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Article: Zinc, copper, and iron nutrition studied with enriched stable isotopes.

Turnlund, J R

2013 Volume 12, Issue 1, Page(s) 247–257

Abstract: Enriched stable isotopes were used in nutrition studies of normal, healthy adults to measure zinc, copper, and iron absorption. After obtaining baseline values for zinc, copper, and iron absorption from diets adequate in all nutrients, the effects of age, ...

Abstract	Enriched stable isotopes were used in nutrition studies of normal, healthy adults to measure zinc, copper, and iron absorption. After obtaining baseline values for zinc, copper, and iron absorption from diets adequate in all nutrients, the effects of age, pregnancy, and deveral dietary variables were studied. Stable isotopes of zinc, copper, and iron were incorporated into diets. Complete fecal samples were collected and the unabsorbed isotopes remaining in the samples were measured by thermal ionization mass spectrometry, the most precise analytical method for the determination of stable mineral isotopes. Stable isotopes were also infused in five young men to evaluate the potential of studying mineral utilization and kinetics with stable isotopes. The results of these studies demonstrate that a number of factors can affect mineral absorption, but the specific effects differ for different minerals. Isotopic enrichments could be measured in urine and blood, so kinetic studies of utilization of essential minerals are now feasible with enriched stable isotopes. Continued use of stable isotopes to determine mineral absorption, combined with stable-isotope studies of mineral utilization, balance data, and biochemical indicators of mineral status, should result in a better understanding of mineral requirements and metabolism under a variety of conditions.
Language	English
Publishing date	2013-11-20
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	445336-0
ISSN	1559-0720 ; 0163-4984
ISSN (online)	1559-0720
ISSN	0163-4984
DOI	10.1007/BF02796684
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Article ; Online: Mineral bioavailability and metabolism determined by using stable isotope tracers.

Turnlund, J R

Journal of animal science

2006 Volume 84 Suppl, Page(s) E73–8

Abstract: Definitive data on mineral bioavailability in humans and animals can be obtained by using isotopic tracers. The use of stable isotope tracers to study important issues in mineral nutrition has expanded rapidly in the past two decades, particularly in ... ...

Abstract	Definitive data on mineral bioavailability in humans and animals can be obtained by using isotopic tracers. The use of stable isotope tracers to study important issues in mineral nutrition has expanded rapidly in the past two decades, particularly in human nutrition studies. Stable isotopes have a number of advantages over radioisotopes. There is no exposure to radiation with stable isotopes, and some minerals have no radioisotope that can be used satisfactorily as a tracer. Multiple stable isotopes of one mineral and isotopes of multiple minerals can be administered simultaneously or sequentially. The analytical methods of choice for stable isotopes are thermal ionization mass spectrometry and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICPMS). Thermal ionization mass spectrometry offers the greatest precision and accuracy, but it is slower, more labor intensive, and more costly than ICPMS. Bioavailability data are critical to establishing reliable dietary mineral requirements and recommendations. Combined with a computer program for compartmental modeling, mineral kinetics can be studied, including mineral turnover, pool sizes, and transfer rates between compartments. Our laboratory conducts studies using stable isotopes of Zn, Cu, Fe, Ca, Mg, and Mo. We have studied the effect of the amount of dietary intake of minerals on bioavailability and use, pregnancy and aging, and interactions among minerals. The research resulted in establishing new dietary recommendations for Cu and Mo and developing compartmental models for these minerals. Although stable isotopes have been used more extensively to date in humans than in animals, the techniques applied to humans can be used to study a number of issues important to optimizing feeding strategies for animal production.
MeSH term(s)	Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena ; Animals ; Biological Availability ; Computer Simulation ; History, 20th Century ; Humans ; Isotope Labeling/history ; Isotope Labeling/methods ; Isotopes ; Mass Spectrometry/methods ; Minerals/metabolism ; Minerals/pharmacokinetics ; Radioisotopes
Chemical Substances	Isotopes ; Minerals ; Radioisotopes
Language	English
Publishing date	2006-02-15
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Historical Article ; Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	390959-1
ISSN	1525-3163 ; 0021-8812
ISSN (online)	1525-3163
ISSN	0021-8812
DOI	10.2527/2006.8413_supple73x
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Article ; Online: Engaging Youth and Young Adults in the COVID-19 Pandemic Response via the “It’s Our Turn” Crowdsourcing Contest

Linnea A. Evans / Omar Gomez / Dulce J. Jiménez / Heather J. Williamson / Ann Turnlund Carver / Sairam Parthasarathy / Samantha Sabo

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, Vol 20, Iss 5112, p

2023 Volume 5112

Abstract: As the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic continued to progress into 2021, appeals were made to take a stronger focus on the perceptions and practices of youth and young adults (YYAs) regarding COVID-19 mitigation, as well as the impact of ... ...

Abstract	As the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic continued to progress into 2021, appeals were made to take a stronger focus on the perceptions and practices of youth and young adults (YYAs) regarding COVID-19 mitigation, as well as the impact of mitigation strategies on the overall wellbeing of YYAs. In this paper, we describe our efforts to increase YYA engagement in Arizona’s COVID-19 response by pairing embedded values from youth participatory action research (YPAR) with a crowdsourcing challenge contest design. The research protocol and implementation are described, followed by a thematic analysis of YYA-led messaging portrayed in 23 contest submissions and reflections formed by 223 community voters after viewing contest submissions. The authors conclude that a YYA-led crowdsourcing contest presented an opportunity to (a.) investigate the perceptions and behaviors of YYAs and their networks regarding the COVID-19 pandemic and mitigation efforts and (b.) amplify the voices of YYAs in the pandemic response. Perhaps even more importantly, this approach also offered insight into the exacerbated impact of the pandemic on YYA mental health and wellbeing, and the utility of YPAR in raising awareness of these effects among the contexts and social networks of YYAs.
Keywords	COVID-19 ; adolescents and young adult health ; youth engagement in research ; crowdsourcing ; art ; mental health ; Medicine ; R
Subject code	360
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-03-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	MDPI AG
Document type	Article ; Online
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Article ; Online: The Epidermal Microbiome Within an Aggregation of Leopard Sharks (Triakis semifasciata) Has Taxonomic Flexibility with Gene Functional Stability Across Three Time-points.

Doane, Michael P / Johnson, Colton J / Johri, Shaili / Kerr, Emma N / Morris, Megan M / Desantiago, Ric / Turnlund, Abigail C / Goodman, Asha / Mora, Maria / Lima, Laís Farias Oliveira / Nosal, Andrew P / Dinsdale, Elizabeth A

Microbial ecology

2022 Volume 85, Issue 2, Page(s) 747–764

Abstract: The epidermis of Chondrichthyan fishes consists of dermal denticles with production of minimal but protein-rich mucus that collectively, influence the attachment and biofilm development of microbes, facilitating a unique epidermal microbiome. Here, we ... ...

Abstract	The epidermis of Chondrichthyan fishes consists of dermal denticles with production of minimal but protein-rich mucus that collectively, influence the attachment and biofilm development of microbes, facilitating a unique epidermal microbiome. Here, we use metagenomics to provide the taxonomic and functional characterization of the epidermal microbiome of the Triakis semifasciata (leopard shark) at three time-points collected across 4 years to identify links between microbial groups and host metabolism. Our aims include (1) describing the variation of microbiome taxa over time and identifying recurrent microbiome members (present across all time-points); (2) investigating the relationship between the recurrent and flexible taxa (those which are not found consistently across time-points); (3) describing the functional compositions of the microbiome which may suggest links with the host metabolism; and (4) identifying whether metabolic processes are shared across microbial genera or are unique to specific taxa. Microbial members of the microbiome showed high similarity between all individuals (Bray-Curtis similarity index = 82.7, where 0 = no overlap, 100 = total overlap) with the relative abundance of those members varying across sampling time-points, suggesting flexibility of taxa in the microbiome. One hundred and eighty-eight genera were identified as recurrent, including Pseudomonas, Erythrobacter, Alcanivorax, Marinobacter, and Sphingopxis being consistently abundant across time-points, while Limnobacter and Xyella exhibited switching patterns with high relative abundance in 2013, Sphingobium and Sphingomona in 2015, and Altermonas, Leeuwenhoekiella, Gramella, and Maribacter in 2017. Of the 188 genera identified as recurrent, the top 19 relatively abundant genera formed three recurrent groups. The microbiome also displayed high functional similarity between individuals (Bray-Curtis similarity index = 97.6) with gene function composition remaining consistent across all time-points. These results show that while the presence of microbial genera exhibits consistency across time-points, their abundances do fluctuate. Microbial functions however remain stable across time-points; thus, we suggest the leopard shark microbiomes exhibit functional redundancy. We show coexistence of microbes hosted in elasmobranch microbiomes that encode genes involved in utilizing nitrogen, but not fixing nitrogen, degrading urea, and resistant to heavy metal.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Sharks ; Epidermis ; Microbiota
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-02-07
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1462065-0
ISSN	1432-184X ; 0095-3628
ISSN (online)	1432-184X
ISSN	0095-3628
DOI	10.1007/s00248-022-01969-y
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Article ; Online: Emergent community architecture despite distinct diversity in the global whale shark (Rhincodon typus) epidermal microbiome.

Scientific reports

2023 Volume 13, Issue 1, Page(s) 12747

Abstract: Microbiomes confer beneficial physiological traits to their host, but microbial diversity is inherently variable, challenging the relationship between microbes and their contribution to host health. Here, we compare the diversity and architectural ... ...

Abstract	Microbiomes confer beneficial physiological traits to their host, but microbial diversity is inherently variable, challenging the relationship between microbes and their contribution to host health. Here, we compare the diversity and architectural complexity of the epidermal microbiome from 74 individual whale sharks (Rhincodon typus) across five aggregations globally to determine if network properties may be more indicative of the microbiome-host relationship. On the premise that microbes are expected to exhibit biogeographic patterns globally and that distantly related microbial groups can perform similar functions, we hypothesized that microbiome co-occurrence patterns would occur independently of diversity trends and that keystone microbes would vary across locations. We found that whale shark aggregation was the most important factor in discriminating taxonomic diversity patterns. Further, microbiome network architecture was similar across all aggregations, with degree distributions matching Erdos-Renyi-type networks. The microbiome-derived networks, however, display modularity indicating a definitive microbiome structure on the epidermis of whale sharks. In addition, whale sharks hosted 35 high-quality metagenome assembled genomes (MAGs) of which 25 were present from all sample locations, termed the abundant 'core'. Two main MAG groups formed, defined here as Ecogroup 1 and 2, based on the number of genes present in metabolic pathways, suggesting there are at least two important metabolic niches within the whale shark microbiome. Therefore, while variability in microbiome diversity is high, network structure and core taxa are inherent characteristics of the epidermal microbiome in whale sharks. We suggest the host-microbiome and microbe-microbe interactions that drive the self-assembly of the microbiome help support a functionally redundant abundant core and that network characteristics should be considered when linking microbiomes with host health.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Sharks/physiology ; Epidermis ; Epidermal Cells ; Microbiota/genetics ; Metagenome
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-08-07
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2615211-3
ISSN	2045-2322 ; 2045-2322
ISSN (online)	2045-2322
ISSN	2045-2322
DOI	10.1038/s41598-023-39184-5
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Article: Human whole-body copper metabolism.

Turnlund, J R

The American journal of clinical nutrition

1998 Volume 67, Issue 5 Suppl, Page(s) 960S–964S

Abstract: Whole-body copper metabolism is difficult to study in human subjects. However, the use of isotopic tracers and kinetics modeling has added a dimension beyond what can be learned in humans by direct measurement. Mechanisms regulating total body copper ... ...

Abstract	Whole-body copper metabolism is difficult to study in human subjects. However, the use of isotopic tracers and kinetics modeling has added a dimension beyond what can be learned in humans by direct measurement. Mechanisms regulating total body copper seem to be strong, given the relatively small and constant body pool, but they are not yet well understood. The efficiency of copper absorption varies greatly, depending on dietary intake. Changes in efficiency of absorption help to regulate the amount of copper retained by the body. In addition, endogenous excretion of copper into the gastrointestinal tract depends heavily on the amount of copper absorbed. When dietary copper is high and more is absorbed, endogenous excretion increases, protecting against excess accumulation of copper in the body. When intake is low, little endogenous copper is excreted, protecting against copper depletion. Regulation is not sufficient with very low amounts of dietary copper (0.38 mg/d) and appears to be delayed when copper intake is high. The use of isotopic tracers and kinetic modeling should aid in elucidating the regulatory mechanisms.
MeSH term(s)	Copper/metabolism ; Copper/pharmacokinetics ; Diet ; Humans ; Intestinal Absorption ; Models, Biological
Chemical Substances	Copper (789U1901C5)
Language	English
Publishing date	1998-05
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	280048-2
ISSN	1938-3207 ; 0002-9165
ISSN (online)	1938-3207
ISSN	0002-9165
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Article ; Online: Breath carbonyl levels in a human population of seven hundred participants.

McCartney, Mitchell M / Thompson, Carina J / Klein, Lauren R / Ngo, Josephine H / Seibel, Jacqueline D / Fabia, Fauna / Simms, Leslie A / Borras, Eva / Young, Brian S / Lara, Juven / Turnlund, Michael W / Nguyen, Anh P / Kenyon, Nicholas J / Davis, Cristina E

Journal of breath research

2020 Volume 14, Issue 4, Page(s) 46005

Abstract: Oxidative stress is associated with numerous health conditions and disorders, and aldehydes are known biomarkers of oxidative stress that can be non-invasively measured in exhaled human breath. Few studies report breath aldehyde levels in human ... ...

Abstract	Oxidative stress is associated with numerous health conditions and disorders, and aldehydes are known biomarkers of oxidative stress that can be non-invasively measured in exhaled human breath. Few studies report breath aldehyde levels in human populations, and none claim participant numbers in the hundreds or more. Further, the breath community must first define the existing aldehyde concentration variance in a normal population to understand when these levels are significantly perturbed by exogenous stressors or health conditions. In this study, we collected breath samples from 692 participants and quantified C
MeSH term(s)	Adult ; Aldehydes/analysis ; Biomarkers/analysis ; Body Mass Index ; Breath Tests/methods ; Confounding Factors, Epidemiologic ; Ethnic Groups ; Exhalation ; Female ; Household Products ; Humans ; Male ; Smoking
Chemical Substances	Aldehydes ; Biomarkers
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-07-21
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2381007-5
ISSN	1752-7163 ; 1752-7155
ISSN (online)	1752-7163
ISSN	1752-7155
DOI	10.1088/1752-7163/ab8865
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Article: Future directions for establishing mineral/trace element requirements.

Turnlund, J R

The Journal of nutrition

1994 Volume 124, Issue 9 Suppl, Page(s) 1765S–1770S

Abstract: The amount of an element needed to prevent frank deficiency may not be sufficient to support optimal nutrition, but amounts to support optimal nutrition have not been established. Minerals and trace elements are toxic in excess and the interval between ... ...

Abstract	The amount of an element needed to prevent frank deficiency may not be sufficient to support optimal nutrition, but amounts to support optimal nutrition have not been established. Minerals and trace elements are toxic in excess and the interval between the required and toxic amount of some elements is narrow. Thus, lower and upper limits of an optimal range must be established. Before establishing dietary recommendations to support optimal nutriture for minerals, we need (1) sensitive and reliable methods for assessing status of most elements and (2) a better understanding of the influence of nutrient and non-nutrient components of diets upon requirements. Functions such as immune function, anti-oxidant status, muscle strength, glucose metabolism, and blood clotting can be affected by inadequate or excessive amounts of an element and may be more sensitive than specific status indices. Since such functions are not specific, studies must be designed so that a cause and effect relationship between the mineral and the functional index can be established. Two approaches to mineral status assessment may be both sensitive and specific: (1) tests of metalloenzyme function and (2) tracer studies using stable isotopes of minerals. Not only can stable isotopes be used to follow the metabolic fate of a mineral without exposure to radioactivity, they can be used in conjunction with compartmental modeling to predict kinetics and pool sizes in tissues not accessible in humans.
MeSH term(s)	Absorption ; Diet ; Humans ; Nutritional Requirements ; Nutritional Status ; Trace Elements/administration & dosage ; Trace Elements/metabolism
Chemical Substances	Trace Elements
Language	English
Publishing date	1994-09
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	218373-0
ISSN	1541-6100 ; 0022-3166
ISSN (online)	1541-6100
ISSN	0022-3166
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Article: Bioavailability of dietary minerals to humans: the stable isotope approach.

Turnlund, J R

Critical reviews in food science and nutrition

1991 Volume 30, Issue 4, Page(s) 387–396

Abstract: A number of minerals contained in foods are essential nutrients for humans, animals, and/or plants. While most vitamins are very well absorbed, most essential minerals are not. Usual absorption of minerals ranges from less than 1% to over 90%. The ... ...

Abstract	A number of minerals contained in foods are essential nutrients for humans, animals, and/or plants. While most vitamins are very well absorbed, most essential minerals are not. Usual absorption of minerals ranges from less than 1% to over 90%. The bioavailability of dietary minerals must be considered when determining whether the diet contains enough, too little, or too much. By using stable isotope tracers as labels, the metabolic fate of minerals in a specific day's diet, a specific meal, or a food can be distinguished from minerals from other sources and followed. A number of mass spectrometric methods have been used to measure stable isotopes. Magnetic sector, thermal ionization mass spectrometry (TIMS) is used routinely in our laboratory to study bioavailability of Zn, Cu, and Fe. Other mass spectrometric methods that are less precise, but useful for many applications requiring isotopic determinations include quadrupole TIMS, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP/MS), and fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry (FAB/MS). One of the major advantages of stable isotope studies is that multiple isotopes of the same mineral can be used simultaneously and multiple minerals can be studied simultaneously. The use of stable isotopes for studies of bioavailability of minerals in foods has gained widespread interest in recent years. The approach is expected to be applied to an increasing number of food science and nutrition problems in the future.
MeSH term(s)	Biological Availability ; Humans ; Isotope Labeling ; Mass Spectrometry ; Minerals/pharmacokinetics
Chemical Substances	Minerals
Language	English
Publishing date	1991
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	1037504-1
ISSN	1549-7852 ; 1040-8398
ISSN (online)	1549-7852
ISSN	1040-8398
DOI	10.1080/10408399109527549
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Article: Stable isotope studies of the effect of dietary copper on copper absorption and excretion.

Turnlund, J R

Advances in experimental medicine and biology

1989 Volume 258, Page(s) 21–28

MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Copper/pharmacokinetics ; Diet ; Humans ; Metabolic Clearance Rate
Chemical Substances	Copper (789U1901C5)
Language	English
Publishing date	1989
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. ; Review
ISSN	2214-8019 ; 0065-2598
ISSN (online)	2214-8019
ISSN	0065-2598
DOI	10.1007/978-1-4613-0537-8_2
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