page(s) 95–112

Abstract: ... ...

Abstract	ABSTRACT
MeSH term(s)	Animal Diseases/epidemiology ; Animal Diseases/transmission ; Animal Diseases/virology ; Animals ; Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology ; Antibodies, Viral/immunology ; COVID-19/veterinary ; Cell Line ; Deer ; Disease Susceptibility ; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay ; Female ; High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing ; Organ Specificity ; Pregnancy ; Pregnancy Complications, Infectious ; RNA, Viral ; SARS-CoV-2/classification ; SARS-CoV-2/genetics ; SARS-CoV-2/immunology ; Virus Shedding
Chemical Substances	Antibodies, Neutralizing ; Antibodies, Viral ; RNA, Viral
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-11-29
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2681359-2
ISSN	2222-1751 ; 2222-1751
ISSN (online)	2222-1751
ISSN	2222-1751
DOI	10.1080/22221751.2021.2012528
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