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  1. Article ; Online: Cholesterol Availability and Adrenal Steroidogenesis.

    Gomez-Sanchez, Celso E / Gomez-Sanchez, Elise P

    Endocrinology

    2024  Volume 165, Issue 4

    MeSH term(s) Cholesterol ; Adrenal Glands ; Lipogenesis
    Chemical Substances Cholesterol (97C5T2UQ7J)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2024-03-18
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Editorial ; Comment
    ZDB-ID 427856-2
    ISSN 1945-7170 ; 0013-7227
    ISSN (online) 1945-7170
    ISSN 0013-7227
    DOI 10.1210/endocr/bqae032
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  2. Article ; Online: Aldosterone Synthase Inhibitors and the Treatment of Essential Hypertension.

    Gomez-Sanchez, Celso E / Gomez-Sanchez, Elise P

    The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism

    2023  Volume 108, Issue 8, Page(s) e638–e639

    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Aldosterone ; Cytochrome P-450 CYP11B2 ; Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonists ; Hypertension/drug therapy ; Essential Hypertension/drug therapy ; Hyperaldosteronism/therapy ; Renin
    Chemical Substances Aldosterone (4964P6T9RB) ; Cytochrome P-450 CYP11B2 (EC 1.14.15.4) ; Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonists ; Renin (EC 3.4.23.15)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-02-06
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 3029-6
    ISSN 1945-7197 ; 0021-972X
    ISSN (online) 1945-7197
    ISSN 0021-972X
    DOI 10.1210/clinem/dgad071
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  3. Article ; Online: 18-Oxocortisol: A journey.

    Gomez-Sanchez, Celso E / Gomez-Sanchez, Elise P

    The Journal of steroid biochemistry and molecular biology

    2023  Volume 230, Page(s) 106291

    Abstract: The search for mineralocorticoids to explain some cases of low renin hypertension with suppressed aldosterone levels led to the isolation of the abundant steroid 18-hydroxycortisol in human urine. 18-Hydroxycortisol proved to be inactive, but because of ... ...

    Abstract The search for mineralocorticoids to explain some cases of low renin hypertension with suppressed aldosterone levels led to the isolation of the abundant steroid 18-hydroxycortisol in human urine. 18-Hydroxycortisol proved to be inactive, but because of its similarity to precursors for the synthesis of aldosterone, bullfrog adrenals were incubated with cortisol, resulting in the discovery of 18-oxocortisol which is structurally similar to aldosterone, but with a 17α-hydroxy group like cortisol. 18-Oxocortisol is a weak mineralocorticoid. Its synthesis occurs primarily in the zona glomerulosa where co-expression of the CYP11B2 (aldosterone synthase) and the CYP17A1 (17α-hydroxylase) occurs in a variable number of cells. The clinical value of the measurement of 18-oxocortisol is that it serves to distinguish subtypes of primary aldosteronism. It is significantly elevated in patients with aldosterone-producing adenomas in comparison to those with idiopathic bilateral hyperaldosteronism and helps predict the type of somatic mutation in the aldosterone-producing adenomas, as it is higher in those with KCNJ5 mutations compared to other gene mutations.
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Hydrocortisone ; Aldosterone ; Hyperaldosteronism/genetics ; Mineralocorticoids ; Cytochrome P-450 CYP11B2/genetics ; Cytochrome P-450 CYP11B2/metabolism ; Adenoma ; G Protein-Coupled Inwardly-Rectifying Potassium Channels/genetics
    Chemical Substances 18-oxocortisol (2410-60-8) ; Hydrocortisone (WI4X0X7BPJ) ; Aldosterone (4964P6T9RB) ; Mineralocorticoids ; Cytochrome P-450 CYP11B2 (EC 1.14.15.4) ; KCNJ5 protein, human ; G Protein-Coupled Inwardly-Rectifying Potassium Channels
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-03-13
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
    ZDB-ID 1049188-0
    ISSN 1879-1220 ; 0960-0760
    ISSN (online) 1879-1220
    ISSN 0960-0760
    DOI 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2023.106291
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  4. Article ; Online: An Abbreviated History of Aldosterone Metabolism, Current and Future Challenges.

    Gomez-Sanchez, Celso E / Gomez-Sanchez, Elise P

    Experimental and clinical endocrinology & diabetes : official journal, German Society of Endocrinology [and] German Diabetes Association

    2023  Volume 131, Issue 7-08, Page(s) 386–393

    Abstract: The initial isolation of adrenal steroids from large quantities of animal adrenals resulted in an amorphous fraction resistant to crystallization and identification and had potent effects on electrolyte transport. Aldosterone was eventually isolated and ... ...

    Abstract The initial isolation of adrenal steroids from large quantities of animal adrenals resulted in an amorphous fraction resistant to crystallization and identification and had potent effects on electrolyte transport. Aldosterone was eventually isolated and identified in the fraction and was soon shown to cause hypertension when in excess. The autonomous and excessive production of aldosterone, primary aldosteronism, is the most common cause of secondary hypertension. Aldosterone is metabolized in the liver and kidney, and its metabolites are conjugated with glucuronic acid for excretion. The most common liver metabolite is 3α,5β-tetrahydroaldosterone-3-glucuronide, while that of the kidney is aldosterone-18-oxo-glucuronide. In terms of their value, especially the aldosterone-18-oxo-glucuronide, is commonly used for the diagnosis of primary aldosteronism because they provide an integrated value of the total daily production of aldosterone. Conversion of aldosterone to 18-oxo-glucuronide is impeded by drugs, like some common non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs that compete for UDP-glucuronosyltransferase-2B7, the most important glucuronosyltransferase for aldosterone metabolism. Tetrahydroaldosterone is the most abundant metabolite and the most reliable for the diagnosis of primary aldosteronism, but it is not commonly measured.
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Aldosterone/metabolism ; Glucuronides ; Hypertension/etiology ; Hyperaldosteronism/diagnosis ; Hyperaldosteronism/metabolism ; Glucuronosyltransferase
    Chemical Substances Aldosterone (4964P6T9RB) ; Glucuronides ; Glucuronosyltransferase (EC 2.4.1.17)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-03-14
    Publishing country Germany
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 1225416-2
    ISSN 1439-3646 ; 0947-7349
    ISSN (online) 1439-3646
    ISSN 0947-7349
    DOI 10.1055/a-2054-1062
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  5. Article ; Online: Extra-adrenal Glucocorticoid and Mineralocorticoid Biosynthesis.

    Gomez-Sanchez, Celso E / Gomez-Sanchez, Elise P

    Endocrinology

    2022  Volume 163, Issue 4

    MeSH term(s) Aldosterone ; Glucocorticoids ; Mineralocorticoids ; Receptors, Mineralocorticoid
    Chemical Substances Glucocorticoids ; Mineralocorticoids ; Receptors, Mineralocorticoid ; Aldosterone (4964P6T9RB)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-02-11
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Editorial ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Comment
    ZDB-ID 427856-2
    ISSN 1945-7170 ; 0013-7227
    ISSN (online) 1945-7170
    ISSN 0013-7227
    DOI 10.1210/endocr/bqac016
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  6. Article ; Online: The Mineralocorticoid Receptor and the Heart.

    Gomez-Sanchez, Celso E / Gomez-Sanchez, Elise P

    Endocrinology

    2021  Volume 162, Issue 11

    MeSH term(s) Heart ; Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonists ; Receptors, Mineralocorticoid/genetics
    Chemical Substances Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonists ; Receptors, Mineralocorticoid
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-06-26
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Comment
    ZDB-ID 427856-2
    ISSN 1945-7170 ; 0013-7227
    ISSN (online) 1945-7170
    ISSN 0013-7227
    DOI 10.1210/endocr/bqab131
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  7. Article: [No title information]

    Gomez-Sanchez, Celso E / Gomez-Sanchez, Elise P

    Experimental and Clinical Endocrinology & Diabetes

    2023  Volume 131, Issue 07/08, Page(s) 386–393

    Abstract: The initial isolation of adrenal steroids from large quantities of animal adrenals resulted in an amorphous fraction resistant to crystallization and identification and had potent effects on electrolyte transport. ... ...

    Abstract The initial isolation of adrenal steroids from large quantities of animal adrenals resulted in an amorphous fraction resistant to crystallization and identification and had potent effects on electrolyte transport. Aldosterone was eventually isolated and identified in the fraction and was soon shown to cause hypertension when in excess. The autonomous and excessive production of aldosterone, primary aldosteronism, is the most common cause of secondary hypertension. Aldosterone is metabolized in the liver and kidney, and its metabolites are conjugated with glucuronic acid for excretion. The most common liver metabolite is 3α,5β-tetrahydroaldosterone-3-glucuronide, while that of the kidney is aldosterone-18-oxo-glucuronide. In terms of their value, especially the aldosterone-18-oxo-glucuronide, is commonly used for the diagnosis of primary aldosteronism because they provide an integrated value of the total daily production of aldosterone. Conversion of aldosterone to 18-oxo-glucuronide is impeded by drugs, like some common non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs that compete for UDP-glucuronosyltransferase-2B7, the most important glucuronosyltransferase for aldosterone metabolism. Tetrahydroaldosterone is the most abundant metabolite and the most reliable for the diagnosis of primary aldosteronism, but it is not commonly measured.
    Keywords GH Adrenal gland ; Hormones ; aldosterone ; primary aldosteronism
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-03-14
    Publisher Georg Thieme Verlag KG
    Publishing place Stuttgart ; New York
    Document type Article
    ZDB-ID 1225416-2
    ISSN 1439-3646 ; 0947-7349
    ISSN (online) 1439-3646
    ISSN 0947-7349
    DOI 10.1055/a-2054-1062
    Database Thieme publisher's database

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  8. Article ; Online: 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases: A growing multi-tasking family.

    Gomez-Sanchez, Elise P / Gomez-Sanchez, Celso E

    Molecular and cellular endocrinology

    2021  Volume 526, Page(s) 111210

    Abstract: This review briefly addresses the history of the discovery and elucidation of the three cloned 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11βHSD) enzymes in the human, 11βHSD1, 11βHSD2 and 11βHSD3, an ... ...

    Abstract This review briefly addresses the history of the discovery and elucidation of the three cloned 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11βHSD) enzymes in the human, 11βHSD1, 11βHSD2 and 11βHSD3, an NADP
    MeSH term(s) 11-beta-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases/antagonists & inhibitors ; 11-beta-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases/chemistry ; 11-beta-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases/genetics ; 11-beta-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases/metabolism ; Animals ; Cytokines/metabolism ; Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology ; Humans ; Reproduction/drug effects ; Transcription, Genetic/drug effects
    Chemical Substances Cytokines ; Enzyme Inhibitors ; 11-beta-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases (EC 1.1.1.146)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-02-17
    Publishing country Ireland
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. ; Review
    ZDB-ID 187438-x
    ISSN 1872-8057 ; 0303-7207
    ISSN (online) 1872-8057
    ISSN 0303-7207
    DOI 10.1016/j.mce.2021.111210
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  9. Article ; Online: mTOR Regulates Mineralocorticoid Receptor Transcriptional Activity by ULK1-Dependent and -Independent Mechanisms.

    Ali, Yusuf / Gomez-Sanchez, Celso E / Plonczynski, Maria / Naray-Fejes-Toth, Aniko / Fejes-Toth, Geza / Gomez-Sanchez, Elise P

    Endocrinology

    2024  Volume 165, Issue 4

    Abstract: The mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) is a transcription factor for genes mediating diverse, cell-specific functions, including trophic effects as well as promoting fluid/electrolyte homeostasis. It was reported that in intercalated cells, phosphorylation ... ...

    Abstract The mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) is a transcription factor for genes mediating diverse, cell-specific functions, including trophic effects as well as promoting fluid/electrolyte homeostasis. It was reported that in intercalated cells, phosphorylation of the MR at serine 843 (S843) by Unc-51-like kinase (ULK1) inhibits MR activation and that phosphorylation of ULK1 by mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) inactivates ULK1, and thereby prevents MR inactivation. We extended these findings with studies in M1 mouse cortical collecting duct cells stably expressing the rat MR and a reporter gene. Pharmacological inhibition of ULK1 dose-dependently increased ligand-induced MR transactivation, while ULK1 activation had no effect. Pharmacological inhibition of mTOR and CRISPR/gRNA gene knockdown of rapamycin-sensitive adapter protein of mTOR (Raptor) or rapamycin-insensitive companion of mTOR (Rictor) decreased phosphorylated ULK1 and ligand-induced activation of the MR reporter gene, as well as transcription of endogenous MR-target genes. As predicted, ULK1 inhibition had no effect on aldosterone-mediated transcription in M1 cells with the mutated MR-S843A (alanine cannot be phosphorylated). In contrast, mTOR inhibition dose-dependently decreased transcription in the MR-S843A cells, though not as completely as in cells with the wild-type MR-S843. mTOR, Raptor, and Rictor coprecipitated with the MR and addition of aldosterone increased their phosphorylated, active state. These results suggest that mTOR significantly regulates MR activity in at least 2 ways: by suppressing MR inactivation by ULK1, and by a yet ill-defined mechanism that involves direct association with MR. They also provide new insights into the diverse functions of ULK1 and mTOR, 2 key enzymes that monitor the cell's energy status.
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Mice ; Rats ; Aldosterone ; Autophagy-Related Protein-1 Homolog/genetics ; Autophagy-Related Protein-1 Homolog/metabolism ; Ligands ; Mechanistic Target of Rapamycin Complex 1/metabolism ; Multiprotein Complexes/metabolism ; Phosphorylation ; Rapamycin-Insensitive Companion of mTOR Protein/metabolism ; Receptors, Mineralocorticoid/genetics ; Receptors, Mineralocorticoid/metabolism ; Regulatory-Associated Protein of mTOR ; RNA, Guide, CRISPR-Cas Systems ; Sirolimus/pharmacology ; TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases/metabolism ; Transcription Factors/metabolism
    Chemical Substances Aldosterone (4964P6T9RB) ; Autophagy-Related Protein-1 Homolog (EC 2.7.11.1) ; Ligands ; Mechanistic Target of Rapamycin Complex 1 (EC 2.7.11.1) ; mTOR protein, rat (EC 2.7.1.1) ; Multiprotein Complexes ; Rapamycin-Insensitive Companion of mTOR Protein ; Receptors, Mineralocorticoid ; Regulatory-Associated Protein of mTOR ; RNA, Guide, CRISPR-Cas Systems ; Sirolimus (W36ZG6FT64) ; TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases (EC 2.7.11.1) ; Transcription Factors ; ULK1 protein, rat (EC 2.7.11.1) ; Ulk1 protein, mouse (EC 2.7.11.1) ; mTOR protein, mouse (EC 2.7.1.1)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2024-02-07
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 427856-2
    ISSN 1945-7170 ; 0013-7227
    ISSN (online) 1945-7170
    ISSN 0013-7227
    DOI 10.1210/endocr/bqae015
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  10. Article ; Online: Mammalian Target of Rapamycin Inhibition Decreases Angiotensin II-Induced Steroidogenesis in HAC15 Human Adrenocortical Carcinoma Cells.

    Ali, Yusuf / Gomez-Sanchez, Elise P / Gomez-Sanchez, Celso E

    Endocrinology

    2022  Volume 164, Issue 1

    Abstract: Background: Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitors suppress adrenal cortical carcinoma cell proliferation and cortisol production; the relationship between mTOR and aldosterone production has not been examined.: Methods: HAC15 cells were ... ...

    Abstract Background: Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitors suppress adrenal cortical carcinoma cell proliferation and cortisol production; the relationship between mTOR and aldosterone production has not been examined.
    Methods: HAC15 cells were incubated with an mTOR activator and several inhibitors including AZD8055 (AZD) in the presence and absence of angiotensin II (AngII). The expression of rapamycin-sensitive adapter protein of mTOR (Raptor) and rapamycin-insensitive companion of mTOR (Rictor), adaptor proteins of mTOR complex 1 and 2, respectively, were studied in the HAC15 cells and deleted by CRISPR/gRNA.
    Results: The mTOR inhibitors decreased aldosterone induced by AngII. Inhibition of mTOR by AZD significantly suppressed AngII-induced aldosterone and cortisol formation in a dose-dependent manner, whereas the mTOR activator MHY had no effect. AZD did not alter forskolin-induced aldosterone production showing that it is specific to the AngII signaling pathway. AngII-mediated ERK and mTOR activation were suppressed by AZD, along with a concomitant dose-dependent reduction of AngII-induced steroidogenic enzymes including steroidogenic acute regulatory protein, 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase-type 2, CYP17A1, and aldosterone synthase protein. Furthermore, mTOR components ribosomal protein S6 kinase (P70S6K) and protein kinase B phosphorylation levels were decreased by AZD. As mTOR exerts its main effects by forming complexes with adaptor proteins Raptor and Rictor, the roles of these individual complexes were studied. We found an increase in the phosphorylation of Raptor and Rictor by AngII and that their CRISPR/gRNA-mediated knockdown significantly attenuated AngII-induced aldosterone and cortisol production.
    Conclusion: mTOR signaling has a critical role in transducing the AngII signal initiating aldosterone and cortisol synthesis in HAC15 cells and that inhibition of mTOR could be a therapeutic option for conditions associated with excessive renin-angiotensin system-mediated steroid synthesis.
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Angiotensin II/pharmacology ; Angiotensin II/metabolism ; Aldosterone/metabolism ; Adrenocortical Carcinoma ; Hydrocortisone/metabolism ; Sirolimus/pharmacology ; RNA, Guide, CRISPR-Cas Systems ; Adrenal Cortex Neoplasms/drug therapy ; TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases
    Chemical Substances Angiotensin II (11128-99-7) ; Aldosterone (4964P6T9RB) ; Hydrocortisone (WI4X0X7BPJ) ; Sirolimus (W36ZG6FT64) ; RNA, Guide, CRISPR-Cas Systems ; TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases (EC 2.7.11.1)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-11-01
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
    ZDB-ID 427856-2
    ISSN 1945-7170 ; 0013-7227
    ISSN (online) 1945-7170
    ISSN 0013-7227
    DOI 10.1210/endocr/bqac185
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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