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Article ; Online: Genetic diversity and phylogenetic analyses of Asian lineage Zika virus whole genome sequences derived from Culex quinquefasciatus mosquitoes and urine of patients during the 2020 epidemic in Thailand.

Phumee, Atchara / Chitcharoen, Suwalak / Sutthanont, Nataya / Intayot, Proawpilart / Wacharapluesadee, Supaporn / Siriyasatien, Padet

Scientific reports

2023 Volume 13, Issue 1, Page(s) 18470

Abstract: Zika virus (ZIKV), a mosquito-borne flavivirus, has been continually emerging and re-emerging since 2010, with sporadic cases reported annually in Thailand, peaking at over 1000 confirmed positive cases in 2016. Leveraging high-throughput sequencing ... ...

Abstract	Zika virus (ZIKV), a mosquito-borne flavivirus, has been continually emerging and re-emerging since 2010, with sporadic cases reported annually in Thailand, peaking at over 1000 confirmed positive cases in 2016. Leveraging high-throughput sequencing technologies, specifically whole genome sequencing (WGS), has facilitated rapid pathogen genome sequencing. In this study, we used multiplex amplicon sequencing on the Illumina Miseq instrument to describe ZIKV WGS. Six ZIKV WGS were derived from three samples of field-caught Culex quinquefasciatus mosquitoes (two males and one female) and three urine samples collected from patients in three different provinces of Thailand. Additionally, successful isolation of a ZIKV isolate occurred from a female Cx. quinquefasciatus. The WGS analysis revealed a correlation between the 2020 outbreak and the acquisition of five amino acid changes in the Asian lineage ZIKV strains from Thailand (2006), Cambodia (2010 and 2019), and the Philippines (2012). These changes, including C-T106A, prM-V1A, E-V473M, NS1-A188V, and NS5-M872V, were identified in all seven WGS, previously linked to significantly higher mortality rates. Furthermore, phylogenetic analysis indicated that the seven ZIKV sequences belonged to the Asian lineage. Notably, the genomic region of the E gene showed the highest nucleotide diversity (0.7-1.3%). This data holds significance in informing the development of molecular tools that enhance our understanding of virus patterns and evolution. Moreover, it may identify targets for improved methods to prevent and control future ZIKV outbreaks.
MeSH term(s)	Male ; Animals ; Humans ; Female ; Zika Virus/genetics ; Culex ; Phylogeny ; Zika Virus Infection/epidemiology ; Thailand/epidemiology ; Aedes ; Genetic Variation
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-10-27
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2615211-3
ISSN	2045-2322 ; 2045-2322
ISSN (online)	2045-2322
ISSN	2045-2322
DOI	10.1038/s41598-023-45814-9
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Use of qRT-PCR for SARS-CoV-2 sgRNA leader for the therapeutic plan: a preliminary report on 10 patients.

Petcharat, Sininat / Virojanapirom, Phatthamon / Putcharoen, Opass / Wacharapluesadee, Supaporn / Hemachudha, Thiravat

Journal of infection in developing countries

2022 Volume 16, Issue 4, Page(s) 604–607

Abstract: Introduction: Duration of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) shedding is important for infection control. The presence of SARS-CoV-2 subgenomic RNA (sgRNA) leader indicates that the virus is replicative. This study examined the ...

Abstract	Introduction: Duration of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) shedding is important for infection control. The presence of SARS-CoV-2 subgenomic RNA (sgRNA) leader indicates that the virus is replicative. This study examined the shedding duration of SARS-CoV-2 sgRNA leader and genomic RNA (gRNA) in diverse respiratory specimens. Methodology: One hundred and eleven respiratory specimens collected sequentially from 10 COVID-19 patients with real-time RT-PCR SARS-CoV-2 orf1ab gene confirmed positive admitted to King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital were examined for SARS-CoV-2 E sgRNA leader and E gRNA by using Real-time reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR). These specimens included nasopharyngeal swab and throat swabs, nasal swab and throat swabs, sputum, and endotracheal aspirate, and were collected from the first day of admission until the time of orf1ab real-time RT-PCR negative of at least 2-4 consecutive days. Results: E sgRNA leader could only be detectable in specimens with ≥ 1E+05 virus E gene copies per ml within the first 15 days after hospitalization. SARS-CoV-2 sgRNA leader was undetectable from one to 15 days earlier than that of gRNA in all patients. Re-shedding of sgRNA was evident in 2 cases, both on a single occasion after being undetectable for 3-10 days. Conclusions: Assessment of the presence of sgRNA leader may be useful for therapeutic planning.
MeSH term(s)	COVID-19/diagnosis ; Humans ; RNA, Viral/genetics ; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction ; SARS-CoV-2/genetics
Chemical Substances	RNA, Viral
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-04-30
Publishing country	Italy
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2394024-4
ISSN	1972-2680 ; 2036-6590
ISSN (online)	1972-2680
ISSN	2036-6590
DOI	10.3855/jidc.14852
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Article ; Online: A new cluster of rhabdovirus detected in field-caught sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae: Phlebotominae) collected from southern Thailand.

Phumee, Atchara / Wacharapluesadee, Supaporn / Petcharat, Sininat / Siriyasatien, Padet

Parasites & vectors

2021 Volume 14, Issue 1, Page(s) 569

Abstract: Background: The distribution of phlebotomine sand flies is changing rapidly due to climate change. This issue has implications for the epidemiology of sand fly-borne diseases, especially sand fly-associated viruses. Few studies concerning sand fly- ... ...

Abstract	Background: The distribution of phlebotomine sand flies is changing rapidly due to climate change. This issue has implications for the epidemiology of sand fly-borne diseases, especially sand fly-associated viruses. Few studies concerning sand fly-associated viruses have been conducted in Thailand. Therefore, this study aimed to perform a molecular survey of groups of pathogenic RNA viruses belonging to the Orbivirus, Phlebovirus, and Flavivirus genera and family Rhabdoviridae in sand fly samples collected from southern Thailand. Methods: Sand flies were collected at two locations in Trang and Songkhla provinces of southern Thailand, and individual sand fly samples were processed for species identification and virus detection. The Orbivirus, Phlebovirus, and Flavivirus genera and family Rhabdoviridae molecular determination was performed by RT-PCR, and positive samples were identified by cloning and sequencing, cell culture inoculation, and phylogenetic analysis. Results: The results presented in this study were based on the analysis of a total of 331 female sand flies. This molecular study revealed evidence of Rhabdoviridae family virus presence in Phlebotomus papatasi (3/331, 0.9%). The findings demonstrated a new cluster of rhabdovirus that was closely related to Bactrocera dorsalis sigmavirus strain BDSV.abc5 and the lineages of insect-specific Rhabdoviridae. In addition, the Bayesian tree suggested that the common ancestor of this group was the dimarhabdovirus clade. It was assumed that the virus may have switched hosts during its evolution. However, the detection of Orbivirus, Phlebovirus, and Flavivirus genera using specific primers for RT-PCR was negative in the collected sand flies. Conclusions: There is limited knowledge on the genetic diversity and ecology of Rhabdoviridae in Thailand. This is the first data regarding the circulation of Rhabdoviridae in Ph. papatasi from Thailand. We found a new cluster of rhabdoviruses that was close to the new B. dorsalis sigmavirus. It is possible that there is a great deal of diversity in this family yet to be discovered, and a more extensive survey for new rhabdoviruses may uncover viruses from a wide diversity of host taxa and broaden our understanding of the relationships among the Rhabdoviridae.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Female ; Insect Vectors/physiology ; Insect Vectors/virology ; Male ; Phlebotomus/physiology ; Phlebotomus/virology ; Phylogeny ; Rhabdoviridae/classification ; Rhabdoviridae/genetics ; Rhabdoviridae/isolation & purification ; Thailand
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-11-08
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2409480-8
ISSN	1756-3305 ; 1756-3305
ISSN (online)	1756-3305
ISSN	1756-3305
DOI	10.1186/s13071-021-05047-z
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Article ; Online: Genetic diversity and phylogenetic analyses of Asian lineage Zika virus whole genome sequences derived from Culex quinquefasciatus mosquitoes and urine of patients during the 2020 epidemic in Thailand

Atchara Phumee / Suwalak Chitcharoen / Nataya Sutthanont / Proawpilart Intayot / Supaporn Wacharapluesadee / Padet Siriyasatien

Scientific Reports, Vol 13, Iss 1, Pp 1-

2023 Volume 10

Abstract: Abstract Zika virus (ZIKV), a mosquito-borne flavivirus, has been continually emerging and re-emerging since 2010, with sporadic cases reported annually in Thailand, peaking at over 1000 confirmed positive cases in 2016. Leveraging high-throughput ... ...

Abstract	Abstract Zika virus (ZIKV), a mosquito-borne flavivirus, has been continually emerging and re-emerging since 2010, with sporadic cases reported annually in Thailand, peaking at over 1000 confirmed positive cases in 2016. Leveraging high-throughput sequencing technologies, specifically whole genome sequencing (WGS), has facilitated rapid pathogen genome sequencing. In this study, we used multiplex amplicon sequencing on the Illumina Miseq instrument to describe ZIKV WGS. Six ZIKV WGS were derived from three samples of field-caught Culex quinquefasciatus mosquitoes (two males and one female) and three urine samples collected from patients in three different provinces of Thailand. Additionally, successful isolation of a ZIKV isolate occurred from a female Cx. quinquefasciatus. The WGS analysis revealed a correlation between the 2020 outbreak and the acquisition of five amino acid changes in the Asian lineage ZIKV strains from Thailand (2006), Cambodia (2010 and 2019), and the Philippines (2012). These changes, including C-T106A, prM-V1A, E-V473M, NS1-A188V, and NS5-M872V, were identified in all seven WGS, previously linked to significantly higher mortality rates. Furthermore, phylogenetic analysis indicated that the seven ZIKV sequences belonged to the Asian lineage. Notably, the genomic region of the E gene showed the highest nucleotide diversity (0.7–1.3%). This data holds significance in informing the development of molecular tools that enhance our understanding of virus patterns and evolution. Moreover, it may identify targets for improved methods to prevent and control future ZIKV outbreaks.
Keywords	Medicine ; R ; Science ; Q
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-10-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Nature Portfolio
Document type	Article ; Online
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Article ; Online: Mapping Potential Regions of Human Interaction with Acuminate Horseshoe Bats ( Rhinolophus acuminatus ) in Thailand

Nutthinee Sirichan / Aingorn Chaiyes / Cecilia A. Sánchez / Supaporn Wacharapluesadee / Kornsorn Srikulnath / Prateep Duengkae

Diversity, Vol 15, Iss 12, p

2023 Volume 1216

Abstract: Bats are reservoirs for various pathogens, including SARS-like coronaviruses (CoVs). Understanding the distribution of bat species is crucial to identifying areas where viral spillover from bats to other animals or humans might occur. In this study, we ... ...

Abstract	Bats are reservoirs for various pathogens, including SARS-like coronaviruses (CoVs). Understanding the distribution of bat species is crucial to identifying areas where viral spillover from bats to other animals or humans might occur. In this study, we performed species distribution modeling to predict suitable habitats within Thailand under current and predicted future climate conditions for Rhinolophus acuminatus , a bat species that has been found to host SARS-CoV-2-related viruses. Our assessment of current conditions revealed that temperature seasonality had the greatest impact on habitat suitability and that suitable habitats were primarily restricted to the southern and eastern regions of Thailand. Over time, the projections indicate a diminishing availability of suitable habitats, suggesting a potential trend toward migration into neighboring areas. We next combined modeled bat distribution with urbanization data to estimate regions in Thailand where bat–human interactions might occur. The resulting map highlighted regions of heightened interaction risk, encompassing approximately 46,053.94 km 2 across 58 provinces and representing approximately 9.24% of Thailand’s total area. These risk concentrations are prominently situated in the southern, central, and eastern Thai regions, with extensions into neighboring border areas. Our findings will significantly aid future risk surveillance efforts and enhance the effectiveness of monitoring and managing emerging diseases within the country and in contiguous regions.
Keywords	Chiroptera ; species distribution modeling ; habitat suitability ; bat–human interaction ; SARS-CoV-2 related coronaviruses ; surveillance ; Biology (General) ; QH301-705.5
Subject code	333
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-12-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	MDPI AG
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Low-cost management of mushroom poisoning in a limited-resource area: a 12-year retrospective study.

Jongthun, Ratsameekhae / Hemachudha, Pasin / Wacharapluesadee, Supaporn / Hemachudha, Thiravat

Tropical doctor

2020 Volume 50, Issue 2, Page(s) 135–138

Abstract: Amatoxin poisoning is the main cause of death from accidental ingestion of poisonous mushrooms and a mortality rate of 27.3% has been reported in Thailand. Symptoms of mushroom ingestion are often confused with food poisoning; thus, gastroenteritis is ... ...

Abstract	Amatoxin poisoning is the main cause of death from accidental ingestion of poisonous mushrooms and a mortality rate of 27.3% has been reported in Thailand. Symptoms of mushroom ingestion are often confused with food poisoning; thus, gastroenteritis is not recognised as the first phase of poisoning. Our study assessed the efficacy of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) as a treatment for amatoxin poisoning. We retrospectively analysed 74 medical records over 12 years. The majority (70/74) were treated successfully with NAC; death in the remaining 4 (5.4%) patients was attributed to late presentation in three and advanced alcoholic cirrhosis in one.
MeSH term(s)	Acetylcysteine/therapeutic use ; Amanitins/poisoning ; Female ; Gastroenteritis/diagnosis ; Gastroenteritis/etiology ; Gastroenteritis/therapy ; Humans ; Male ; Mushroom Poisoning/diagnosis ; Mushroom Poisoning/etiology ; Mushroom Poisoning/therapy ; Retrospective Studies ; Thailand/epidemiology ; Treatment Outcome
Chemical Substances	Amanitins ; amatoxin (58250-15-0) ; Acetylcysteine (WYQ7N0BPYC)
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-01-21
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	193169-6
ISSN	1758-1133 ; 0049-4755
ISSN (online)	1758-1133
ISSN	0049-4755
DOI	10.1177/0049475519897704
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Long-term immunogenicity in previously vaccinated healthcare workers with inactivated virus vaccine after SARS-CoV-2 infection or booster vaccination.

Terbsiri, Varalee / Putcharoen, Opass / Suwanpimolkul, Gompol / Jantarabenjakul, Watsamon / Wacharapluesadee, Supaporn / Champa, Nuntana / Thippamom, Nattakarn / Paitoonpong, Leilani

Vaccine: X

2023 Volume 14, Page(s) 100334

Abstract: Immunity against SARS-CoV-2 infection in vaccinated individuals varies based on the vaccine type, duration after vaccination or infection, and SARS-CoV-2 variant type. We conducted a prospective observational study to evaluate the immunogenicity of a ... ...

Abstract	Immunity against SARS-CoV-2 infection in vaccinated individuals varies based on the vaccine type, duration after vaccination or infection, and SARS-CoV-2 variant type. We conducted a prospective observational study to evaluate the immunogenicity of a booster vaccination with AZD1222 after two doses of CoronaVac (booster group) compared to individuals who had SARS-CoV-2 infection after receiving two doses of CoronaVac (infection group). We used a surrogate virus neutralization test (sVNT) to evaluate immunity against wild-type and Omicron variant (BA.1) at 3 and 6 months after infection or booster dose. Of the 89 participants, 41 were in the infection group, and 48 were in the booster group. At 3 months post-infection or booster vaccination, the median (IQR) sVNT against wild-type was 97.87 % (97.57-97.93 %) and 97.65 % (95.38-98.00 %), p = 0.66, respectively, while the sVNT against Omicron was 18.8 % (0-47.10 %) and 24.46 (11.69-35.47 %), p = 0.72 respectively. At 6 months, the median (IQR) sVNT against wild-type was 97.68 % (95.86-97.92 %) in the infection group, higher than 94.7 % (95.38-98.00 %) in the booster group (p = 0.03). Results showed no significant difference in immunity against wild-type and Omicron at 3 months between the two groups. However, the infection group exhibited better immunity than the booster group at 6 months.
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-06-20
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	2590-1362
ISSN (online)	2590-1362
DOI	10.1016/j.jvacx.2023.100334
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Article ; Online: Comparative Performance in the Detection of Four Coronavirus Genera from Human, Animal, and Environmental Specimens.

Wacharapluesadee, Supaporn / Thippamom, Nattakarn / Hirunpatrawong, Piyapha / Rattanatumhi, Khwankamon / Sterling, Spencer L / Khunnawutmanotham, Wiparat / Noradechanon, Kirana / Maneeorn, Patarapol / Buathong, Rome / Paitoonpong, Leilani / Putcharoen, Opass

Viruses

2024 Volume 16, Issue 4

Abstract: Emerging coronaviruses (CoVs) are understood to cause critical human and domestic animal diseases; the spillover from wildlife reservoirs can result in mild and severe respiratory illness in humans and domestic animals and can spread more readily in ... ...

Abstract	Emerging coronaviruses (CoVs) are understood to cause critical human and domestic animal diseases; the spillover from wildlife reservoirs can result in mild and severe respiratory illness in humans and domestic animals and can spread more readily in these naïve hosts. A low-cost CoV molecular method that can detect a variety of CoVs from humans, animals, and environmental specimens is an initial step to ensure the early identification of known and new viruses. We examine a collection of 50 human, 46 wastewater, 28 bat, and 17 avian archived specimens using 3 published pan-CoV PCR assays called Q-, W-, and X-CoV PCR, to compare the performance of each assay against four CoV genera. X-CoV PCR can detect all four CoV genera, but Q- and W-CoV PCR failed to detect δ-CoV. In total, 21 (42.0%), 9 (18.0%), and 21 (42.0%) of 50 human specimens and 30 (65.22%), 6 (13.04%), and 27 (58.70%) of 46 wastewater specimens were detected using Q-, W-, and X-CoV PCR assays, respectively. The X-CoV PCR assay has a comparable sensitivity to Q-CoV PCR in bat CoV detection. Combining Q- and X-CoV PCR assays can increase sensitivity and avoid false negative results in the early detection of novel CoVs.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Animals ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Coronavirus/genetics ; Coronavirus/classification ; Coronavirus/isolation & purification ; Wastewater/virology ; Chiroptera/virology ; Birds/virology ; Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods ; Coronavirus Infections/veterinary ; Coronavirus Infections/virology ; Coronavirus Infections/diagnosis
Chemical Substances	Wastewater
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-03-29
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article ; Comparative Study ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2516098-9
ISSN	1999-4915 ; 1999-4915
ISSN (online)	1999-4915
ISSN	1999-4915
DOI	10.3390/v16040534
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Article: A new cluster of rhabdovirus detected in field-caught sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae: Phlebotominae) collected from southern Thailand

Phumee, Atchara / Wacharapluesadee, Supaporn / Petcharat, Sininat / Siriyasatien, Padet

Parasites & vectors. 2021 Dec., v. 14, no. 1

2021

Abstract: BACKGROUND: The distribution of phlebotomine sand flies is changing rapidly due to climate change. This issue has implications for the epidemiology of sand fly-borne diseases, especially sand fly-associated viruses. Few studies concerning sand fly- ... ...

Abstract	BACKGROUND: The distribution of phlebotomine sand flies is changing rapidly due to climate change. This issue has implications for the epidemiology of sand fly-borne diseases, especially sand fly-associated viruses. Few studies concerning sand fly-associated viruses have been conducted in Thailand. Therefore, this study aimed to perform a molecular survey of groups of pathogenic RNA viruses belonging to the Orbivirus, Phlebovirus, and Flavivirus genera and family Rhabdoviridae in sand fly samples collected from southern Thailand. METHODS: Sand flies were collected at two locations in Trang and Songkhla provinces of southern Thailand, and individual sand fly samples were processed for species identification and virus detection. The Orbivirus, Phlebovirus, and Flavivirus genera and family Rhabdoviridae molecular determination was performed by RT-PCR, and positive samples were identified by cloning and sequencing, cell culture inoculation, and phylogenetic analysis. RESULTS: The results presented in this study were based on the analysis of a total of 331 female sand flies. This molecular study revealed evidence of Rhabdoviridae family virus presence in Phlebotomus papatasi (3/331, 0.9%). The findings demonstrated a new cluster of rhabdovirus that was closely related to Bactrocera dorsalis sigmavirus strain BDSV.abc5 and the lineages of insect-specific Rhabdoviridae. In addition, the Bayesian tree suggested that the common ancestor of this group was the dimarhabdovirus clade. It was assumed that the virus may have switched hosts during its evolution. However, the detection of Orbivirus, Phlebovirus, and Flavivirus genera using specific primers for RT-PCR was negative in the collected sand flies. CONCLUSIONS: There is limited knowledge on the genetic diversity and ecology of Rhabdoviridae in Thailand. This is the first data regarding the circulation of Rhabdoviridae in Ph. papatasi from Thailand. We found a new cluster of rhabdoviruses that was close to the new B. dorsalis sigmavirus. It is possible that there is a great deal of diversity in this family yet to be discovered, and a more extensive survey for new rhabdoviruses may uncover viruses from a wide diversity of host taxa and broaden our understanding of the relationships among the Rhabdoviridae.
Keywords	Bactrocera dorsalis ; Bayesian theory ; Flavivirus ; Orbivirus ; Phlebotomus papatasi ; Phlebovirus ; RNA ; Rhabdoviridae ; ancestry ; cell culture ; climate change ; epidemiology ; females ; genetic variation ; phylogeny ; sand ; species identification ; surveys ; viruses ; Thailand
Language	English
Dates of publication	2021-12
Size	p. 569.
Publishing place	BioMed Central
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	2409480-8
ISSN	1756-3305
ISSN	1756-3305
DOI	10.1186/s13071-021-05047-z
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article ; Online: Detection of Changuinola virus (Reoviridae: Orbivirus) in field-caught sand flies in southern Thailand.

Phumee, Atchara / Wacharapluesadee, Supaporn / Petcharat, Sininat / Tawatsin, Apiwat / Thavara, Usavadee / Siriyasatien, Padet

Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

2021 Volume 115, Issue 9, Page(s) 1039–1044

Abstract: Background: Phlebotomine sand flies are vectors for several pathogenic bacteria, parasites and viruses that have significant impacts on public health. Sand fly-associated viruses that cause diseases in humans and animals have recently received more ... ...

Abstract	Background: Phlebotomine sand flies are vectors for several pathogenic bacteria, parasites and viruses that have significant impacts on public health. Sand fly-associated viruses that cause diseases in humans and animals have recently received more attention. This study aimed to detect pathogenic viruses belonging to the Orbivirus genus, Phlebovirus genus, Flavivirus genus and family Rhabdoviridae in several field-caught sand fly species in southern Thailand. Methods: Sand flies were collected in southern Thailand using CDC light traps. Each sample was processed individually for virus screening using RT-PCR and sequencing. Results: Seven out of 60 sand fly samples (two samples of Idiophlebotomus spp., three of Phlebotomus papatasi and two of Sergentomyia khawi) were positive for the Orbivirus genus, which is closely related to Changuinola virus (CGLV). Phlebovirus genus, Flavivirus genus and family Rhabdoviridae were negative in all samples. Conclusions: CGLV causes Changuinola virus disease or Changuinola fever, a febrile illness in Central and South America. The virus has never been reported in Thailand. This study is the first report of the detection of CGLV in sand flies from Thailand. An extensive study of sand flies from other regions of the country and the associations between sand flies, viruses and vertebrate hosts in Thailand should be undertaken.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Humans ; Orbivirus ; Phlebotomus ; Psychodidae ; Reoviridae ; Thailand
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-01-29
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	441375-1
ISSN	1878-3503 ; 0035-9203
ISSN (online)	1878-3503
ISSN	0035-9203
DOI	10.1093/trstmh/traa203
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